The use of amphibians in classrooms and research laboratories has increased, along with a corresp... more The use of amphibians in classrooms and research laboratories has increased, along with a corresponding increase in the amount of information about these animals on the Internet. This review is intended to aid both novices and experts in the search of such information. The bibliography of Internet resources is organized by discipline and includes general and selected species information, taxonomy, natural history, anatomy and histology, physiology, ontogeny, genetics, conservation, toxicology, medicine and surgery, sources (for animals, housing, and research tools), listservs, databases, associations, educational sources, and husbandry.
Cytosine methylation is an ancient epigenetic modification yet its function and extent within gen... more Cytosine methylation is an ancient epigenetic modification yet its function and extent within genomes is highly variable across eukaryotes. In mammals, methylation controls transposable elements and regulates the promoters of genes. In insects, DNA methylation is generally restricted to a small subset of transcribed genes, with both intergenic regions and transposable elements (TEs) depleted of methylation. The evolutionary origin and the function of these methylation patterns are poorly understood. Here we characterise the evolution of DNA methylation across the arthropod phylum. While the common ancestor of the arthropods had low levels of TE methylation and did not methylate promoters, both of these functions have evolved independently in centipedes and mealybugs. In contrast, methylation of the exons of a subset of transcribed genes is ancestral and widely conserved across the phylum, but has been lost in specific lineages. A similar set of genes is methylated in all species that retained exon-enriched methylation. We show that these genes have characteristic patterns of expression correlating to broad transcription initiation sites and well-positioned nucleosomes, providing new insights into potential mechanisms driving methylation patterns over hundreds of millions of years.
The successful establishment of fisheries for invasive Asian carp (AC) would help alleviate the e... more The successful establishment of fisheries for invasive Asian carp (AC) would help alleviate the ecological, societal, and economic bane they impose on natural U.S. waterways, all while supplementing domestic fisheries and addressing food insecurity in high-stress regions. However, fishers of AC and the post-harvest industries lack the economic resiliency needed to self-sustain operations. Providing detailed nutrient compositions and biometric yields of edible and inedible components would strengthen consumer demands and grow supplemental product-revenue streams, all supporting commercial fisheries removal of AC. To incentivize capture and utilization of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), the most abundant of the invasive AC, we addressed this dearth in the literature by characterizing yields and composition of silver carp fillets and offal components (edible portions: head, frame, and trimmings) (non-edible portion: viscera). Mature silver carp collected in late June from the Ohio River (Kentucky, U.S.) were separated into major components, characterized for yields, and then evaluated across length, gender, and body condition to identify trends in biometric data. Detailed nutrient parameters were then characterized for all components. Comparatively low fillet yields (< 20%) whole-weight (w/w) and high offal-component yields of heads (35.8%), frames (23.0%), and trimmings (17.1%) w/w obtained from this post-spawn sample signify ramifications of seasonal harvest and the importance of by-product utilization. Boneless fillets produced the highest proportions of crude protein (93% dry-matter basis), essential amino acids (lysine 8.0% and leucine 6.9% of crude protein), omega-3 fatty acids (18.2% of total lipids), and several important macro minerals. Still, all edible and offal components produced attractive omega-6:omega-3 (< 1.0), which is consistent with nutrient-rich marine finfish. Findings from this study provide information that can be used to increase domestic-consumptive demand and improve the economic resiliency of commercial fisheries charged with controlling the bio-invasion of AC.
Sampling of Serum Fish were bled from the caudal vessels using a 22 gauge needle. The blood was t... more Sampling of Serum Fish were bled from the caudal vessels using a 22 gauge needle. The blood was transferred into Vacutainers (Becton Dickinson, USA) and al lowed to clot overnight at 4•Ž. Serum was col lected by centrifugation in Microtainers (Becton Dickinson, USA) and frozen at-70•Ž until use. This collection method preserves complement (C) activity (Sakai, 1981a). All tests were performed with serum samples pooled from at least 6 fish.
Javma-journal of The American Veterinary Medical Association, Mar 15, 2010
In cooperation with Figure 1-Photograph of a 7-month-old Oranda goldfish that was evaluated becau... more In cooperation with Figure 1-Photograph of a 7-month-old Oranda goldfish that was evaluated because of rapidly developing left-sided facial deformity and exophthalmia associated with a mass that affected the oral cavity and left operculum.
Serum from the tilapine fish Oreochromis aureus immunized intraperitoneally with Amyloodinium oce... more Serum from the tilapine fish Oreochromis aureus immunized intraperitoneally with Amyloodinium ocellaturn dinospores stimulated an immune response that was detectable by enzymelinked immunosorbeut assay (ELISA), cell culture infectivity, and motility assays. A response was detected as early as 3 wk in both the ELISA and infectivity assay with immune serum inhibiting the infectivity and growth of the parasite in cell culture. Parasite infectivity in cell culture was inversely related to serum antibody ELISA titers. Fresh serum had a greater inhibitory effect than heat-inactivated serum. Live parasites induced a greater immune response than did dead, sonicated parasites as determined by both the ELISA and the infectivity assay. Serum from fish immunized with live parasites immobilized the infective dinospores at serum concentrations of 5 % and greater by 5 min, as well as in lower serum concentrations at longer time intervals. Parasite agglutination occurred in immune serum concentrations from 2.5 to 0.156 %.
bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Jan 27, 2020
Cytosine methylation is an ancient epigenetic modification yet its function and extent within gen... more Cytosine methylation is an ancient epigenetic modification yet its function and extent within genomes is highly variable across eukaryotes. In mammals, methylation controls transposable elements and regulates the promoters of genes. In insects, DNA methylation is generally restricted to a small subset of transcribed genes, with both intergenic regions and transposable elements (TEs) depleted of methylation. The evolutionary origin and the function of these methylation patterns are poorly understood. Here we characterise the evolution of DNA methylation across the arthropod phylum.
Shellfish, such as the Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica), are an important agricultural comm... more Shellfish, such as the Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica), are an important agricultural commodity. Previous research has demonstrated the importance of the native microbiome of oysters against exogenous challenges by non-native pathogens. However, the taxonomic makeup of the oyster microbiome and the impact of environmental factors on it are understudied. Research was conducted quarterly over a calendar year (February 2020 through February 2021) to analyze the taxonomic diversity of bacteria present within the microbiome of consumer-ready-to-eat live Eastern oysters. It was hypothesized that a core group of bacterial species would be present in the microbiome regardless of external factors such as the water temperature at the time of harvest or post-harvesting processing. At each time point, 18 Chesapeake Bay (eastern United States) watershed aquacultured oysters were acquired from a local grocery store, genomic DNA was extracted from the homogenized whole oyster tissues, and the bacterial 16S rRNA gene hypervariable V4 region was PCR-amplified using barcoded primers prior to sequencing via Illumina MiSeq and bioinformatic analysis of the data. A core group of bacteria were identified to be consistently associated with the Eastern oyster, including members of the phyla Firmicutes and Spirochaetota, represented by the families Mycoplasmataceae and Spirochaetaceae, respectively. The phyla Cyanobacterota and Campliobacterota became more predominant in relation to warmer or colder water column temperature, respectively, at the time of oyster harvest.
International journal of recirculating aquaculture, Jun 1, 2001
Clinical analysis of blood to determine hematology and plasma biochemistry values is routinely us... more Clinical analysis of blood to determine hematology and plasma biochemistry values is routinely used to assess the health of wild and domestic animals. Flounder culture is a fast growing segment of the U.S. aquaculture industry and tools are needed to monitor the health of these fish. This paper reports a complete hematologic and blood biochemistry profile for normal healthy winter flounder, Pleuronectes americanus, maintained in recirculated artificial seawater. The following hematologic values were determined: Packed cell volume, plasma protein, erythrocyte number, hemoglobin, mean cell volume, mean cell hemoglobin, mean cell hemoglobin concentration, and leukocyte, lymphocyte, neutrophil, monocyte, and thrombocyte numbers. A description of leukocyte morphology is presented. Additionally, the following serum biochemical values were determined:
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
population of juvenile (28 cm, 180 g) sum mer flounder Paralichthys dentatus developed severe coe... more population of juvenile (28 cm, 180 g) sum mer flounder Paralichthys dentatus developed severe coelo mic distention, anorexia and lethargy over a period of 4 to 6 months. Gross internal lesions included a large coelomic mass that replaced the posterior kidney and yellow foci on the heart, spleen and liver. Histopathologically, the poste rior kidney was obliterated by extensive granulomatous in flammation and rare calcified granulomas. Special stains revealed extracellular acid-fast bacilli in the areas of inflammation. An isolated bacterium belonging to the ge nus Mycobacterium was the presumptive causative agent of these lesions.
Bulletin of the Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians, 1999
Twenty-four juvenile bearded dragon lizards, Pogona vitticeps, were divided into four groups of s... more Twenty-four juvenile bearded dragon lizards, Pogona vitticeps, were divided into four groups of six lizards each for a preliminary feeding study. Groups 1-3 were fed vegetables and crickets ad lib for 90 days, with or without dietary supplements (Tetra Vitalife and Reed's MVP). Group 4 lizards were fed an experimental dry lizard diet only for 90 days. Growth of lizards was followed by monitoring body weight and length, and was not significantly changed by any diet. However, the Vitolife and MVP supplements resulted in significantly increased serum levels of vitamin E and the experimental dry diet resulted in significantly decreased serum vitamin E compared to the lizards fed unsupplemented vegetables and crickets. Thiamin (vit amin Bi) was significantly increased in lizards receiving the MVP supplement or the dry diet, compared to the unsupplemented lizards. Additional diet-related differences were observed and are presented.
Twenty striped bass Morone saxatilis and 20 hybrid tilapia Oreochromis n~loticus X 0. mossambicus... more Twenty striped bass Morone saxatilis and 20 hybrid tilapia Oreochromis n~loticus X 0. mossambicus X 0. aureus each received a single intramuscular ~njection of 1.6 X 106 colony forming units per gram body weight of Mycobactenum marinum Striped bass manifested significantly greater climcal and microscopic disease compared to tilapia Whereas all the striped bass had died or were clinically 111 by Day 8 post-infection, there was no apparent disruption of normal behaviour, physical appearance, or growth in any of the sacrificed or surviving tilapia. Histologically, granulomas in striped bass were generally larger and less discrete, with a higher proportion of heavily vacuolated macrophages, and large cores of necrotic cells. Visceral granulomas in tilapia were smaller, with a higher proportion of epithelioid macrophages, more pigment-containing cells, more peripheral lymphocytes, and virtually no central necrosis. Visceral granulomas were 18-fold more numerous in striped bass than in tilapia Based upon histomorphometric data, mean proportions of acid-fast bacteria within pronephros granulomas were 4-fold greater in striped bass than tilapia, and striped bass granulomas averaged more than twice as large as tilapia granulomas. In the antenor kidney of striped bass, a positive correlation existed between mean mycobactenal proportions and mean necrosis scores. In tllapia, mean mycobacterial proportions correlated negahvely with mean granuloma numbers, whereas there was no correlation between these parameters in striped bass. Results suggest that intnnsic functional differences in the in~munologic systems of striped bass and hybrid tilapia may contribute to inter-species variation in mycobacteriosis susceptibility. KEY WORDS. A4ycobacterium marinum. Striped bass. Tilapia. Resistance. Susceptibility O Inter-Research 1999 Resale of full arhcle not permitted
Sustainable aquaculture practices can help meet the increasing human demand for seafood, while ea... more Sustainable aquaculture practices can help meet the increasing human demand for seafood, while easing pressures on natural fish populations. Studies aimed at increasing fish production in aquaculture have included supplementary dietary probiotics that often promote general health and enhanced growth rates by altering the microbiome of the host. Steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is anadromous, like salmon, and it is a subspecies of rainbow trout capable of rapid growth, making it an attractive fish to the aquaculture industry. In this study, the impact of feeding a Bacillus subtilis probiotic on the bacterial microbiome of steelhead trout was examined temporally across several stages of animal development, from eggs (day -19) through 184 days after hatching, in relation to physiological measures. Diets included: commercial feed only as a control (A), continually-fed probiotic top-coated on commercial feed (B), commercial then switch to probiotic feed (C), or probiotic then switch...
The use of amphibians in classrooms and research laboratories has increased, along with a corresp... more The use of amphibians in classrooms and research laboratories has increased, along with a corresponding increase in the amount of information about these animals on the Internet. This review is intended to aid both novices and experts in the search of such information. The bibliography of Internet resources is organized by discipline and includes general and selected species information, taxonomy, natural history, anatomy and histology, physiology, ontogeny, genetics, conservation, toxicology, medicine and surgery, sources (for animals, housing, and research tools), listservs, databases, associations, educational sources, and husbandry.
Cytosine methylation is an ancient epigenetic modification yet its function and extent within gen... more Cytosine methylation is an ancient epigenetic modification yet its function and extent within genomes is highly variable across eukaryotes. In mammals, methylation controls transposable elements and regulates the promoters of genes. In insects, DNA methylation is generally restricted to a small subset of transcribed genes, with both intergenic regions and transposable elements (TEs) depleted of methylation. The evolutionary origin and the function of these methylation patterns are poorly understood. Here we characterise the evolution of DNA methylation across the arthropod phylum. While the common ancestor of the arthropods had low levels of TE methylation and did not methylate promoters, both of these functions have evolved independently in centipedes and mealybugs. In contrast, methylation of the exons of a subset of transcribed genes is ancestral and widely conserved across the phylum, but has been lost in specific lineages. A similar set of genes is methylated in all species that retained exon-enriched methylation. We show that these genes have characteristic patterns of expression correlating to broad transcription initiation sites and well-positioned nucleosomes, providing new insights into potential mechanisms driving methylation patterns over hundreds of millions of years.
The successful establishment of fisheries for invasive Asian carp (AC) would help alleviate the e... more The successful establishment of fisheries for invasive Asian carp (AC) would help alleviate the ecological, societal, and economic bane they impose on natural U.S. waterways, all while supplementing domestic fisheries and addressing food insecurity in high-stress regions. However, fishers of AC and the post-harvest industries lack the economic resiliency needed to self-sustain operations. Providing detailed nutrient compositions and biometric yields of edible and inedible components would strengthen consumer demands and grow supplemental product-revenue streams, all supporting commercial fisheries removal of AC. To incentivize capture and utilization of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), the most abundant of the invasive AC, we addressed this dearth in the literature by characterizing yields and composition of silver carp fillets and offal components (edible portions: head, frame, and trimmings) (non-edible portion: viscera). Mature silver carp collected in late June from the Ohio River (Kentucky, U.S.) were separated into major components, characterized for yields, and then evaluated across length, gender, and body condition to identify trends in biometric data. Detailed nutrient parameters were then characterized for all components. Comparatively low fillet yields (< 20%) whole-weight (w/w) and high offal-component yields of heads (35.8%), frames (23.0%), and trimmings (17.1%) w/w obtained from this post-spawn sample signify ramifications of seasonal harvest and the importance of by-product utilization. Boneless fillets produced the highest proportions of crude protein (93% dry-matter basis), essential amino acids (lysine 8.0% and leucine 6.9% of crude protein), omega-3 fatty acids (18.2% of total lipids), and several important macro minerals. Still, all edible and offal components produced attractive omega-6:omega-3 (< 1.0), which is consistent with nutrient-rich marine finfish. Findings from this study provide information that can be used to increase domestic-consumptive demand and improve the economic resiliency of commercial fisheries charged with controlling the bio-invasion of AC.
Sampling of Serum Fish were bled from the caudal vessels using a 22 gauge needle. The blood was t... more Sampling of Serum Fish were bled from the caudal vessels using a 22 gauge needle. The blood was transferred into Vacutainers (Becton Dickinson, USA) and al lowed to clot overnight at 4•Ž. Serum was col lected by centrifugation in Microtainers (Becton Dickinson, USA) and frozen at-70•Ž until use. This collection method preserves complement (C) activity (Sakai, 1981a). All tests were performed with serum samples pooled from at least 6 fish.
Javma-journal of The American Veterinary Medical Association, Mar 15, 2010
In cooperation with Figure 1-Photograph of a 7-month-old Oranda goldfish that was evaluated becau... more In cooperation with Figure 1-Photograph of a 7-month-old Oranda goldfish that was evaluated because of rapidly developing left-sided facial deformity and exophthalmia associated with a mass that affected the oral cavity and left operculum.
Serum from the tilapine fish Oreochromis aureus immunized intraperitoneally with Amyloodinium oce... more Serum from the tilapine fish Oreochromis aureus immunized intraperitoneally with Amyloodinium ocellaturn dinospores stimulated an immune response that was detectable by enzymelinked immunosorbeut assay (ELISA), cell culture infectivity, and motility assays. A response was detected as early as 3 wk in both the ELISA and infectivity assay with immune serum inhibiting the infectivity and growth of the parasite in cell culture. Parasite infectivity in cell culture was inversely related to serum antibody ELISA titers. Fresh serum had a greater inhibitory effect than heat-inactivated serum. Live parasites induced a greater immune response than did dead, sonicated parasites as determined by both the ELISA and the infectivity assay. Serum from fish immunized with live parasites immobilized the infective dinospores at serum concentrations of 5 % and greater by 5 min, as well as in lower serum concentrations at longer time intervals. Parasite agglutination occurred in immune serum concentrations from 2.5 to 0.156 %.
bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Jan 27, 2020
Cytosine methylation is an ancient epigenetic modification yet its function and extent within gen... more Cytosine methylation is an ancient epigenetic modification yet its function and extent within genomes is highly variable across eukaryotes. In mammals, methylation controls transposable elements and regulates the promoters of genes. In insects, DNA methylation is generally restricted to a small subset of transcribed genes, with both intergenic regions and transposable elements (TEs) depleted of methylation. The evolutionary origin and the function of these methylation patterns are poorly understood. Here we characterise the evolution of DNA methylation across the arthropod phylum.
Shellfish, such as the Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica), are an important agricultural comm... more Shellfish, such as the Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica), are an important agricultural commodity. Previous research has demonstrated the importance of the native microbiome of oysters against exogenous challenges by non-native pathogens. However, the taxonomic makeup of the oyster microbiome and the impact of environmental factors on it are understudied. Research was conducted quarterly over a calendar year (February 2020 through February 2021) to analyze the taxonomic diversity of bacteria present within the microbiome of consumer-ready-to-eat live Eastern oysters. It was hypothesized that a core group of bacterial species would be present in the microbiome regardless of external factors such as the water temperature at the time of harvest or post-harvesting processing. At each time point, 18 Chesapeake Bay (eastern United States) watershed aquacultured oysters were acquired from a local grocery store, genomic DNA was extracted from the homogenized whole oyster tissues, and the bacterial 16S rRNA gene hypervariable V4 region was PCR-amplified using barcoded primers prior to sequencing via Illumina MiSeq and bioinformatic analysis of the data. A core group of bacteria were identified to be consistently associated with the Eastern oyster, including members of the phyla Firmicutes and Spirochaetota, represented by the families Mycoplasmataceae and Spirochaetaceae, respectively. The phyla Cyanobacterota and Campliobacterota became more predominant in relation to warmer or colder water column temperature, respectively, at the time of oyster harvest.
International journal of recirculating aquaculture, Jun 1, 2001
Clinical analysis of blood to determine hematology and plasma biochemistry values is routinely us... more Clinical analysis of blood to determine hematology and plasma biochemistry values is routinely used to assess the health of wild and domestic animals. Flounder culture is a fast growing segment of the U.S. aquaculture industry and tools are needed to monitor the health of these fish. This paper reports a complete hematologic and blood biochemistry profile for normal healthy winter flounder, Pleuronectes americanus, maintained in recirculated artificial seawater. The following hematologic values were determined: Packed cell volume, plasma protein, erythrocyte number, hemoglobin, mean cell volume, mean cell hemoglobin, mean cell hemoglobin concentration, and leukocyte, lymphocyte, neutrophil, monocyte, and thrombocyte numbers. A description of leukocyte morphology is presented. Additionally, the following serum biochemical values were determined:
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
population of juvenile (28 cm, 180 g) sum mer flounder Paralichthys dentatus developed severe coe... more population of juvenile (28 cm, 180 g) sum mer flounder Paralichthys dentatus developed severe coelo mic distention, anorexia and lethargy over a period of 4 to 6 months. Gross internal lesions included a large coelomic mass that replaced the posterior kidney and yellow foci on the heart, spleen and liver. Histopathologically, the poste rior kidney was obliterated by extensive granulomatous in flammation and rare calcified granulomas. Special stains revealed extracellular acid-fast bacilli in the areas of inflammation. An isolated bacterium belonging to the ge nus Mycobacterium was the presumptive causative agent of these lesions.
Bulletin of the Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians, 1999
Twenty-four juvenile bearded dragon lizards, Pogona vitticeps, were divided into four groups of s... more Twenty-four juvenile bearded dragon lizards, Pogona vitticeps, were divided into four groups of six lizards each for a preliminary feeding study. Groups 1-3 were fed vegetables and crickets ad lib for 90 days, with or without dietary supplements (Tetra Vitalife and Reed's MVP). Group 4 lizards were fed an experimental dry lizard diet only for 90 days. Growth of lizards was followed by monitoring body weight and length, and was not significantly changed by any diet. However, the Vitolife and MVP supplements resulted in significantly increased serum levels of vitamin E and the experimental dry diet resulted in significantly decreased serum vitamin E compared to the lizards fed unsupplemented vegetables and crickets. Thiamin (vit amin Bi) was significantly increased in lizards receiving the MVP supplement or the dry diet, compared to the unsupplemented lizards. Additional diet-related differences were observed and are presented.
Twenty striped bass Morone saxatilis and 20 hybrid tilapia Oreochromis n~loticus X 0. mossambicus... more Twenty striped bass Morone saxatilis and 20 hybrid tilapia Oreochromis n~loticus X 0. mossambicus X 0. aureus each received a single intramuscular ~njection of 1.6 X 106 colony forming units per gram body weight of Mycobactenum marinum Striped bass manifested significantly greater climcal and microscopic disease compared to tilapia Whereas all the striped bass had died or were clinically 111 by Day 8 post-infection, there was no apparent disruption of normal behaviour, physical appearance, or growth in any of the sacrificed or surviving tilapia. Histologically, granulomas in striped bass were generally larger and less discrete, with a higher proportion of heavily vacuolated macrophages, and large cores of necrotic cells. Visceral granulomas in tilapia were smaller, with a higher proportion of epithelioid macrophages, more pigment-containing cells, more peripheral lymphocytes, and virtually no central necrosis. Visceral granulomas were 18-fold more numerous in striped bass than in tilapia Based upon histomorphometric data, mean proportions of acid-fast bacteria within pronephros granulomas were 4-fold greater in striped bass than tilapia, and striped bass granulomas averaged more than twice as large as tilapia granulomas. In the antenor kidney of striped bass, a positive correlation existed between mean mycobactenal proportions and mean necrosis scores. In tllapia, mean mycobacterial proportions correlated negahvely with mean granuloma numbers, whereas there was no correlation between these parameters in striped bass. Results suggest that intnnsic functional differences in the in~munologic systems of striped bass and hybrid tilapia may contribute to inter-species variation in mycobacteriosis susceptibility. KEY WORDS. A4ycobacterium marinum. Striped bass. Tilapia. Resistance. Susceptibility O Inter-Research 1999 Resale of full arhcle not permitted
Sustainable aquaculture practices can help meet the increasing human demand for seafood, while ea... more Sustainable aquaculture practices can help meet the increasing human demand for seafood, while easing pressures on natural fish populations. Studies aimed at increasing fish production in aquaculture have included supplementary dietary probiotics that often promote general health and enhanced growth rates by altering the microbiome of the host. Steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is anadromous, like salmon, and it is a subspecies of rainbow trout capable of rapid growth, making it an attractive fish to the aquaculture industry. In this study, the impact of feeding a Bacillus subtilis probiotic on the bacterial microbiome of steelhead trout was examined temporally across several stages of animal development, from eggs (day -19) through 184 days after hatching, in relation to physiological measures. Diets included: commercial feed only as a control (A), continually-fed probiotic top-coated on commercial feed (B), commercial then switch to probiotic feed (C), or probiotic then switch...
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