A B S T R A C T Nanotechnology is the formation, running and use of operation at the nanomaterial... more A B S T R A C T Nanotechnology is the formation, running and use of operation at the nanomaterial size scale (1–100 nm). Nanoscale materials can also be obtained by biological synthesis materials via eco-friendly green chemistry based technique. Current development and numerous strategies involved in the green synthesis of nanoparticles were focussed. This review mainly focused on plants which include scientific name, family name, common name, plant parts, its characterization, size and shape of the nanoparticles. Plant extract which was done experimentally gives its various characterization which leads to the identification of compounds of different nano size and shape. Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles is in different shapes like spherical, rod, cubic, triangle and also in different sizes. Various application and importance of gold nanoparticles in numerous fields were discussed. The mark of the review is to provide an overview of recent learning in biosynthesized nanoparticles, its characterization and their potential applications.
Engineering a reliable and eco-accommodating methodology for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles... more Engineering a reliable and eco-accommodating methodology for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles is a crucial step in the field of nanotechnology. Plant-mediated synthesis of metal nanoparticles has been developed as a substitute to defeat the limitations of conventional synthesis approaches such as physical and chemical methods. Biomolecules, such as proteins, amino acids, enzymes, flavonoids, and terpenoids from several plant extracts have been used as a stabilising and reducing agents for the synthesis of AgNPs. Regardless of an extensive range of biomolecules assistance in the synthesis procedure, researchers are facing a significant challenge to synthesise stable and geometrically controlled AgNPs. In the past decade, several efforts were made to develop Plant-mediated synthesis methods to produce stable, cost effective and eco-friendly AgNPs. More than hundred different plants extract sources for synthesising AgNPs were described in the last decade by several researchers. Most of the reviews were focused on various plant sources for synthesis, various characterization techniques for characteristic analysis, and antibacterial activity against bacterial. There are many reviews are available for the plant-mediated synthesis of AgNPs as well as antibacterial activity of AgNPs but this is the first review article mainly focused on biomolecules of plants and its various parts and operating conditions involved in the synthesis. Apart from, this review includes the characterisation of AgNPs and antibacterial activity of such nanoparticles with size, shape and method used for this study.
Brown seaweeds are the major nutritional resource used in throughout the globe. In this present s... more Brown seaweeds are the major nutritional resource used in throughout the globe. In this present study, the combination of two marine brown seaweeds (Padinatetrastromatica and Turbinariaconoides) formulation is used for antidiabetic activity on streptozotocin induced toxicity in male albino rats. Diabetic rats were treated with a 250 mg/kg of body weight and 500 mg/kg of body weight aqueous formulation and biochemical parameters such as blood glucose, insulin, total protein and total cholesterol. The histopatholgic changes in pancreatic cell morphology were analysed using haematoxylin and eosin strain by microscope. The results of the present investigation validate the antidiabetic activity of the algal formulation (P. tetrastromatica and T. conoides) in ancient pharmaceutical agents and contribute towards the developments of modern treatment opportunity based on natural products.
In modern science, Nanotechnology is an ablaze field for the researchers. Zinc oxide nanoparticle... more In modern science, Nanotechnology is an ablaze field for the researchers. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are known to be one of the most multifunctional inorganic nanoparticles with its application in treatment of urinary tract infection. Nanoparticles were synthesized using Passiflora caerulea fresh leaf extract and were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy (UV–vis), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive analysis of x-ray (EDAX), Atomic force microscopy (AFM). Therefore, the study reveals an efficient, eco-friendly and simple method for the green synthesis of multifunctional ZnO NPs using P. caerulea. Urinary tract infection causing microbes were isolated from the disease affected patient urine sample. The synthesized nanoparticles have been tested against the pathogenic culture showed a very good zone of inhibition compared with plant extract. It indicates the biomedical capability of ZnO NPs.
In the present study, the biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) was achieved by using marine... more In the present study, the biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) was achieved by using marine brown seaweed Padina tetrastromatica (PT) as a reducing and capping agent. The optimized Au Nps were performed by changing the concentration of algae extract, pH and temperature was analyzed by UV-vis spectrophotometer. The synthesized Au NPs were characterized byXRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM, EDX and SAED. The X-ray diffraction showed the Au NPs which can state by the presence of peaks at (1 1 1), (2 0 0), (2 2 0) and (2 2 2). The FTIR result clearly showed that the extracts containing-OH as a functional group (sugar molecules) act in capping the nanoparticles synthesis. SEM images revealed that all particles were spherical in shape. TEM image confirms the spherical in shape with an average size ranges from 8-10 nm. Synthesized Au NPs were evaluate for the in vitro cytotoxic activity of human liver cancer (HepG2) and lung cancer (A549) cell line at the different concentrations compared with standard drug cyclophosphamide. Introduction.The Metal nanoparticles are acquired great interest in the field of nanotechnology and nanomedicine due to their unique properties such as optical, electrical, mechanical and chemical properties which have exhibit diverse sizes and shapes than the bulk state of the metal [1-3]. Thus, the activity of nanoparticles was mainly determined by their size, small size of nanoparticles exhibit high surface area due to the large fraction of the atoms and generates the active sites on the surface of nanoparticles [4]. The unique size and shape of nanoparticles were extensively used in catalysis, electronics, plasmonics and sensing [1, 5, 6]. Among the metal nanoparticles, gold has been used to cure various diseases in several centuries ago. Gold is inert, less toxic, highly thermal stability which has been used in various applications including biolabeling, gene and drug delivery system [7]. Many of the methods are available to synthesis of metal nanoparticles which has been exhibits inevitable due to the use of harmful and toxic chemicals [8]. Among the synthesis methods, green synthesis methods using biological probes predicted to avoid the using the toxic chemicals in the fabrication of nanoparticles. The biological probes are bacteria, fungi, yeast, actinomycetes, plants and algae involved in the green chemistry of nanoparticles; they provide large scale production, less time consumption and eco benign. Algae mediated synthesis nanoparticles were better reflection compare to the other biological probes. Algae have many phytochemicals could acts as both reducing and stabilizing agent for the nanoparticles and they are easily available marine sources [9-10]. The compounds isolated from PT like sulphated polysaccharides are having good medicinal properties such as anti-inflamtery activity, anti-oxidant effect, anti-hyper glycemic activity and hypo lipedemic properties [25-27]. In this study we report that green reduction of gold ions to AuNPs using the algae extract of PT, which is available throughout the year. This brown algae exhibits medicinal properties
A new approach for simple, competitive and sensitive, dipstick immunoassay (DIA) was developed to... more A new approach for simple, competitive and sensitive, dipstick immunoassay (DIA) was developed to detect organophosphorus pesticide. Residual pesticides such as kitazine in fruits and vegetables are one of the major food safety concerns for consumers in the world. It is the alternative method to nitrocel-lulose strip (NC) for the detection of harmful pesticides. The matrix effects of different food samples (tomato, cucumber, grapes and orange) were studied in flow through ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immuno-assay) and DIA method. Different size morphology was synthesized from gold nanoparticles and bio-conjugated to Ig G, which served as the detecting agent confirmed by AFM. The different concentration of organophosphorus in the food sample was detected by the development of purple color in the membrane strips. Among four fruit juices, the grape juice exhibits increased absorbance resulted that the bioconjugated gold nanoparticle is actively detected the kitazine present in the grape juice evidenced by ELISA method has good reproducibility and satisfactory accuracy. The interpretation of the results was visual, and these ELISAs can be used as convenient qualitative tools for the rapid screening ofkitazine residues in food samples.
This study aims to provide a simple and eco-friendly approach for the synthesis of Ag NPs using m... more This study aims to provide a simple and eco-friendly approach for the synthesis of Ag NPs using medicinal plant Solanum nigrum aqueous leaf extract. Fresh leaf extract mediated the reduction of silver from higher excited state to the ground extract when mixed with 1 mM silver nitrate solution. Reduction led the synthesis of silver nanoparticle with the size range of 20-40 nm was confirmed by TEM analysis. UV-Vis analysis demonstrates the synthesis of Ag NPs by its standard peak due to SPR (Surface Plasmon Resonance). XRD analysis confirmed the crystalline nature of Ag NPs. It was further characterized by FT-IR for the confirmation of functional groups responsible for Ag NPs synthesis and elements analyzed using EDX. Our study also showed the high antibacterial effect of nanoparticle against disease causing virulent bacterial strains (Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus).
Nanotechnology deals with the production and usage of material with nanoscale dimension. Nanoscal... more Nanotechnology deals with the production and usage of material with nanoscale dimension. Nanoscale dimension provides nanoparticles a large surface area to volume ratio and thus very specific properties. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) had been in recent studies due to its large bandwidth and high exciton binding energy and it has potential applications like antibacterial, antifungal, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, antioxidant and optic properties. Due to the large rate of toxic chemicals and extreme environment employed in the physical and chemical production of these NPs, green methods employing the use of plants, fungus, bacteria, and algae have been adopted. This review is a comprehensive study of the synthesis and characterization methods used for the green synthesis of ZnO NPs using different biological sources.
Green synthesis method of nanomaterials is rapidly growing in the nanotechnology field; it replac... more Green synthesis method of nanomaterials is rapidly growing in the nanotechnology field; it replaces the use of toxic chemicals and time consumption. In this present investigation we report the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by using the leaf extract of medicinally valuable plant Solanum trilobatum. The influence of physical and chemical parameters on the silver nanoparticle fabrication such as incubation time, silver nitrate concentration, pH, and temperature is also studied in this present context. The green synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The SEM and TEM confirm the synthesis of spherical shape of nanocrystalline particles with the size range of 2–10 nm. FTIR reveals that the carboxyl and amine groups may be involved in the reduction of silver ions to silver nanoparticles. Antibacterial activity of synthesized silver nanoparticles was done by agar well diffusion method against different pathogenic bacteria. The green synthesized silver nanoparticles can be used in the field of medicine, due to their high antibacterial activity.
Nowadays plant mediated synthesis of nanoparticles has great interest and achievement due to its ... more Nowadays plant mediated synthesis of nanoparticles has great interest and achievement due to its eco-benign and low time consuming properties. In this study silver nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by using Morinda tinctoria leaf extract under different pH. The aqueous leaf extract was added to silver nitrate solution; the color of the reaction medium was changed from pale yellow to brown and that indicates reduction of silver ions to silver nanoparticles. Thus synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Dispersity and morphology was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM); crystalline nature and purity of synthesized silver nanoparticles were revealed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). FTIR spectrum was examined to identify the effective functional molecules responsible for the reduction and stabilization of silver nanoparticles synthesized by leaf extract. The photocatalytic activity of the synthesized silver nanoparticles was examined by degradation of methylene blue under sunlight irradiation. Green synthesized silver nanoparticles were effectively degrading the dye nearly 95% at 72 h of exposure time.
Dental care is an essential phenomenon in human health. Oral pathogens can cause severe break whi... more Dental care is an essential phenomenon in human health. Oral pathogens can cause severe break which may show the way to serious issues in human disease like blood circulation and coronary disease. In the current study, we demonstrated the synthesis and antimicrobial activity of cadmium sulphide and zinc sulphide nanoparticles against oral pathogens. The process for the synthesis of cadmium sulphide (CdS) and zinc sulphide (ZnS) nanoparticles is fast, novel, and ecofriendly. Formation of cadmium sulphide (CdS) and zinc sulphide (ZnS) nanoparticles was confirmed by surface plasmon spectra using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The morphology of crystalline phase of nanoparticles was determined from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra. The average size of cadmium sulphide (CdS) and zinc sulphide (ZnS) nanoparticles was in the range of 10 nm to 25 nm and 65 nm, respectively, and the observed morphology was spherical. The results indicated that the proteins, which contain amine groups, played a reducing and controlling responsibility during the formation of cadmium sulphide (CdS) and zinc sulphide (ZnS) nanoparticles in the colloidal solution. The antimicrobial activity was assessed against oral pathogens such as Streptococcus sp. Staphylococcus sp. Lactobacillus sp., and Candida albicans and these results confirmed that the sulphide nanoparticles are exhibiting good bactericidal activity.
In this study, we have synthesized the gold nanoparticles by using Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, a medi... more In this study, we have synthesized the gold nanoparticles by using Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, a medicinal plant. The gold nanoparticles were synthesized rapidly by the involvement of microwave heating. By changing of plant extract concentration, gold solution concentration, microwave heating time and power of microwave heating the optimized condition was identified. The surface Plasmon resonance found at 520 nm confirmed the gold nanoparticles synthesis. The spherical sized nanoparticles in the size range of 16-30 nm were confirmed by Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). The stability of the nanoparticles is very well proved in the invitro stability tests. The biochemical like alkaloids and flavonoids play a vital role in the nanoparticles synthesis was identified using the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Combining the phytochemical and microwave heating, the rapid synthesis of gold nanoparticles is the novel process for the medically applicable gold nanoparticles production.
Oxidative stress induced by alloxan has been shown to damage pancreatic β-cell and produce hyperg... more Oxidative stress induced by alloxan has been shown to damage pancreatic β-cell and produce hyperglycemia in rats. Aegle marmelos leaf extract is a one of the best Ayurveda medicine for Diabetes Mellitus. The present study was performed to evaluate the hyperglycemic effect of aqueous extract of A. marmelos leaves on diabetic rats. An ethanolic extract of A. marmelos was found to be reducing the blood sugar in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Reduction in blood sugar could be seen from 7 th day after continuous administration of the extract and on 28 th day, sugar levels were found to be reduced by 54%. Oxidative stress produced by alloxan was found to be significantly lowered by the administration of A. marmelos extract. The ethanolic extract of A. marmelos leaves have a promising antidiabetic activity against alloxan -induced diabetic rats.
Development of bio-mediated synthesis of CdS nanoparticles is one of the important fields in nano... more Development of bio-mediated synthesis of CdS nanoparticles is one of the important fields in nanoparticles. The present investigation demonstrates the eco-friendly synthesis of cadmium sulfide nanoparticles using Enterococcus sp. (RMAA). The formation of an intense peak at 410 nm in the UV-Vis spectrum reveals the synthesis of CdS nanoparticles. The crystalline natures of the synthesized CdS nanoparticles were identified by X-ray diffraction assay. The scanning electron microscope analysis shows the formation of spherical-shaped CdS nanoparticles with a size range of about 50-180 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectrum shows that the synthesized CdS nanoparticles are capped with bimolecular compounds which are responsible for the reduction of cadmium sulfate to sulfide nanoparticles. The resulting CdS nanoparticles were tested for antibacterial activity using agar well diffusion method against the test cultures of Serratia nematodiphila, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella planticola, Vibrio sp. and Planomicrobium sp. having good zone of inhibition. The fungicidal activity of CdS nanoparticles against pathogenic fungus Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus produced a good zone of inhibition. The novel green chemistry approach is an eco-friendly and reliable process and suitable for large-scale production.
Orthosiphon stamineus is the one of the important medicinal plant which used for kidney based pro... more Orthosiphon stamineus is the one of the important medicinal plant which used for kidney based problems traditionally. In the present investigation the ethanolic extracts of O. stamineus leaves have been used for the nephroprotective activity. The ethylene glycol used to inducing the urolithiasis in albino rats. The rats are divided into four groups namely I (Normal), II (Ethylene glycol induced), III (commercial drug treated) and IV (O.stamineus extract treated). The final results shows the ethonolic extracts of plants have good nephroprotective activity when compared with the standard drug. It was proved by analyzing the biomarkers and enzymes level. The results show the good nephroprotective herbal commonly used in tea and easily available medicinal plants for all peoples. .
Marine macro algae Sargassum's are commonly referred to as brown seaweeds. Commercially and conti... more Marine macro algae Sargassum's are commonly referred to as brown seaweeds. Commercially and continuously the pharmaceuticals industries are rapidly growing because always demand for new drug discovery is encouraged. Since brown seaweeds have ample source of bioactive compounds of primary or secondary metabolites. These potential bioactive compounds interest to improve the pharmaceuticals industry. This present study was investigated to explore the antibacterial and antifungal activity of the organic solvents extracts of the brown seaweed Sargassum. Phytochemical analysis of Brown seaweeds of Sargassum longifolium with six different organic solvents was analysed. The solvents like Dimethyl Sulfoxide, Benzene, Acetic acid, hexane, Di Ethyl ether and Chloroform has the extraction of phytochemical constituents. Among the six solvents Dimethyl Sulfoxide extract showed maximum number of phytochemical constituents and antibacterial and antifungal activity when compared to other five solvent extracts. The responsible functional groups in the solvent extract were identified by FTIR. These results statements be a necessary (or) recommended that the species of brown seaweeds (Sargassum longifolium) having a potential capacity as a source of antimicrobial compounds, which makes them interesting for screening for natural and highly bioactive secondary metabolites products it may leads to development of new pharmaceutical agents.
Algae extract has the great efficiency to synthesize the silver nanoparticles as a green route. B... more Algae extract has the great efficiency to synthesize the silver nanoparticles as a green route. Brown seaweed mediates the synthesis of silver nanomaterials using extract of Sargassum longifolium. For the improved production of silver nanomaterials, some kinetic studies such as time incubation and pH were studied in this work. 10 mL of algal extract was added into the 1 mM AgNO 3 aqueous solution. The pH and reaction time range were changed and the absorbance was taken for the characterization of the nanoparticles at various time intervals, and the high pH level shows the increased absorbance due to the increased nanoparticles synthesis. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) showing that the shape of the material is spherical, and X-Ray Diffraction value obtained from range of (1 1 1) confirmed synthesized silver nanoparticles in crystalline nature. TEM measurement shows spherical shape of nanoparticles. The Fourier Transmittance Infrared spectrum (FT-IR) confirms the presence of biocomponent in the algae extract which was responsible for the nanoparticles synthesis. The effect of the algal mediated silver nanoparticles against the pathogenic fungi Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, and Fusarium sp. S. longifolium mediated synthesized silver nanoparticles shows cheap and single step synthesis process and it has high activity against fungus. This green process gives the greater potential biomedical applications of silver nanoparticles.
Utilization of biological materials in synthesis of nanoparticles is one of the hottest topics in... more Utilization of biological materials in synthesis of nanoparticles is one of the hottest topics in modern nanoscience and nanotechnology. In the present investigation, the silver nanoparticles were synthesized by using the leaf and stem extract of Piper nigrum. The synthesized nanoparticle was characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The observation of the peak at 460 nm in the UV-vis spectra for leaf-and stem-synthesized silver nanoparticles reveals the reduction of silver metal ions into silver nanoparticles. Further, XRD analysis has been carried out to confirm the crystalline nature of the synthesized silver nanoparticles. The TEM images show that the leaf-and stem-synthesized silver nanoparticles were within the size of about 7-50 nm and 9-30 nm, respectively. The FTIR analysis was performed to identify the possible functional groups involved in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Further, the antibacterial activity of the green-synthesized silver nanoparticles was examined against agricultural plant pathogens. The antibacterial property of silver nanoparticles is a beneficial application in the field of agricultural nanotechnology.
Nowadays marine algae are having a numerous commercial applications in various fields. Marine alg... more Nowadays marine algae are having a numerous commercial applications in various fields. Marine algae produce 60 trace elements in a concentration much higher than in terrestrial plants then the macroscopic marine algae also contain protein, iodine, bromine, vitamins and substances of stimulatory and antibiotic nature. This present study was summarized to the antimicrobial activity of the organic solvents of the Marine alage Padina tetrastromatica and phytochemical analysis of Padina tetrastromatica with various organic solvents such as Acetone, Ethanol, Ethyl acetate, Methanol and Tolune . The antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Proteus sp and Streptococcus sp in various solvents extracts of Padina tetrastromatica. The higher inhibitory activity was in Ethyl acetate extracts of Padina tetrastromatica and lesser inhibitory effect was in Acetone. The responsible functional groups in the solvent extract were identified by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). Mostly marine algal products play a crucial role in various fields. May it's become even more diversified and economically competitive.
The present investigation reported the synthesis of silver chloride nanoparticles using Bacillus ... more The present investigation reported the synthesis of silver chloride nanoparticles using Bacillus subtilis. The adsorption of colloidal silver chloride nanoparticles showed an intense peak at the wavelength of 400 nm after 20 hrs of biomass incubation. The size of the silver nanoparticles ranges from 20 to 60 nm which was obtained from transmission electron microscope (TEM). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern confirmed the crystalline nature of the nanoparticles. The bright circular spots of selected diffraction area (SAED) pattern also confirmed the good crystalline nature of the silver chloride nanoparticles with high magnification of TEM images. The presence of nitrate reductase enzyme in the cellular membrane of B. subtilis was confirmed by sodium dodecyl (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and it was found that the molecular weight is 37 kDa. The possible functional groups of the reductase enzyme in B. subtilis were identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Finally, antifungal activity of silver chloride nanoparticle was examined against Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus flavus. We conclude that the synthesis of silver chloride nanoparticles using microorganisms is more economical and simple. The antifungal property of silver chloride nanoparticles will play a beneficial role in biomedical nanotechnology.
A B S T R A C T Nanotechnology is the formation, running and use of operation at the nanomaterial... more A B S T R A C T Nanotechnology is the formation, running and use of operation at the nanomaterial size scale (1–100 nm). Nanoscale materials can also be obtained by biological synthesis materials via eco-friendly green chemistry based technique. Current development and numerous strategies involved in the green synthesis of nanoparticles were focussed. This review mainly focused on plants which include scientific name, family name, common name, plant parts, its characterization, size and shape of the nanoparticles. Plant extract which was done experimentally gives its various characterization which leads to the identification of compounds of different nano size and shape. Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles is in different shapes like spherical, rod, cubic, triangle and also in different sizes. Various application and importance of gold nanoparticles in numerous fields were discussed. The mark of the review is to provide an overview of recent learning in biosynthesized nanoparticles, its characterization and their potential applications.
Engineering a reliable and eco-accommodating methodology for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles... more Engineering a reliable and eco-accommodating methodology for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles is a crucial step in the field of nanotechnology. Plant-mediated synthesis of metal nanoparticles has been developed as a substitute to defeat the limitations of conventional synthesis approaches such as physical and chemical methods. Biomolecules, such as proteins, amino acids, enzymes, flavonoids, and terpenoids from several plant extracts have been used as a stabilising and reducing agents for the synthesis of AgNPs. Regardless of an extensive range of biomolecules assistance in the synthesis procedure, researchers are facing a significant challenge to synthesise stable and geometrically controlled AgNPs. In the past decade, several efforts were made to develop Plant-mediated synthesis methods to produce stable, cost effective and eco-friendly AgNPs. More than hundred different plants extract sources for synthesising AgNPs were described in the last decade by several researchers. Most of the reviews were focused on various plant sources for synthesis, various characterization techniques for characteristic analysis, and antibacterial activity against bacterial. There are many reviews are available for the plant-mediated synthesis of AgNPs as well as antibacterial activity of AgNPs but this is the first review article mainly focused on biomolecules of plants and its various parts and operating conditions involved in the synthesis. Apart from, this review includes the characterisation of AgNPs and antibacterial activity of such nanoparticles with size, shape and method used for this study.
Brown seaweeds are the major nutritional resource used in throughout the globe. In this present s... more Brown seaweeds are the major nutritional resource used in throughout the globe. In this present study, the combination of two marine brown seaweeds (Padinatetrastromatica and Turbinariaconoides) formulation is used for antidiabetic activity on streptozotocin induced toxicity in male albino rats. Diabetic rats were treated with a 250 mg/kg of body weight and 500 mg/kg of body weight aqueous formulation and biochemical parameters such as blood glucose, insulin, total protein and total cholesterol. The histopatholgic changes in pancreatic cell morphology were analysed using haematoxylin and eosin strain by microscope. The results of the present investigation validate the antidiabetic activity of the algal formulation (P. tetrastromatica and T. conoides) in ancient pharmaceutical agents and contribute towards the developments of modern treatment opportunity based on natural products.
In modern science, Nanotechnology is an ablaze field for the researchers. Zinc oxide nanoparticle... more In modern science, Nanotechnology is an ablaze field for the researchers. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are known to be one of the most multifunctional inorganic nanoparticles with its application in treatment of urinary tract infection. Nanoparticles were synthesized using Passiflora caerulea fresh leaf extract and were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy (UV–vis), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive analysis of x-ray (EDAX), Atomic force microscopy (AFM). Therefore, the study reveals an efficient, eco-friendly and simple method for the green synthesis of multifunctional ZnO NPs using P. caerulea. Urinary tract infection causing microbes were isolated from the disease affected patient urine sample. The synthesized nanoparticles have been tested against the pathogenic culture showed a very good zone of inhibition compared with plant extract. It indicates the biomedical capability of ZnO NPs.
In the present study, the biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) was achieved by using marine... more In the present study, the biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) was achieved by using marine brown seaweed Padina tetrastromatica (PT) as a reducing and capping agent. The optimized Au Nps were performed by changing the concentration of algae extract, pH and temperature was analyzed by UV-vis spectrophotometer. The synthesized Au NPs were characterized byXRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM, EDX and SAED. The X-ray diffraction showed the Au NPs which can state by the presence of peaks at (1 1 1), (2 0 0), (2 2 0) and (2 2 2). The FTIR result clearly showed that the extracts containing-OH as a functional group (sugar molecules) act in capping the nanoparticles synthesis. SEM images revealed that all particles were spherical in shape. TEM image confirms the spherical in shape with an average size ranges from 8-10 nm. Synthesized Au NPs were evaluate for the in vitro cytotoxic activity of human liver cancer (HepG2) and lung cancer (A549) cell line at the different concentrations compared with standard drug cyclophosphamide. Introduction.The Metal nanoparticles are acquired great interest in the field of nanotechnology and nanomedicine due to their unique properties such as optical, electrical, mechanical and chemical properties which have exhibit diverse sizes and shapes than the bulk state of the metal [1-3]. Thus, the activity of nanoparticles was mainly determined by their size, small size of nanoparticles exhibit high surface area due to the large fraction of the atoms and generates the active sites on the surface of nanoparticles [4]. The unique size and shape of nanoparticles were extensively used in catalysis, electronics, plasmonics and sensing [1, 5, 6]. Among the metal nanoparticles, gold has been used to cure various diseases in several centuries ago. Gold is inert, less toxic, highly thermal stability which has been used in various applications including biolabeling, gene and drug delivery system [7]. Many of the methods are available to synthesis of metal nanoparticles which has been exhibits inevitable due to the use of harmful and toxic chemicals [8]. Among the synthesis methods, green synthesis methods using biological probes predicted to avoid the using the toxic chemicals in the fabrication of nanoparticles. The biological probes are bacteria, fungi, yeast, actinomycetes, plants and algae involved in the green chemistry of nanoparticles; they provide large scale production, less time consumption and eco benign. Algae mediated synthesis nanoparticles were better reflection compare to the other biological probes. Algae have many phytochemicals could acts as both reducing and stabilizing agent for the nanoparticles and they are easily available marine sources [9-10]. The compounds isolated from PT like sulphated polysaccharides are having good medicinal properties such as anti-inflamtery activity, anti-oxidant effect, anti-hyper glycemic activity and hypo lipedemic properties [25-27]. In this study we report that green reduction of gold ions to AuNPs using the algae extract of PT, which is available throughout the year. This brown algae exhibits medicinal properties
A new approach for simple, competitive and sensitive, dipstick immunoassay (DIA) was developed to... more A new approach for simple, competitive and sensitive, dipstick immunoassay (DIA) was developed to detect organophosphorus pesticide. Residual pesticides such as kitazine in fruits and vegetables are one of the major food safety concerns for consumers in the world. It is the alternative method to nitrocel-lulose strip (NC) for the detection of harmful pesticides. The matrix effects of different food samples (tomato, cucumber, grapes and orange) were studied in flow through ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immuno-assay) and DIA method. Different size morphology was synthesized from gold nanoparticles and bio-conjugated to Ig G, which served as the detecting agent confirmed by AFM. The different concentration of organophosphorus in the food sample was detected by the development of purple color in the membrane strips. Among four fruit juices, the grape juice exhibits increased absorbance resulted that the bioconjugated gold nanoparticle is actively detected the kitazine present in the grape juice evidenced by ELISA method has good reproducibility and satisfactory accuracy. The interpretation of the results was visual, and these ELISAs can be used as convenient qualitative tools for the rapid screening ofkitazine residues in food samples.
This study aims to provide a simple and eco-friendly approach for the synthesis of Ag NPs using m... more This study aims to provide a simple and eco-friendly approach for the synthesis of Ag NPs using medicinal plant Solanum nigrum aqueous leaf extract. Fresh leaf extract mediated the reduction of silver from higher excited state to the ground extract when mixed with 1 mM silver nitrate solution. Reduction led the synthesis of silver nanoparticle with the size range of 20-40 nm was confirmed by TEM analysis. UV-Vis analysis demonstrates the synthesis of Ag NPs by its standard peak due to SPR (Surface Plasmon Resonance). XRD analysis confirmed the crystalline nature of Ag NPs. It was further characterized by FT-IR for the confirmation of functional groups responsible for Ag NPs synthesis and elements analyzed using EDX. Our study also showed the high antibacterial effect of nanoparticle against disease causing virulent bacterial strains (Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus).
Nanotechnology deals with the production and usage of material with nanoscale dimension. Nanoscal... more Nanotechnology deals with the production and usage of material with nanoscale dimension. Nanoscale dimension provides nanoparticles a large surface area to volume ratio and thus very specific properties. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) had been in recent studies due to its large bandwidth and high exciton binding energy and it has potential applications like antibacterial, antifungal, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, antioxidant and optic properties. Due to the large rate of toxic chemicals and extreme environment employed in the physical and chemical production of these NPs, green methods employing the use of plants, fungus, bacteria, and algae have been adopted. This review is a comprehensive study of the synthesis and characterization methods used for the green synthesis of ZnO NPs using different biological sources.
Green synthesis method of nanomaterials is rapidly growing in the nanotechnology field; it replac... more Green synthesis method of nanomaterials is rapidly growing in the nanotechnology field; it replaces the use of toxic chemicals and time consumption. In this present investigation we report the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by using the leaf extract of medicinally valuable plant Solanum trilobatum. The influence of physical and chemical parameters on the silver nanoparticle fabrication such as incubation time, silver nitrate concentration, pH, and temperature is also studied in this present context. The green synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The SEM and TEM confirm the synthesis of spherical shape of nanocrystalline particles with the size range of 2–10 nm. FTIR reveals that the carboxyl and amine groups may be involved in the reduction of silver ions to silver nanoparticles. Antibacterial activity of synthesized silver nanoparticles was done by agar well diffusion method against different pathogenic bacteria. The green synthesized silver nanoparticles can be used in the field of medicine, due to their high antibacterial activity.
Nowadays plant mediated synthesis of nanoparticles has great interest and achievement due to its ... more Nowadays plant mediated synthesis of nanoparticles has great interest and achievement due to its eco-benign and low time consuming properties. In this study silver nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by using Morinda tinctoria leaf extract under different pH. The aqueous leaf extract was added to silver nitrate solution; the color of the reaction medium was changed from pale yellow to brown and that indicates reduction of silver ions to silver nanoparticles. Thus synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Dispersity and morphology was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM); crystalline nature and purity of synthesized silver nanoparticles were revealed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). FTIR spectrum was examined to identify the effective functional molecules responsible for the reduction and stabilization of silver nanoparticles synthesized by leaf extract. The photocatalytic activity of the synthesized silver nanoparticles was examined by degradation of methylene blue under sunlight irradiation. Green synthesized silver nanoparticles were effectively degrading the dye nearly 95% at 72 h of exposure time.
Dental care is an essential phenomenon in human health. Oral pathogens can cause severe break whi... more Dental care is an essential phenomenon in human health. Oral pathogens can cause severe break which may show the way to serious issues in human disease like blood circulation and coronary disease. In the current study, we demonstrated the synthesis and antimicrobial activity of cadmium sulphide and zinc sulphide nanoparticles against oral pathogens. The process for the synthesis of cadmium sulphide (CdS) and zinc sulphide (ZnS) nanoparticles is fast, novel, and ecofriendly. Formation of cadmium sulphide (CdS) and zinc sulphide (ZnS) nanoparticles was confirmed by surface plasmon spectra using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The morphology of crystalline phase of nanoparticles was determined from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra. The average size of cadmium sulphide (CdS) and zinc sulphide (ZnS) nanoparticles was in the range of 10 nm to 25 nm and 65 nm, respectively, and the observed morphology was spherical. The results indicated that the proteins, which contain amine groups, played a reducing and controlling responsibility during the formation of cadmium sulphide (CdS) and zinc sulphide (ZnS) nanoparticles in the colloidal solution. The antimicrobial activity was assessed against oral pathogens such as Streptococcus sp. Staphylococcus sp. Lactobacillus sp., and Candida albicans and these results confirmed that the sulphide nanoparticles are exhibiting good bactericidal activity.
In this study, we have synthesized the gold nanoparticles by using Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, a medi... more In this study, we have synthesized the gold nanoparticles by using Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, a medicinal plant. The gold nanoparticles were synthesized rapidly by the involvement of microwave heating. By changing of plant extract concentration, gold solution concentration, microwave heating time and power of microwave heating the optimized condition was identified. The surface Plasmon resonance found at 520 nm confirmed the gold nanoparticles synthesis. The spherical sized nanoparticles in the size range of 16-30 nm were confirmed by Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). The stability of the nanoparticles is very well proved in the invitro stability tests. The biochemical like alkaloids and flavonoids play a vital role in the nanoparticles synthesis was identified using the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Combining the phytochemical and microwave heating, the rapid synthesis of gold nanoparticles is the novel process for the medically applicable gold nanoparticles production.
Oxidative stress induced by alloxan has been shown to damage pancreatic β-cell and produce hyperg... more Oxidative stress induced by alloxan has been shown to damage pancreatic β-cell and produce hyperglycemia in rats. Aegle marmelos leaf extract is a one of the best Ayurveda medicine for Diabetes Mellitus. The present study was performed to evaluate the hyperglycemic effect of aqueous extract of A. marmelos leaves on diabetic rats. An ethanolic extract of A. marmelos was found to be reducing the blood sugar in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Reduction in blood sugar could be seen from 7 th day after continuous administration of the extract and on 28 th day, sugar levels were found to be reduced by 54%. Oxidative stress produced by alloxan was found to be significantly lowered by the administration of A. marmelos extract. The ethanolic extract of A. marmelos leaves have a promising antidiabetic activity against alloxan -induced diabetic rats.
Development of bio-mediated synthesis of CdS nanoparticles is one of the important fields in nano... more Development of bio-mediated synthesis of CdS nanoparticles is one of the important fields in nanoparticles. The present investigation demonstrates the eco-friendly synthesis of cadmium sulfide nanoparticles using Enterococcus sp. (RMAA). The formation of an intense peak at 410 nm in the UV-Vis spectrum reveals the synthesis of CdS nanoparticles. The crystalline natures of the synthesized CdS nanoparticles were identified by X-ray diffraction assay. The scanning electron microscope analysis shows the formation of spherical-shaped CdS nanoparticles with a size range of about 50-180 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectrum shows that the synthesized CdS nanoparticles are capped with bimolecular compounds which are responsible for the reduction of cadmium sulfate to sulfide nanoparticles. The resulting CdS nanoparticles were tested for antibacterial activity using agar well diffusion method against the test cultures of Serratia nematodiphila, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella planticola, Vibrio sp. and Planomicrobium sp. having good zone of inhibition. The fungicidal activity of CdS nanoparticles against pathogenic fungus Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus produced a good zone of inhibition. The novel green chemistry approach is an eco-friendly and reliable process and suitable for large-scale production.
Orthosiphon stamineus is the one of the important medicinal plant which used for kidney based pro... more Orthosiphon stamineus is the one of the important medicinal plant which used for kidney based problems traditionally. In the present investigation the ethanolic extracts of O. stamineus leaves have been used for the nephroprotective activity. The ethylene glycol used to inducing the urolithiasis in albino rats. The rats are divided into four groups namely I (Normal), II (Ethylene glycol induced), III (commercial drug treated) and IV (O.stamineus extract treated). The final results shows the ethonolic extracts of plants have good nephroprotective activity when compared with the standard drug. It was proved by analyzing the biomarkers and enzymes level. The results show the good nephroprotective herbal commonly used in tea and easily available medicinal plants for all peoples. .
Marine macro algae Sargassum's are commonly referred to as brown seaweeds. Commercially and conti... more Marine macro algae Sargassum's are commonly referred to as brown seaweeds. Commercially and continuously the pharmaceuticals industries are rapidly growing because always demand for new drug discovery is encouraged. Since brown seaweeds have ample source of bioactive compounds of primary or secondary metabolites. These potential bioactive compounds interest to improve the pharmaceuticals industry. This present study was investigated to explore the antibacterial and antifungal activity of the organic solvents extracts of the brown seaweed Sargassum. Phytochemical analysis of Brown seaweeds of Sargassum longifolium with six different organic solvents was analysed. The solvents like Dimethyl Sulfoxide, Benzene, Acetic acid, hexane, Di Ethyl ether and Chloroform has the extraction of phytochemical constituents. Among the six solvents Dimethyl Sulfoxide extract showed maximum number of phytochemical constituents and antibacterial and antifungal activity when compared to other five solvent extracts. The responsible functional groups in the solvent extract were identified by FTIR. These results statements be a necessary (or) recommended that the species of brown seaweeds (Sargassum longifolium) having a potential capacity as a source of antimicrobial compounds, which makes them interesting for screening for natural and highly bioactive secondary metabolites products it may leads to development of new pharmaceutical agents.
Algae extract has the great efficiency to synthesize the silver nanoparticles as a green route. B... more Algae extract has the great efficiency to synthesize the silver nanoparticles as a green route. Brown seaweed mediates the synthesis of silver nanomaterials using extract of Sargassum longifolium. For the improved production of silver nanomaterials, some kinetic studies such as time incubation and pH were studied in this work. 10 mL of algal extract was added into the 1 mM AgNO 3 aqueous solution. The pH and reaction time range were changed and the absorbance was taken for the characterization of the nanoparticles at various time intervals, and the high pH level shows the increased absorbance due to the increased nanoparticles synthesis. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) showing that the shape of the material is spherical, and X-Ray Diffraction value obtained from range of (1 1 1) confirmed synthesized silver nanoparticles in crystalline nature. TEM measurement shows spherical shape of nanoparticles. The Fourier Transmittance Infrared spectrum (FT-IR) confirms the presence of biocomponent in the algae extract which was responsible for the nanoparticles synthesis. The effect of the algal mediated silver nanoparticles against the pathogenic fungi Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, and Fusarium sp. S. longifolium mediated synthesized silver nanoparticles shows cheap and single step synthesis process and it has high activity against fungus. This green process gives the greater potential biomedical applications of silver nanoparticles.
Utilization of biological materials in synthesis of nanoparticles is one of the hottest topics in... more Utilization of biological materials in synthesis of nanoparticles is one of the hottest topics in modern nanoscience and nanotechnology. In the present investigation, the silver nanoparticles were synthesized by using the leaf and stem extract of Piper nigrum. The synthesized nanoparticle was characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The observation of the peak at 460 nm in the UV-vis spectra for leaf-and stem-synthesized silver nanoparticles reveals the reduction of silver metal ions into silver nanoparticles. Further, XRD analysis has been carried out to confirm the crystalline nature of the synthesized silver nanoparticles. The TEM images show that the leaf-and stem-synthesized silver nanoparticles were within the size of about 7-50 nm and 9-30 nm, respectively. The FTIR analysis was performed to identify the possible functional groups involved in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Further, the antibacterial activity of the green-synthesized silver nanoparticles was examined against agricultural plant pathogens. The antibacterial property of silver nanoparticles is a beneficial application in the field of agricultural nanotechnology.
Nowadays marine algae are having a numerous commercial applications in various fields. Marine alg... more Nowadays marine algae are having a numerous commercial applications in various fields. Marine algae produce 60 trace elements in a concentration much higher than in terrestrial plants then the macroscopic marine algae also contain protein, iodine, bromine, vitamins and substances of stimulatory and antibiotic nature. This present study was summarized to the antimicrobial activity of the organic solvents of the Marine alage Padina tetrastromatica and phytochemical analysis of Padina tetrastromatica with various organic solvents such as Acetone, Ethanol, Ethyl acetate, Methanol and Tolune . The antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Proteus sp and Streptococcus sp in various solvents extracts of Padina tetrastromatica. The higher inhibitory activity was in Ethyl acetate extracts of Padina tetrastromatica and lesser inhibitory effect was in Acetone. The responsible functional groups in the solvent extract were identified by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). Mostly marine algal products play a crucial role in various fields. May it's become even more diversified and economically competitive.
The present investigation reported the synthesis of silver chloride nanoparticles using Bacillus ... more The present investigation reported the synthesis of silver chloride nanoparticles using Bacillus subtilis. The adsorption of colloidal silver chloride nanoparticles showed an intense peak at the wavelength of 400 nm after 20 hrs of biomass incubation. The size of the silver nanoparticles ranges from 20 to 60 nm which was obtained from transmission electron microscope (TEM). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern confirmed the crystalline nature of the nanoparticles. The bright circular spots of selected diffraction area (SAED) pattern also confirmed the good crystalline nature of the silver chloride nanoparticles with high magnification of TEM images. The presence of nitrate reductase enzyme in the cellular membrane of B. subtilis was confirmed by sodium dodecyl (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and it was found that the molecular weight is 37 kDa. The possible functional groups of the reductase enzyme in B. subtilis were identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Finally, antifungal activity of silver chloride nanoparticle was examined against Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus flavus. We conclude that the synthesis of silver chloride nanoparticles using microorganisms is more economical and simple. The antifungal property of silver chloride nanoparticles will play a beneficial role in biomedical nanotechnology.
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Papers by Rajeshkumar S
and time consumption. In this present investigation we report the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by using the
leaf extract of medicinally valuable plant Solanum trilobatum. The influence of physical and chemical parameters on the silver
nanoparticle fabrication such as incubation time, silver nitrate concentration, pH, and temperature is also studied in this present
context. The green synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning
electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The SEM and TEM
confirm the synthesis of spherical shape of nanocrystalline particles with the size range of 2–10 nm. FTIR reveals that the carboxyl
and amine groups may be involved in the reduction of silver ions to silver nanoparticles. Antibacterial activity of synthesized
silver nanoparticles was done by agar well diffusion method against different pathogenic bacteria. The green synthesized silver
nanoparticles can be used in the field of medicine, due to their high antibacterial activity.
and time consumption. In this present investigation we report the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by using the
leaf extract of medicinally valuable plant Solanum trilobatum. The influence of physical and chemical parameters on the silver
nanoparticle fabrication such as incubation time, silver nitrate concentration, pH, and temperature is also studied in this present
context. The green synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning
electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The SEM and TEM
confirm the synthesis of spherical shape of nanocrystalline particles with the size range of 2–10 nm. FTIR reveals that the carboxyl
and amine groups may be involved in the reduction of silver ions to silver nanoparticles. Antibacterial activity of synthesized
silver nanoparticles was done by agar well diffusion method against different pathogenic bacteria. The green synthesized silver
nanoparticles can be used in the field of medicine, due to their high antibacterial activity.