Papers by Elizabeth Krukowski
Proceedings of the 11th Unconventional Resources Technology Conference
Carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) in confined saline aquifers in sedimentary formati... more Carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) in confined saline aquifers in sedimentary formations has the potential to reduce the impact of fossil fuel combustion on climate change by storing CO2 in geologic formations in perpetuity. At PT conditions relevant to CCUS, CO2 is less dense than the pre-existing brine in the formation, and the more buoyant CO2 will migrate to the top of the formation where it will be in contact with cap rock. A typical cap rock is clay-rich shale, and interactions between shales and CO2 are poorly understood at PT conditions appropriate for CCUS in saline formations. In this study, the interaction of CO2 with clay minerals in the cap rock overlying a saline formation has been examined, using Na-rich montmorillonite as an analog for clay-rich shale. Attenuated Total Reflectance – Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR -FTIR) was used to identify potential crystallographic sites (AlAlOH, AlMgOH and interlayer space) where CO2 could interact with m...
Proceedings of the 6th Unconventional Resources Technology Conference, 2018
Design da Informação, Design Gráfico e o pensar sustentável Information Design, Graphic Design an... more Design da Informação, Design Gráfico e o pensar sustentável Information Design, Graphic Design and the thinking of sustainable Suemmey Rocha Albuquerque Ramos. Fabianne Azevedo dos Santos. design da informação, design gráfico, sustentabilidade O presente artigo propõe evidenciar a contribuição do Design da Informação com o pensar e agir sustentavelmente nos cursos de design, principalmente nos de design gráfico. A sustentabilidade é um tema necessário para ser debatido entre alunos e professores, facilitando desta maneira a percepção dos mesmos e propondo práticas que possam minimizar os impactos ambientais, seja por reutilizar ou reciclar matérias, seja pela escolha de materiais biodegradáveis. Entretanto, com base bibliográfica, muitos dos cursos de design nem se quer apresenta o debate sobre o ambiente. Para tanto, é necessário haver reconhecimento da importância dessa duas instancias, o design da informação como veículo propulsor de informação e organização dos conteúdos, e os cursos de design, para a teoria e prática. information design, graphic design, sustainability The present article proposes to highlight the contribution of Information Design to thinking and acting sustainably in design courses, especially in graphic design. Sustainability is a necessary subject to be debated among students and teachers, making easy their perception and proposing practices that can minimize environmental impacts, whether by reusing or recycling materials, or by choosing biodegradable materials. However, based on literature, many of the courses of design do not even have the debate about the environment. To do so, it is necessary to recognize the importance of these two instances, the design of information as a propelling vehicle for information and organization of content, and the design courses, for theory and practice.
Applied Clay Science, 2015
Carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) in saline reservoirs in sedimentary formations has... more Carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) in saline reservoirs in sedimentary formations has the potential to reduce the impact of fossil fuel combustion on climate change by reducing CO 2 emissions to the atmosphere and storing the CO 2 in geologic formations in perpetuity. At pressure and temperature (PT) conditions relevant to CCUS, CO 2 is less dense than the preexisting brine in the formation, and the more buoyant CO 2 will migrate to the top of the formation where it will be in contact with cap rock. Interactions between clay-rich shale cap rocks and CO 2 are poorly understood at PT conditions appropriate for CCUS in saline formations. In this study, the interaction of CO 2 with clay minerals in the cap rock overlying a saline formation has been examined using Na + exchanged montmorillonite (Mt) (Na +-STx-1) (Na + Mt) as an analog for clay-rich shale. Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) was used to discern mechanistic information for CO 2 interaction with hydrated (both one-and two-water layers) and relatively dehydrated (both dehydrated layers and one-water layers) Na +-STx-1 at 35°C and 50°C and CO 2 pressure from 0-5.9 MPa. CO 2-induced perturbations associated with the water layer and Na +-STx-1vibrational modes such as AlAlOH and AlMgOH were examined. Data indicate that CO 2 is preferentially incorporated into the interlayer space, with relatively dehydrated Na +-STx-1 capable of incorporating more CO 2 compared to hydrated Na +-STx-1. Spectroscopic data provide no evidence of formation of carbonate minerals or the interaction of CO 2 with sodium cations in the Na +-STx-1 structure.
The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2012
... The Controlled Pore Glass (CPG-10) used in this study is synthetic mesoporous silica, which i... more ... The Controlled Pore Glass (CPG-10) used in this study is synthetic mesoporous silica, which is available in a wide range of pore sizes with narrow size distributions and identical chemical properties and surface morphologies in each sample. ...
Environmental Science & Technology, 2012
Geologic storage of CO 2 requires that the caprock sealing the storage rock is highly impermeable... more Geologic storage of CO 2 requires that the caprock sealing the storage rock is highly impermeable to CO 2 . Swelling clays, which are important components of caprocks, may interact with CO 2 leading to volume change and potentially impacting the seal quality. The interactions of supercritical (sc) CO 2 with Na saturated montmorillonite clay containing a subsingle layer of water in the interlayer region have been studied by sorption and neutron diffraction techniques. The excess sorption isotherms show maxima at bulk CO 2 densities of ≈0.15 g/cm 3 , followed by an approximately linear decrease of excess sorption to zero and negative values with increasing CO 2 bulk density. Neutron diffraction experiments on the same clay sample measured interlayer spacing and composition. The results show that limited amounts of CO 2 are sorbed into the interlayer region, leading to depression of the interlayer peak intensity and an increase of the d(001) spacing by ca. 0.5 Å. The density of CO 2 in the clay pores is relatively stable over a wide range of CO 2 pressures at a given temperature, indicating the formation of a clay-CO 2 phase. At the excess sorption maximum, increasing CO 2 sorption with decreasing temperature is observed while the highpressure sorption properties exhibit weak temperature dependence.
ABSTRACT The high and increasing level of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere resulting from b... more ABSTRACT The high and increasing level of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere resulting from burning of fossil fuels is likely to cause global warming. Large-scale carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) of CO2 produced in power plants may play an important role in controlling the level of this greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. In this process, CO2 is stripped from the emissions, compressed, and stored in subsurface reservoirs in very large quantities. The specific CO2-rock interactions control the storage capacity of the reservoir and the fluid mobility. The dominant interactions of supercritical CO2 with reservoir rocks over the first couple of years after injection are sorption and capillary trapping. By combining sorption measurements and neutron scattering data in the Adsorbed Phase Model we obtain a full microstructural characterization of the pore fluid. We studied mesoporous CPG-10 silica materials with pore sizes of 75 Å and 350 Å at pressures from 0-200 bars and temperatures of 35°C and 50°C, covering a range typical for carbon storage sites. Porous silica glass serves as a proxy for quartz-rich rocks, including sandstones that may serve as reservoir rocks. The CO2 excess sorption isotherms were measured using a high-pressure sorption balance. Strong adsorption of CO2 to the silica was found at low fluid pressure and density, followed by formation of a maximum in the excess sorption isotherm. The excess sorption exhibited small or even negative values at high pressure. An inverse temperature dependence of the sorption strength was found in the adsorption region at low and intermediate pressure, while the excess sorption showed little temperature dependence at high pressure. A shift of the excess sorption maximum to higher fluid density was observed with increasing pore width. From small-angle neutron scattering data the density and volume of the sorption phase of CO2 is calculated. Caprocks overlying the porous reservoir rock serve to retain buoyant plumes of CO2. Caprocks can be comprised of thick layers of clay or mudstones, thought to be impenetrable to CO2. To quantify the interactions of caprock with CO2, we measured the excess sorption of supercritical CO2 at Na-montmorillonite clay, a proxy for cap rock materials. Very limited amounts of CO2 adsorbed to this clay mineral at low fluid densities. Using neutron diffraction, the change of the clay interlayer spacing was measured as a function of the CO2 density. A jump-like increase of the interlayer spacing upon CO2 addition was found at low pressures, and remained constant with further additions of CO2. These results indicate suitability of montmorillonite clay for carbon storage caprock applications.
ABSTRACT Boron contents in magmatic fluids are largely unknown, even though B is an important con... more ABSTRACT Boron contents in magmatic fluids are largely unknown, even though B is an important constituent in granitic magmas and, potentially, in ore fluids. Owing to the fact that fluid inclusions from Li-rich pegmatites are typically B, Li, and Na ± F-rich aqueous solutions, salinity derived from microthermometry via the freezing point depression (NaCleq) may be inaccurate. In this study, the ratio of the integrated areas of the Raman bands of [B(OH)3]aq0 at ~ 878 cm− 1 (B[3]O stretching) and of H2O at ~ 3400 cm− 1 (OH stretching) were used for quantitative analysis of B concentrations in fluid inclusions in quartz. Then, B concentration measured via Raman spectroscopy was used as an internal standard for LA-ICP-MS analysis instead of using Na contents derived from NaCleq obtained by microthermometry. This study revisits, validates, and optimizes the methodology for analysis of boron in fluid inclusions from granitic pegmatites and from other boron-rich environments by combining results from Raman spectroscopy, LA-ICP-MS and microthermometry.Raman analyses of synthetic solutions that approximate the composition of pegmatitic fluid inclusions were used to evaluate the effects of NaCl (1.1–12 mass%), LiCl (1.5–16), Li2CO3 (0.05–0.6), NaF (0.6–1.7), and LiF (0.006–0.06) on H3BO3 solutions ranging from 0.28 to 2.0 mass% of H3BO3 for the analysis of H3BO3 by Raman spectroscopy. The errors in H3BO3 concentration induced by NaCl, LiCl, and LiF, the most common salts in pegmatitic fluids, were all ≤± 6%. Addition of Li2CO3 in excess of ~ 0.1 Li2CO3/H3BO3 ratio and addition of NaF in excess of ~ 0.2 NaF/H3BO3 ratio caused a systematic decrease in the intensity of the νsB[3]O band at ~ 878 cm− 1 (I878) that resulted in the B concentration being underestimated by as much as 80%. This is related to an increase of solution pH that decreases the stability of [B(OH)3]aq0. The effect of the inclusion-host quartz lattice orientation on the Raman signal was also tested. When the sample is cut perpendicular to the quartz c-axis or if its c-axis is co-planar with the laser polarization plane, the lattice effects on borate calibration become negligible.
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Papers by Elizabeth Krukowski