Papers by Camiel J. Beukeboom
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Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
In conversations, activated stereotypes about conversation partners can influence communicative b... more In conversations, activated stereotypes about conversation partners can influence communicative behaviors. We investigate whether and how stereotypes about categorized conversation partners shape topic choice and the types of questions asked. In three experiments, participants imagined having a conversation. Gender or age stereotypes of the conversation partner were manipulated by means of a picture. Results show a higher likelihood of addressing conversation and question topics consistent with stereotypic expectancies about conversation partners. Moreover, stereotypes were reflected in subtle variations in question formulations. When questions address stereotype-consistent topics, they are likelier formulated with high-frequency adverbs and positive valence, while questions addressing stereotype-inconsistent topics more likely contain low-frequency adverbs and negative valence. In addition, Experiment 4 suggests that recipients are sensitive to detect that questions reflect stereot...
Springer eBooks, Dec 17, 2019
This study investigates the evolvement of informalization of company communication on social medi... more This study investigates the evolvement of informalization of company communication on social media over time, based on actual social media data from the tourism industry. The development in the use of emoticons and emoji by companies is examined, as an expression of informalization and humanization of online company communication. We selected 33 companies from the tourism industry in The Netherlands and investigated their Facebook and Twitter messages supplemented with the messages of consumers who interacted with these companies, for the period 2011-2016. Results show that the use of emoticons and emoji in online company communication increased significantly over the period covered in this study, demonstrating a higher level of informalization of company communication. Since this is a key factor for improving relational outcomes, this finding has scholarly as well as managerial relevance. We discuss the implications of the results for the presence of organizations on social media.
Journal of Language and Social Psychology, Jan 17, 2008
Cognitive tuning accounts argue that both affective feelings and bodily feelings induce changes i... more Cognitive tuning accounts argue that both affective feelings and bodily feelings induce changes in information processing (N. Schwarz & G. L. Clore, 1996). This article examines how these effects of feelings are reflected in language abstraction. On the basis of previous work showing that affective cues change language abstraction, we hypothesized that proprioceptive cues (i.e., bodily feelings) associated with global processing (arm flexion) should induce more abstract language use, compared with bodily feelings associated with analytic processing (arm extension). This prediction received support in a study in which participants performed a written self-description task either while pressing their nondominant hand under the table (arm flexion), or on top of the table (arm extension), or while keeping their arm relaxed (control). Implications for interpersonal communication are discussed.
Journal of Language and Social Psychology
Two experiments investigated whether interpretations of quantitative expressions about described ... more Two experiments investigated whether interpretations of quantitative expressions about described actors’ behaviors are influenced by stereotypic expectancies. Participants rated sentences containing frequency adverbs describing either stereotype-consistent or stereotype-inconsistent behaviors. Results showed that recipients inferred a higher numerical frequency when sentences described stereotype-consistent (vs inconsistent) behaviors. These effects of stereotype consistency were stronger for high (vs low) degree frequency adverbs. The findings show how neutral statements about a person can be interpreted as stereotype-confirming information and thus contribute to stereotype maintenance.
Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 2023
Mass Communication and Society, Dec 19, 2022
Language use plays a crucial role in the consensualization of stereotypes within cultural groups.... more Language use plays a crucial role in the consensualization of stereotypes within cultural groups. Based on integrative review of the literature on stereotyping and biased language use, we propose the Social Categories and Stereotypes Communication (SCSC) framework. The framework integrates largely independent areas of literature, and explicates the linguistic processes through which social-category stereotypes are shared and maintained. We distinguish two groups of biases in language use that jointly feed and maintain three fundamental cognitive variables in (shared) social-category cognition: perceived category entitativity, stereotype content, and perceived essentialism of associated stereotypic characteristics. These are: (1) Biases in linguistic labels used to denote categories, within which we discuss biases in (a) label content and (b) linguistic form of labels; (2) Biases in describing behaviors and characteristics of categorized individuals, within which we discuss biases in (a) communication content (i.e., what information is communicated), and (b) linguistic form of descriptions (i.e., how is information formulated). Together, these biases create a self-perpetuating cycle in which social-category stereotypes are shared and maintained. The framework allows for a better understanding of stereotype maintaining biases in natural language. We discuss various opportunities for further research.
Cognitive tuning accounts argue that both affective feelings and bodily feelings induce changes i... more Cognitive tuning accounts argue that both affective feelings and bodily feelings induce changes in information processing (N. Schwarz & G. L. Clore, 1996). This article examines how these effects of feelings are reflected in language abstraction. On the basis of previous work showing that affective cues change language abstraction, we hypothesized that proprioceptive cues (i.e., bodily feelings) associated with global processing (arm flexion) should induce more abstract language use, compared with bodily feelings associated with analytic processing (arm extension). This prediction received support in a study in which participants performed a written self-description task either while pressing their nondominant hand under the table (arm flexion), or on top of the table (arm extension), or while keeping their arm relaxed (control). Implications for interpersonal communication are discussed.
Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 2011
On social network sites (SNS), information about one's romantic partner is readily available and ... more On social network sites (SNS), information about one's romantic partner is readily available and public for friends. The paper focuses on the negative (SNS jealousy) and positive (SNS relationship happiness) consequences of SNS use for romantic relationships. We examined whether relationship satisfaction, trait jealousy, SNS use and need for popularity predicted these emotional consequences of SNS use and tested the moderating role of self-esteem. For low self-esteem individuals, need for popularity predicted jealousy and relationship happiness. For high-self-esteem individuals, SNS use for grooming was the main predictor. Low-self-esteem individuals try to compensate their low self-esteem by creating an idealized picture. Undesirable information threatens this picture, and especially individuals with a high need for popularity react with SNS jealousy.
This report describes a study into age discrimination in job-vacancy texts, which we conducted fo... more This report describes a study into age discrimination in job-vacancy texts, which we conducted for "The Netherlands Institute for Human Rights". Using automated content analysis techniques we analysed almost all Dutch-language vacancy texts published on the internet in 2017. This involves more than 1.8 million unique job-vacancy texts. The developed algorithm detects forbidden age-based discriminatory formulations that either directly or indirectly express a preference for certain age groups in candidates. Based on the results and our reliability analysis, we conservatively estimate the number of actual cases of direct age discrimination to be at least 8,000 (0.44% of total vacancy texts) and at least 61,000 (3.33% of total) cases of indirect discrimination. Most detected forbidden formulations call for young candidates, by which older candidates are either directly or indirectly excluded.
Research from communication science has shown that stereotypical ideas are often reflected in lan... more Research from communication science has shown that stereotypical ideas are often reflected in language use. Media coverage of different groups in society influences the perception people have about these groups and even increases distrust and polarization among different groups. Investigating the forms of (especially subtle) stereotyping can raise awareness to journalists and help prevent reinforcing oppositions between groups in society. Conducting large-scale, deep investigations to determine whether we are faced with stereotyping is time-consuming and costly. We propose to tackle this challenges through the means of microportraits: an impression of a target group or individual conveyed in a single text. We introduce the first system implementation for Dutch and show that microportraits allow social scientists to explore various dimensions of stereotyping. We explore the possibilities provided by microportraits by investigating stereotyping of Muslims in the Dutch media. Our (prel...
Computers in Human Behavior, 2015
This paper aims to elucidate the peculiar phenomenon of imagined cell phone signals, or Phantom P... more This paper aims to elucidate the peculiar phenomenon of imagined cell phone signals, or Phantom Phone Signals (PPS), which is defined as an individual's perception of a phone signal, indicating an incoming call, message, or social media notification, when in fact no such signal was transmitted. A survey among 408 US citizens confirmed that PPS is a highly prevalent phenomenon: Almost 50% of all respondents indicated to experience some form of PPS at least once a week, and 63% at least once a month. Further results show that intensity of phone use, self-reported excessive use, and phone addiction are positively related to the frequency of experiencing PPS. The explanation for these findings might be that chronically accessible schemas resulting from intensive phone use may result in misinterpretations of other signals, or in benign hallucinations, and that the perceived importance of phone use makes people more vigilant to potential phone signals. Need for popularity (NFP) proved to be a stronger predictor of PPS than need to belong, supporting the assumption that NFP is a good predictor for socially induced behavior. Finally, the injunctive and descriptive norms about being accessible on the phone only approached significance in their positive relation to experiencing PPS.
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Papers by Camiel J. Beukeboom