An integrated infrared thermography and 3-D digital image correlation (TDIC) technique has been d... more An integrated infrared thermography and 3-D digital image correlation (TDIC) technique has been developed which allows for simultaneous measurement of spatial and temporal distributions of temperatures and displacements. For this, a novel technique was developed to calibrate the IR thermal cameras with a stereo-vision digital image correlation (DIC) system using the standard pin-hole stereo calibration model. This method fuses thermal and displacement information and compensates for the difference in camera resolutions. Several high temperature black and white paints were evaluated to determine their characteristics including the temperature-dependent emissivity of each paint, the mixed emissivity of both paints in the speckle pattern, and optical thickness. The advantages of evaluating linked full-field temperatures and strain measurements through the TDIC technique are demonstrated through measurements obtained on an E-glass/vinyl ester/balsa wood sandwich composite subjected to simultaneous one-sided heating and compressive loading.
This article presents a modeling approach based on the Larson-Miller parameter (LMP) for creep ru... more This article presents a modeling approach based on the Larson-Miller parameter (LMP) for creep rupture to predict failure of aluminum in fire. The modified Larson-Miller model can predict time-dependent tensile rupture or compressive buckling of aluminum plate under combined loading and one-sided heating by fire. The model applies the LMP to determine the failure time and failure temperature of aluminum
This paper presents a thermo-mechanical model based on creep mechanics to predict compression def... more This paper presents a thermo-mechanical model based on creep mechanics to predict compression deformation and failure of aluminium alloys exposed to fire. The model is based on the analytical work by Maljaars et al. [1] for the compression deformation of aluminium due to primary and secondary creep processes when exposed to transient heating caused by fire. The model can predict the creep-induced buckling failure of aluminium plates exposed to fire. The model is validated by fire structural tests performed on a non-age-hardening aluminium alloy (5083 H116) exposed to constant heat flux levels between 25 and 50 kW/m 2 (with the equivalent maximum surface temperature between 200 and 360 • C). The model predicts the failure time of the aluminium will increase when the applied compression stress and/or heat flux of the fire is reduced due to a slowing of the creep rate. This was confirmed with failure times measured in the fire structural tests, which showed close agreement with the theoretical failure times. The model predicts the aluminium alloy will not fail under low compression stress or low heat flux conditions because the creep process is too slow, and this was confirmed by fire structural testing. Parametric analysis presented in the paper shows the potential application of the model in predicting the deformation and failure of compression-loaded aluminium structures exposed to fires of high intensity.
ABSTRACT This paper presents a finite-element (FE) modeling approach to predict the deformation, ... more ABSTRACT This paper presents a finite-element (FE) modeling approach to predict the deformation, softening, and failure of compression-loaded aluminum structures exposed to fire. A fully coupled thermal-mechanical FE model is outlined. The FE model can analyze the thermal profile and deformation as well as the initial and final plastic collapse of aluminum structures in fire. It calculates the temperature profile of an aluminum structure exposed to unsteady-state heating conditions representative of fire. Using the temperature profile, the elastic and plastic deformations together with the loss in the compression load capacity of an aluminum structure caused by elastic softening, time-independent plastic (yield) softening, and time-dependent plastic (creep) softening effects are analyzed by using a mechanics-based FE solution. The modeling approach is validated by structural tests on an aluminum alloy (5083 Al) plate supporting an applied compression load while locally heated at different radiant heat flux (temperature) levels. The modeling approach can estimate the deformations, initiation of plastic collapse, and final failure of the aluminum test article for heat flux levels representative of different fire types. The FE model described in this paper can be used as the basis for performing complex deformation and failure analysis of compression-loaded aluminum (and other metallic) structures in fire. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000313. (C) 2011 American Society of Civil Engineers.
An experimental study was performed to quantify the response and failure of 5083-H116 and 6082-T6... more An experimental study was performed to quantify the response and failure of 5083-H116 and 6082-T6 aluminum plates under compression load while being subjected to a constant heat flux representing a fire exposure. Using an intermediate scale loading frame with integrated heating, the study evaluated the effects of geometry, aluminum type, fire exposure, load, and fire protection. Intermediate scale aluminum panels which were more than 0.7 m high and 0.2 m wide were used to gain insights into the structural behavior of large structural sections exposed to fire. Failure temperatures were measured to range from 100-480 o C and were dependent on applied stress and aluminum type. This indicates that the use of a single temperature criterion in fire resistance without load as typically done is not sufficient for evaluating structural response during fire. An empirical failure model was developed to account for fire exposure conditions, aluminum type, and geometry.
Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 2012
This paper presents a new modelling approach to analyse the fire structural response of fibre–pol... more This paper presents a new modelling approach to analyse the fire structural response of fibre–polymer laminates protected with an intumescent surface coating. The model is designed to predict the temperature, decomposition, softening and failure of laminates with an intumescent coating in fire. The modelling involves a three-stage analytical approach: (i) thermal-chemical analysis of the intumescent coating, (ii) thermal-chemical analysis of
Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 2012
ABSTRACT A thermo-structural model was previously developed and validated for predicting the fail... more ABSTRACT A thermo-structural model was previously developed and validated for predicting the failure of compressively loaded fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) laminates by one-sided heating in fire. The model consists of a one-dimensional pyrolysis model to predict the temperature and decomposition response. An integrated structural model uses the thermal predictions to predict thermally-induced bending caused by one-sided heating. Failure is predicted based on a localized failure criterion using the compressive strength of the material. The analysis was performed by slightly perturbing the thermal and mechanical properties to determine their effect on predictions of the out-of-plane deflection and time-to-failure. The predicted out-of-plane deflections were affected by several properties, including the in-plane thermal expansion and residual elastic modulus. The residual elastic modulus also had a significant effect on time-to-failure predictions. This demonstrates the sensitivity of the model to these parameters in predicting both the time-to-failure and deflection behavior of the laminate.
This paper presents a new modelling approach to analyse the fire structural response of fibreglas... more This paper presents a new modelling approach to analyse the fire structural response of fibreglass-polymer composites protected with an insulation surface layer consisting of thermally passive or active (intumescent) material. The model is designed to predict the temperature, decomposition, softening and failure of fibreglass composites protected from fire with either a passive or active surface coating. The modelling involves a multi-stage analytical approach: (i) thermal analysis of the surface coating (including decomposition and expansion in the case of the intumescent material), (ii) thermal-chemical analysis of heat transfer through the composite substrate (beneath the surface coating), including decomposition of the polymer matrix and softening of the fibreglass reinforcement, and (iii) thermal-mechanical analysis of the failure of the composite under tension or compression loading. Fire structural tests were performed on a woven glass/vinyl ester composite protected with either a thermally passive insulation (ceramic fibre) or an organic intumescent coating to validate the modelling approach. It is shown the model can approximate the thermal insulation provided to the composite substrate by the surface coatings. The model can also approximate the temperature, softening and failure of the fibreglass composite substrate with a passive or intumescent surface coating.
A one-dimensional thermo-mechanical model was developed to predict the thermal response and mecha... more A one-dimensional thermo-mechanical model was developed to predict the thermal response and mechanical failure of polymer laminates exposed to fire conditions. A decomposition model was linked with an eccentrically loaded beam model. Maximum stress is compared with the instantaneous compressive strength to determine the timeto-failure.
This keynote paper presents a critical review of research progress in modelling the damage and fa... more This keynote paper presents a critical review of research progress in modelling the damage and failure of polymer matrix composites exposed to fire. Models for analysing the thermal, chemical and physical processes that control the structural response and failure of composite materials in fire are briefly reviewed.
In this work, the compression-controlled failures of aluminum plates subjected to an applied mech... more In this work, the compression-controlled failures of aluminum plates subjected to an applied mechanical load and an applied heat flux (to simulate fire) were predicted through the use of finite element analysis. Numerous studies were completed on these finite element models. Thicknesses of the plates were varied as well as the applied heat flux and the applied compressive stresses. The effect of surface emissivity along with the effect of insulation on the exposed surface of the plate was also studied. The influence of the initial imperfection of the plates was also studied. Not only were the physical conditions of the model varied but the element type of both the solid and shell models as well as the mesh density were also varied.
Aluminum alloys are increasingly being used in a broad spectrum of load-bearing applications such... more Aluminum alloys are increasingly being used in a broad spectrum of load-bearing applications such as light rail and marine crafts. Post-fire evaluation of structural integrity and assessment of the need for structural member replacement requires an understanding of the residual (post-fire) mechanical behavior. In this work, models are presented to predict the residual (post-fire) constitutive behavior, including yield strength and strain hardening, at ambient conditions following fire exposure. This model consists of a series of sub-models for (i) microstructural evolution, (ii) residual yield strength, and (iii) residual strain hardening behavior. Kinetics-based (time-temperature dependent) models were implemented to predict microstructural evolution during fire, i.e., recovery and recrystallization for 5xxx-series Al alloys.. The residual yield strength is predicted using individual strengthening contributions and which are function of the microstructural material state. The residual strain hardening behavior is predicted using the Kocks-Mecking-Estrin law modified to account for the additional dislocation storage and dynamic recovery from subgrains. The constitutive model for residual mechanical behavior was bench-marked against AA5083-H116 specimens exposed to conditions resembling those in fire. The residual yield strength and strain hardening models show good agreement with experimental data.
Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and Digital Image Analysis (DIA) were used to investigate the ev... more Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and Digital Image Analysis (DIA) were used to investigate the evolution of multiple inlet gas jets located at the distributor base of a two-dimensional fluidized bed setup. Experiments were conducted with varying distributor orifice diameter, orifice pitch, particle density, particle diameter, and fluidization velocity to understand the motion of particles in the grid-zone region of a fluidized bed. Results were used to develop a phenomenological model that quantifies the conditions throughout the entire grid-zone. The results and the model were further analyzed to understand the effect of operating conditions on the solid circulation dynamics of a multiple jet system fluidized bed. It was determined that the solid circulation rate increased linearly with an increase in the fluidization velocity until the jet system transitioned from isolated to an interacting system. The solid circulation increased at a much lower rate in the interacting system of jets. This sudden change in the solid circulation rate has not been reported in the literature possibly due to the lack of multiple jet studies. For multiple jet systems, this phenomenon may indicate the presence of an optimum operating condition with high circulation rate and low air input in the bed.
This paper presents a critical review of research progress in modelling the structural response o... more This paper presents a critical review of research progress in modelling the structural response of polymer matrix composites exposed to fire. Models for analysing the thermal, chemical, physical, and failure processes that control the structural responses of laminates and sandwich composite materials in fire are reviewed. Models for calculating the residual structural properties of composites following fire are also described.
ABSTRACT A simultaneous thermogravimetric analyzer was used to investigate the gravimetric and en... more ABSTRACT A simultaneous thermogravimetric analyzer was used to investigate the gravimetric and energetic behavior of a decomposing sample. Mathematical models were developed from the first law of thermodynamics to accurately quantify the energetic characteristics of a decomposing sample. Models were used to obtain the heat of melting, standard heat of decomposition, heat of decomposition, and heat of gasification. Materials tested in the study included aluminum alloys, chemicals, polymers and composite samples. It was determined that the heat of decomposition of a sample is different than the area difference of the apparent and sensible specific heat curves, an approach that is currently used in the literature. The standard heat of decomposition of samples was proved to be a constant quantity, irrespective of the heating rate or the initial mass of the sample. The standard heat of decomposition estimated from the model was found to be independent of the inert mass in the sample. The model was capable of determining an accurate value of standard heat of decomposition using approximate data of decomposition products. Thus, the standard heat of decomposition is proposed as a unique energetic property of a sample.
ABSTRACT A simultaneous thermogravimetric analyzer was used to investigate the gravimetric and en... more ABSTRACT A simultaneous thermogravimetric analyzer was used to investigate the gravimetric and energetic behavior of a decomposing sample under inert atmosphere. Materials tested in the study included liquid chemicals, polymers and composite samples. Mathematical models were developed from the first law of thermodynamics to quantify the energetic characteristics of a decomposing sample. Along with the effect of evolved gas products, the temperature dependent thermal and physical properties were included in the development of the mathematical models. Models were used to obtain the heat of melting, standard heat of decomposition, heat of decomposition, and heat of gasification of the solid materials. It was determined that the heat of decomposition of a sample is different than the area difference of the apparent and sensible heat flow curves, an approach that is currently used in the literature. The standard heat of decomposition was measured and validated against the standard heat of evaporation of known chemicals. The standard heat of decomposition of a sample was found to be a constant quantity, irrespective of the sample heating rate, initial mass of the sample and the inert content (ash) in the initial mass of the sample. Thus, the standard heat of decomposition is proposed as a unique energetic property of a sample.
An integrated infrared thermography and 3-D digital image correlation (TDIC) technique has been d... more An integrated infrared thermography and 3-D digital image correlation (TDIC) technique has been developed which allows for simultaneous measurement of spatial and temporal distributions of temperatures and displacements. For this, a novel technique was developed to calibrate the IR thermal cameras with a stereo-vision digital image correlation (DIC) system using the standard pin-hole stereo calibration model. This method fuses thermal and displacement information and compensates for the difference in camera resolutions. Several high temperature black and white paints were evaluated to determine their characteristics including the temperature-dependent emissivity of each paint, the mixed emissivity of both paints in the speckle pattern, and optical thickness. The advantages of evaluating linked full-field temperatures and strain measurements through the TDIC technique are demonstrated through measurements obtained on an E-glass/vinyl ester/balsa wood sandwich composite subjected to simultaneous one-sided heating and compressive loading.
This article presents a modeling approach based on the Larson-Miller parameter (LMP) for creep ru... more This article presents a modeling approach based on the Larson-Miller parameter (LMP) for creep rupture to predict failure of aluminum in fire. The modified Larson-Miller model can predict time-dependent tensile rupture or compressive buckling of aluminum plate under combined loading and one-sided heating by fire. The model applies the LMP to determine the failure time and failure temperature of aluminum
This paper presents a thermo-mechanical model based on creep mechanics to predict compression def... more This paper presents a thermo-mechanical model based on creep mechanics to predict compression deformation and failure of aluminium alloys exposed to fire. The model is based on the analytical work by Maljaars et al. [1] for the compression deformation of aluminium due to primary and secondary creep processes when exposed to transient heating caused by fire. The model can predict the creep-induced buckling failure of aluminium plates exposed to fire. The model is validated by fire structural tests performed on a non-age-hardening aluminium alloy (5083 H116) exposed to constant heat flux levels between 25 and 50 kW/m 2 (with the equivalent maximum surface temperature between 200 and 360 • C). The model predicts the failure time of the aluminium will increase when the applied compression stress and/or heat flux of the fire is reduced due to a slowing of the creep rate. This was confirmed with failure times measured in the fire structural tests, which showed close agreement with the theoretical failure times. The model predicts the aluminium alloy will not fail under low compression stress or low heat flux conditions because the creep process is too slow, and this was confirmed by fire structural testing. Parametric analysis presented in the paper shows the potential application of the model in predicting the deformation and failure of compression-loaded aluminium structures exposed to fires of high intensity.
ABSTRACT This paper presents a finite-element (FE) modeling approach to predict the deformation, ... more ABSTRACT This paper presents a finite-element (FE) modeling approach to predict the deformation, softening, and failure of compression-loaded aluminum structures exposed to fire. A fully coupled thermal-mechanical FE model is outlined. The FE model can analyze the thermal profile and deformation as well as the initial and final plastic collapse of aluminum structures in fire. It calculates the temperature profile of an aluminum structure exposed to unsteady-state heating conditions representative of fire. Using the temperature profile, the elastic and plastic deformations together with the loss in the compression load capacity of an aluminum structure caused by elastic softening, time-independent plastic (yield) softening, and time-dependent plastic (creep) softening effects are analyzed by using a mechanics-based FE solution. The modeling approach is validated by structural tests on an aluminum alloy (5083 Al) plate supporting an applied compression load while locally heated at different radiant heat flux (temperature) levels. The modeling approach can estimate the deformations, initiation of plastic collapse, and final failure of the aluminum test article for heat flux levels representative of different fire types. The FE model described in this paper can be used as the basis for performing complex deformation and failure analysis of compression-loaded aluminum (and other metallic) structures in fire. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000313. (C) 2011 American Society of Civil Engineers.
An experimental study was performed to quantify the response and failure of 5083-H116 and 6082-T6... more An experimental study was performed to quantify the response and failure of 5083-H116 and 6082-T6 aluminum plates under compression load while being subjected to a constant heat flux representing a fire exposure. Using an intermediate scale loading frame with integrated heating, the study evaluated the effects of geometry, aluminum type, fire exposure, load, and fire protection. Intermediate scale aluminum panels which were more than 0.7 m high and 0.2 m wide were used to gain insights into the structural behavior of large structural sections exposed to fire. Failure temperatures were measured to range from 100-480 o C and were dependent on applied stress and aluminum type. This indicates that the use of a single temperature criterion in fire resistance without load as typically done is not sufficient for evaluating structural response during fire. An empirical failure model was developed to account for fire exposure conditions, aluminum type, and geometry.
Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 2012
This paper presents a new modelling approach to analyse the fire structural response of fibre–pol... more This paper presents a new modelling approach to analyse the fire structural response of fibre–polymer laminates protected with an intumescent surface coating. The model is designed to predict the temperature, decomposition, softening and failure of laminates with an intumescent coating in fire. The modelling involves a three-stage analytical approach: (i) thermal-chemical analysis of the intumescent coating, (ii) thermal-chemical analysis of
Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 2012
ABSTRACT A thermo-structural model was previously developed and validated for predicting the fail... more ABSTRACT A thermo-structural model was previously developed and validated for predicting the failure of compressively loaded fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) laminates by one-sided heating in fire. The model consists of a one-dimensional pyrolysis model to predict the temperature and decomposition response. An integrated structural model uses the thermal predictions to predict thermally-induced bending caused by one-sided heating. Failure is predicted based on a localized failure criterion using the compressive strength of the material. The analysis was performed by slightly perturbing the thermal and mechanical properties to determine their effect on predictions of the out-of-plane deflection and time-to-failure. The predicted out-of-plane deflections were affected by several properties, including the in-plane thermal expansion and residual elastic modulus. The residual elastic modulus also had a significant effect on time-to-failure predictions. This demonstrates the sensitivity of the model to these parameters in predicting both the time-to-failure and deflection behavior of the laminate.
This paper presents a new modelling approach to analyse the fire structural response of fibreglas... more This paper presents a new modelling approach to analyse the fire structural response of fibreglass-polymer composites protected with an insulation surface layer consisting of thermally passive or active (intumescent) material. The model is designed to predict the temperature, decomposition, softening and failure of fibreglass composites protected from fire with either a passive or active surface coating. The modelling involves a multi-stage analytical approach: (i) thermal analysis of the surface coating (including decomposition and expansion in the case of the intumescent material), (ii) thermal-chemical analysis of heat transfer through the composite substrate (beneath the surface coating), including decomposition of the polymer matrix and softening of the fibreglass reinforcement, and (iii) thermal-mechanical analysis of the failure of the composite under tension or compression loading. Fire structural tests were performed on a woven glass/vinyl ester composite protected with either a thermally passive insulation (ceramic fibre) or an organic intumescent coating to validate the modelling approach. It is shown the model can approximate the thermal insulation provided to the composite substrate by the surface coatings. The model can also approximate the temperature, softening and failure of the fibreglass composite substrate with a passive or intumescent surface coating.
A one-dimensional thermo-mechanical model was developed to predict the thermal response and mecha... more A one-dimensional thermo-mechanical model was developed to predict the thermal response and mechanical failure of polymer laminates exposed to fire conditions. A decomposition model was linked with an eccentrically loaded beam model. Maximum stress is compared with the instantaneous compressive strength to determine the timeto-failure.
This keynote paper presents a critical review of research progress in modelling the damage and fa... more This keynote paper presents a critical review of research progress in modelling the damage and failure of polymer matrix composites exposed to fire. Models for analysing the thermal, chemical and physical processes that control the structural response and failure of composite materials in fire are briefly reviewed.
In this work, the compression-controlled failures of aluminum plates subjected to an applied mech... more In this work, the compression-controlled failures of aluminum plates subjected to an applied mechanical load and an applied heat flux (to simulate fire) were predicted through the use of finite element analysis. Numerous studies were completed on these finite element models. Thicknesses of the plates were varied as well as the applied heat flux and the applied compressive stresses. The effect of surface emissivity along with the effect of insulation on the exposed surface of the plate was also studied. The influence of the initial imperfection of the plates was also studied. Not only were the physical conditions of the model varied but the element type of both the solid and shell models as well as the mesh density were also varied.
Aluminum alloys are increasingly being used in a broad spectrum of load-bearing applications such... more Aluminum alloys are increasingly being used in a broad spectrum of load-bearing applications such as light rail and marine crafts. Post-fire evaluation of structural integrity and assessment of the need for structural member replacement requires an understanding of the residual (post-fire) mechanical behavior. In this work, models are presented to predict the residual (post-fire) constitutive behavior, including yield strength and strain hardening, at ambient conditions following fire exposure. This model consists of a series of sub-models for (i) microstructural evolution, (ii) residual yield strength, and (iii) residual strain hardening behavior. Kinetics-based (time-temperature dependent) models were implemented to predict microstructural evolution during fire, i.e., recovery and recrystallization for 5xxx-series Al alloys.. The residual yield strength is predicted using individual strengthening contributions and which are function of the microstructural material state. The residual strain hardening behavior is predicted using the Kocks-Mecking-Estrin law modified to account for the additional dislocation storage and dynamic recovery from subgrains. The constitutive model for residual mechanical behavior was bench-marked against AA5083-H116 specimens exposed to conditions resembling those in fire. The residual yield strength and strain hardening models show good agreement with experimental data.
Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and Digital Image Analysis (DIA) were used to investigate the ev... more Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and Digital Image Analysis (DIA) were used to investigate the evolution of multiple inlet gas jets located at the distributor base of a two-dimensional fluidized bed setup. Experiments were conducted with varying distributor orifice diameter, orifice pitch, particle density, particle diameter, and fluidization velocity to understand the motion of particles in the grid-zone region of a fluidized bed. Results were used to develop a phenomenological model that quantifies the conditions throughout the entire grid-zone. The results and the model were further analyzed to understand the effect of operating conditions on the solid circulation dynamics of a multiple jet system fluidized bed. It was determined that the solid circulation rate increased linearly with an increase in the fluidization velocity until the jet system transitioned from isolated to an interacting system. The solid circulation increased at a much lower rate in the interacting system of jets. This sudden change in the solid circulation rate has not been reported in the literature possibly due to the lack of multiple jet studies. For multiple jet systems, this phenomenon may indicate the presence of an optimum operating condition with high circulation rate and low air input in the bed.
This paper presents a critical review of research progress in modelling the structural response o... more This paper presents a critical review of research progress in modelling the structural response of polymer matrix composites exposed to fire. Models for analysing the thermal, chemical, physical, and failure processes that control the structural responses of laminates and sandwich composite materials in fire are reviewed. Models for calculating the residual structural properties of composites following fire are also described.
ABSTRACT A simultaneous thermogravimetric analyzer was used to investigate the gravimetric and en... more ABSTRACT A simultaneous thermogravimetric analyzer was used to investigate the gravimetric and energetic behavior of a decomposing sample. Mathematical models were developed from the first law of thermodynamics to accurately quantify the energetic characteristics of a decomposing sample. Models were used to obtain the heat of melting, standard heat of decomposition, heat of decomposition, and heat of gasification. Materials tested in the study included aluminum alloys, chemicals, polymers and composite samples. It was determined that the heat of decomposition of a sample is different than the area difference of the apparent and sensible specific heat curves, an approach that is currently used in the literature. The standard heat of decomposition of samples was proved to be a constant quantity, irrespective of the heating rate or the initial mass of the sample. The standard heat of decomposition estimated from the model was found to be independent of the inert mass in the sample. The model was capable of determining an accurate value of standard heat of decomposition using approximate data of decomposition products. Thus, the standard heat of decomposition is proposed as a unique energetic property of a sample.
ABSTRACT A simultaneous thermogravimetric analyzer was used to investigate the gravimetric and en... more ABSTRACT A simultaneous thermogravimetric analyzer was used to investigate the gravimetric and energetic behavior of a decomposing sample under inert atmosphere. Materials tested in the study included liquid chemicals, polymers and composite samples. Mathematical models were developed from the first law of thermodynamics to quantify the energetic characteristics of a decomposing sample. Along with the effect of evolved gas products, the temperature dependent thermal and physical properties were included in the development of the mathematical models. Models were used to obtain the heat of melting, standard heat of decomposition, heat of decomposition, and heat of gasification of the solid materials. It was determined that the heat of decomposition of a sample is different than the area difference of the apparent and sensible heat flow curves, an approach that is currently used in the literature. The standard heat of decomposition was measured and validated against the standard heat of evaporation of known chemicals. The standard heat of decomposition of a sample was found to be a constant quantity, irrespective of the sample heating rate, initial mass of the sample and the inert content (ash) in the initial mass of the sample. Thus, the standard heat of decomposition is proposed as a unique energetic property of a sample.
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