Amitav Ghosh uses a unique technique in his works wherein the novelist himself does not tell the ... more Amitav Ghosh uses a unique technique in his works wherein the novelist himself does not tell the story to the readers but employs a narrator, sometimes nameless and sometimes named, to tell the story. The present paper attempts at comparing the roles of the narrators of Amitav Ghosh in his two very popular novels 'The Shadow Lines' and 'In an Antique Land'. Ghosh has created narrators to narrate the story but there is a difference between these two narrators; narrator created in The Shadow Lines is nameless whereas In an Antique Land, Ghosh himself enters the book as the narrator. Ghosh uses the first person narrative in these novels and employs the pronoun "I" which makes it very easy for the narrator to tell each and everything which he face, sees or hears. The novelist, through this technique easily presents the thinking of others without editing anything, otherwise it would have been very difficult for him to recount others' sayings. However, the roles of the narrators in these two novels differ a lot as in The Shadow Lines, the narrator remains outside and just narrates, whereas, in In an Antique Land, the novelist himself becomes part of the narrative. Introduction Narrative technique is the way one writes a particular work. Narrative technique changes or influences the readers. It can greatly increase or decrease the interest of the readers. In childhood children ask their elders to tell them stories. Children react accordingly, if stories are told with gestures. The narrative style replaces gestures and heightens the effect of that particular work. The narrative technique used by him is unique in which the novelist himself does not tell the story to the readers but employs a narrator, sometimes nameless and sometimes named, to tell the story. The narrator created by the novelist does not only narrate the story of the main characters but at the same time keeps commenting on the contemporary society. He also presents to the readers the places he visits. In The Shadow Lines the narrative technique employed uses a small child as a narrator who narrates each and every event which he sees. He perceives things around him and presents them to the readers with complete honesty. He visits his past and at very same time lives in his present time. As the story moves ahead, the child grows into an adult. He has a very sensitive mind and very vividly recounts each and every detail from his childhood till his adulthood. There is a difference between the vision of the child and the vision of the adult and this difference comes out through the narrative technique. In In an Antique Land, Amitav Ghosh himself enters the book as the narrator in the guise of a research scholar. This research scholar is a vivacious reader of anthropology and history. He narrates the story of a Jewish Master Ben Yiju and his Indian Slave Bomma. At the same time, the narrator acquaints the readers with the culture of Egypt. Amitav uses the first person narrative in In an Antique Land and The Shadow Lines. He uses the pronoun "I" which makes it very easy for the narrator to tell each and everything which he face, sees or hears. The novelist, through this technique easily presents the thinking of others without editing anything, otherwise it would have been very difficult for him to recount others' sayings. He easily wanders around in the world of Ben Yiju and his slave Bomma and also in the world of Tresawsens and Chawdharies. In an Antique Land is not a conventional Travelogue but it has many aspects of that. It is a historical novel that has been blended with the present times. The central character of the novel is creating a historical novella. In this particular novel, Ghosh takes one of the very interesting themes. Good historical writers don't put a story that contradicts any reality and thus, the story told by the narrator has been constructed by a thorough research of history and anthropology. In this novel Amitav has used the technique of first person narrative. It's a very different kind of historical novel. There are large passages of recreation of historical events. The novel presents to the readers an interesting history
International Journal Online of Humanities (IJOHMN) , 2015
History reveals that institutions or artifacts produced by human beings can lead to the exploitat... more History reveals that institutions or artifacts produced by human beings can lead to the exploitation or the loss of freedom of other human beings. Thus the celebration of the good life of an Athenian citizen in Plato"s time can hide the wretchedness of vast numbers of slaves whose labor made it possible for the few free citizens to enjoy that good life. Our criteria then must apply to all, or at least the vast majority of the vast of the human group concerned, if they are to lay claim to universality.
Social Realism and Psychological Transformation of Women Protagonist in Nayantara Sahgal's Storm ... more Social Realism and Psychological Transformation of Women Protagonist in Nayantara Sahgal's Storm in Chandigarh and a Situation in New Delhi -A Study
This paper aims to focus the racism and slavery in Mark Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Fin... more This paper aims to focus the racism and slavery in Mark Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, even though Mark Twain is a comic writer who often treats his subject satirically but Huckleberry Finn also discussing slavery and racial decimation from one character to others and some palaces. Racism in contemporary world affairs is disguised, and it is what some refer to as symbolic racism, modern racism or aversive racism. But his best-known work, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, is a major American satire which is not vindictive, not loaded with invective, and not bitter. His targets, clearly defined, are made to look ridiculous but the irony is light and humour is strong. Thus, his most famous satirical novel vividly departs from the techniques most frequently associated with his satirical reputation.
The paper focuses on exploring the trans-women and their culture, by deeply looking at their folk... more The paper focuses on exploring the trans-women and their culture, by deeply looking at their folklores, their festivals and their songs. Trans-women are people who have been rejected by the society for their abnormality, though they couldn't be blamed for their biological structure. Though they are kept away from the society, they form their own society, and they build a family for themselves. They also have certain societal norms that they never fail to practice, which has become a part of their culture. They pass on stories from generation to generation, and they also are a part of the Koothandavar kovil festival. They sing songs during this festival, and also made sure that they pass on the song to the successive generations.
India is a multilingual and multicultural country which including marginalization and homosexuals... more India is a multilingual and multicultural country which including marginalization and homosexuals are major problems that threaten the fabric of our society. Factors like caste, religion, community and gender give rise to social exclusion of marginalized people. The Indian society witnessed this marginalization or social exclusion right from time immemorial when it was divided on the basis of caste. But now the discrimination against people in our society on the basis of gender and sexuality is quite visible to the public through the writings of writers like Mahesh Dattani. His drama " On a Muggy Night in Mumbai, " explored the problems of marginalization and homosexual faced by the Indian community among the people. He deals with a variety of homosexual sensibilities, including men and women, showing how they react to societal pressures in the present scenario; even he portrayed the theme of marginalistaion through his characters like Kamlesh and Sharad.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY IN FEMALE QUEST FOR SELF -IDENTITY IN MARGARET ATWOOD'S SURFACING AND SYLVIA ... more A COMPARATIVE STUDY IN FEMALE QUEST FOR SELF -IDENTITY IN MARGARET ATWOOD'S SURFACING AND SYLVIA PLATH'S THE BELL JAR
This Research paper Focuses on Dominance of power and mythological creatures in the The play The ... more This Research paper Focuses on Dominance of power and mythological creatures in the The play The Fire and the Rain, Which occurs in a small region of India long ago that has experienced a lack of rain for ten years. The king proposed to propitiate the Gods through fire sacrifice. So that God would be pleased and send rain to the parched land. In this fire sacrifice Paravasu the son of a learned Brahmin Raibhya, was appointed as the Chief Priest. And the play deals with this appointment and the disappointments of certain other characters. One disappointment definitely with reference to the father going by ancient Indian tradition, a lot of emphasis was put on age seniority i.e. age has always been respected. Older people have always been considered wiser because of their wider experience. Going by this tradition the learned Raibhya should have been appointed as the chief Priest but for practical reasons longevity of life span, the King chose to appoint Paravasu, the elder son as the Chief Priest. This appointment had disappointed and agonized the senior. The high priest of the temple, Paravasu is eager to perform a ceremony to bring rain. the play The Fire and The Rain opens with the representative of an actor`s group expressing their desire to give a dramatic performance as a means of entertainment for the Gods. After much discussion the group is given permission to perform at the fire sacrifice.
Taxonomy of educational objectives has always been providing an objective and scientific framewor... more Taxonomy of educational objectives has always been providing an objective and scientific framework both for setting educational objectives and restructuring test items for evaluation. This paper is an attempt to describe various components of the knowledge domain of Blooms taxonomy and design different test items which could be included in a typical question paper. The test items are based on the explanation of terms provided by Benjamin Blooms and are confined only to the domain of knowledge. The questions are restricted to the course contents of the first year BE engineering students at PSG college of Technology, the researcher's workplace and are pitched at the level of intermediate and advanced learners, who are familiarized with the basic nuances of style, grammar, usage, syntax and other elements of language through the course. The design of questions presuppose that a certain level of mastery in the English language has been attained the learners
This Research Paper is an aim to attempt the traumatic experiences and cultural perplexity of the... more This Research Paper is an aim to attempt the traumatic experiences and cultural perplexity of the first and second generation immigrants and which explores the depth analysis of women consciousness, self discovery and their immigrant experiences among the male dominated society in Bharati Mukherjee's Jasmine (1989), which set in the present about a young Indian woman Jasmine in the United States who, trying to adapt to the American way of life in order to be able to survive, changes identities several times. The state of exile, a sense of loss, the pain of separation and disorientation makes Jasmine as Immigrant personality in a quest for identity in an alien land. Jasmine, the protagonist of this novel, undergoes several transformations during her journey of life in America, from Jyoti to Jasmine to Jane, and often experiences a deep sense of estrangement resulting in a fluid state of identity. This Research paper finds out the research hypothesis, how the protagonist jasmine try to assimilate herself into foreign culture where she gains new independent individual identity.
India History reveals that institutions or artifacts produced by human beings can lead to the exp... more India History reveals that institutions or artifacts produced by human beings can lead to the exploitation or the loss of freedom of other human beings. Thus the celebration of the good life of an Athenian citizen in Plato " s time can hide the wretchedness of vast numbers of slaves whose labor made it possible for the few free citizens to enjoy that good life. Our criteria then must apply to all, or at least the vast majority of the vast of the human group concerned, if they are to lay claim to universality.
The play The Fire and the Rain occurs in a small region of India long ago that has experienced a ... more The play The Fire and the Rain occurs in a small region of India long ago that has experienced a lack of rain for ten years. The king proposed to propitiate the Gods through fire sacrifice. So that God would be pleased and send rain to the parched land. In this fire sacrifice Paravasu the son of a learned Brahmin Raibhya, was appointed as the Chief Priest. And the play deals with this appointment and the disappointments of certain other characters. One disappointment definitely with reference to the father going by ancient Indian tradition, a lot of emphasis was put on age seniority Girish Karnad has consummate command over English and he has successfully and artistically nativized it for expressing Indian ethos and sensibility. His diction is apt. His words are suggestive and reveal both character and situation. Economy and precision, clarity, and lucidity charaterise his style. For example, the following dialogue between Aravasu and Nittilai brings to light the fundamental difference between the Brahminical and the Tribal social orders. Cite This Article As: Sankar G, Sriprabha M (2016). The dominance of power in The Fire and the Rain. Inter. J. Eng. Lit. Cult. 4(5): 88-95
Anita Desai’s second novel, Voices in the City, which was published in 1965 and which won Sahitya... more Anita Desai’s second novel, Voices in the City, which was published in 1965 and which won Sahitya Academy Award in 1978 has received adequate critical response, while Anita Desai magnum novel Voices in the City is based on the life of the middle class intellectuals of Calcutta. It is an unforgettable story of a Bohemian brother and his two sisters caught in the crosscurrents of changing social values. In many ways the story reflects a vivid picture of India's social transition - a phase in which the older elements are not altogether dead, and the emergent ones not fully evolved. The novel describes the bitter effects of the urban living upon an Indian family. Brought up in luxury and magnificence by an over indulgent mother, Nirode settles down in Calcutta and becomes engrossed in its bohemian life, while his elder sister, Monisha lives out a servile existence within the rigid and stiff confines of a traditional Hindu family. Amla sees the city as a monster, Nirode sacrifices everything for his career, and Monisha cannot bear her stifling existence in the household of a wealthy old Calcutta family. This research paper mainly focuses socio-political consciousness in the characters of Anita Desai”s Voices in the city, how the characters are faces their problems in the social-political context.
Current Medicinal Chemistry - Anti-cancer Agents, 2002
The utility of light as a therapeutic agent can be traced back over thousands of years when it wa... more The utility of light as a therapeutic agent can be traced back over thousands of years when it was used in Ancient Egypt, India and China to treat a variety of skin diseases like psoriasis, vitiligo, rickets, cancer and psychosis. The isolation of porphyrins and their inherent tumor localizing properties coupled with its ability to generate reactive singlet oxygen when activated by light of particular wavelength which in turn results in cytotoxicity led to the emergence of a new modality namely, photodynamic therapy (PDT) as a therapeutic tool. The higher degree of selectivity offered by this modality and fewer side effects when compared to chemotherapy and radiotherapy has prompted the researchers around the globe to generate new photosensitizers. Porphyrins and expanded porphyrins are one class of molecules under intense investigation due to their photosensitizing ability for PDT application. Expanded porphyrins result from the expansion of the phi electron conjugation by increasing the number of heterocyclic rings or bridging carbons of the existing porphyrin framework. These chromophores show strong absorptions in the red region (650-800 nm) compared to that of normal 18phi porphyrins. The strong absorption of light by a water soluble nontoxic photosensitizing molecule in the therapeutic window resulting in maximum penetration of light into the tissues coupled with high singlet oxygen production will conceptualize an ideal photosensitizer. This review highlights various porphyrinoid sensitizers reported till date and their photosensitizing ability both in vitro and in vivo studies. Furthermore, the urgent need for developing ideal photosensitizer for PDT will also be highlighted.
Amitav Ghosh uses a unique technique in his works wherein the novelist himself does not tell the ... more Amitav Ghosh uses a unique technique in his works wherein the novelist himself does not tell the story to the readers but employs a narrator, sometimes nameless and sometimes named, to tell the story. The present paper attempts at comparing the roles of the narrators of Amitav Ghosh in his two very popular novels 'The Shadow Lines' and 'In an Antique Land'. Ghosh has created narrators to narrate the story but there is a difference between these two narrators; narrator created in The Shadow Lines is nameless whereas In an Antique Land, Ghosh himself enters the book as the narrator. Ghosh uses the first person narrative in these novels and employs the pronoun "I" which makes it very easy for the narrator to tell each and everything which he face, sees or hears. The novelist, through this technique easily presents the thinking of others without editing anything, otherwise it would have been very difficult for him to recount others' sayings. However, the roles of the narrators in these two novels differ a lot as in The Shadow Lines, the narrator remains outside and just narrates, whereas, in In an Antique Land, the novelist himself becomes part of the narrative. Introduction Narrative technique is the way one writes a particular work. Narrative technique changes or influences the readers. It can greatly increase or decrease the interest of the readers. In childhood children ask their elders to tell them stories. Children react accordingly, if stories are told with gestures. The narrative style replaces gestures and heightens the effect of that particular work. The narrative technique used by him is unique in which the novelist himself does not tell the story to the readers but employs a narrator, sometimes nameless and sometimes named, to tell the story. The narrator created by the novelist does not only narrate the story of the main characters but at the same time keeps commenting on the contemporary society. He also presents to the readers the places he visits. In The Shadow Lines the narrative technique employed uses a small child as a narrator who narrates each and every event which he sees. He perceives things around him and presents them to the readers with complete honesty. He visits his past and at very same time lives in his present time. As the story moves ahead, the child grows into an adult. He has a very sensitive mind and very vividly recounts each and every detail from his childhood till his adulthood. There is a difference between the vision of the child and the vision of the adult and this difference comes out through the narrative technique. In In an Antique Land, Amitav Ghosh himself enters the book as the narrator in the guise of a research scholar. This research scholar is a vivacious reader of anthropology and history. He narrates the story of a Jewish Master Ben Yiju and his Indian Slave Bomma. At the same time, the narrator acquaints the readers with the culture of Egypt. Amitav uses the first person narrative in In an Antique Land and The Shadow Lines. He uses the pronoun "I" which makes it very easy for the narrator to tell each and everything which he face, sees or hears. The novelist, through this technique easily presents the thinking of others without editing anything, otherwise it would have been very difficult for him to recount others' sayings. He easily wanders around in the world of Ben Yiju and his slave Bomma and also in the world of Tresawsens and Chawdharies. In an Antique Land is not a conventional Travelogue but it has many aspects of that. It is a historical novel that has been blended with the present times. The central character of the novel is creating a historical novella. In this particular novel, Ghosh takes one of the very interesting themes. Good historical writers don't put a story that contradicts any reality and thus, the story told by the narrator has been constructed by a thorough research of history and anthropology. In this novel Amitav has used the technique of first person narrative. It's a very different kind of historical novel. There are large passages of recreation of historical events. The novel presents to the readers an interesting history
International Journal Online of Humanities (IJOHMN) , 2015
History reveals that institutions or artifacts produced by human beings can lead to the exploitat... more History reveals that institutions or artifacts produced by human beings can lead to the exploitation or the loss of freedom of other human beings. Thus the celebration of the good life of an Athenian citizen in Plato"s time can hide the wretchedness of vast numbers of slaves whose labor made it possible for the few free citizens to enjoy that good life. Our criteria then must apply to all, or at least the vast majority of the vast of the human group concerned, if they are to lay claim to universality.
Social Realism and Psychological Transformation of Women Protagonist in Nayantara Sahgal's Storm ... more Social Realism and Psychological Transformation of Women Protagonist in Nayantara Sahgal's Storm in Chandigarh and a Situation in New Delhi -A Study
This paper aims to focus the racism and slavery in Mark Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Fin... more This paper aims to focus the racism and slavery in Mark Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, even though Mark Twain is a comic writer who often treats his subject satirically but Huckleberry Finn also discussing slavery and racial decimation from one character to others and some palaces. Racism in contemporary world affairs is disguised, and it is what some refer to as symbolic racism, modern racism or aversive racism. But his best-known work, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, is a major American satire which is not vindictive, not loaded with invective, and not bitter. His targets, clearly defined, are made to look ridiculous but the irony is light and humour is strong. Thus, his most famous satirical novel vividly departs from the techniques most frequently associated with his satirical reputation.
The paper focuses on exploring the trans-women and their culture, by deeply looking at their folk... more The paper focuses on exploring the trans-women and their culture, by deeply looking at their folklores, their festivals and their songs. Trans-women are people who have been rejected by the society for their abnormality, though they couldn't be blamed for their biological structure. Though they are kept away from the society, they form their own society, and they build a family for themselves. They also have certain societal norms that they never fail to practice, which has become a part of their culture. They pass on stories from generation to generation, and they also are a part of the Koothandavar kovil festival. They sing songs during this festival, and also made sure that they pass on the song to the successive generations.
India is a multilingual and multicultural country which including marginalization and homosexuals... more India is a multilingual and multicultural country which including marginalization and homosexuals are major problems that threaten the fabric of our society. Factors like caste, religion, community and gender give rise to social exclusion of marginalized people. The Indian society witnessed this marginalization or social exclusion right from time immemorial when it was divided on the basis of caste. But now the discrimination against people in our society on the basis of gender and sexuality is quite visible to the public through the writings of writers like Mahesh Dattani. His drama " On a Muggy Night in Mumbai, " explored the problems of marginalization and homosexual faced by the Indian community among the people. He deals with a variety of homosexual sensibilities, including men and women, showing how they react to societal pressures in the present scenario; even he portrayed the theme of marginalistaion through his characters like Kamlesh and Sharad.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY IN FEMALE QUEST FOR SELF -IDENTITY IN MARGARET ATWOOD'S SURFACING AND SYLVIA ... more A COMPARATIVE STUDY IN FEMALE QUEST FOR SELF -IDENTITY IN MARGARET ATWOOD'S SURFACING AND SYLVIA PLATH'S THE BELL JAR
This Research paper Focuses on Dominance of power and mythological creatures in the The play The ... more This Research paper Focuses on Dominance of power and mythological creatures in the The play The Fire and the Rain, Which occurs in a small region of India long ago that has experienced a lack of rain for ten years. The king proposed to propitiate the Gods through fire sacrifice. So that God would be pleased and send rain to the parched land. In this fire sacrifice Paravasu the son of a learned Brahmin Raibhya, was appointed as the Chief Priest. And the play deals with this appointment and the disappointments of certain other characters. One disappointment definitely with reference to the father going by ancient Indian tradition, a lot of emphasis was put on age seniority i.e. age has always been respected. Older people have always been considered wiser because of their wider experience. Going by this tradition the learned Raibhya should have been appointed as the chief Priest but for practical reasons longevity of life span, the King chose to appoint Paravasu, the elder son as the Chief Priest. This appointment had disappointed and agonized the senior. The high priest of the temple, Paravasu is eager to perform a ceremony to bring rain. the play The Fire and The Rain opens with the representative of an actor`s group expressing their desire to give a dramatic performance as a means of entertainment for the Gods. After much discussion the group is given permission to perform at the fire sacrifice.
Taxonomy of educational objectives has always been providing an objective and scientific framewor... more Taxonomy of educational objectives has always been providing an objective and scientific framework both for setting educational objectives and restructuring test items for evaluation. This paper is an attempt to describe various components of the knowledge domain of Blooms taxonomy and design different test items which could be included in a typical question paper. The test items are based on the explanation of terms provided by Benjamin Blooms and are confined only to the domain of knowledge. The questions are restricted to the course contents of the first year BE engineering students at PSG college of Technology, the researcher's workplace and are pitched at the level of intermediate and advanced learners, who are familiarized with the basic nuances of style, grammar, usage, syntax and other elements of language through the course. The design of questions presuppose that a certain level of mastery in the English language has been attained the learners
This Research Paper is an aim to attempt the traumatic experiences and cultural perplexity of the... more This Research Paper is an aim to attempt the traumatic experiences and cultural perplexity of the first and second generation immigrants and which explores the depth analysis of women consciousness, self discovery and their immigrant experiences among the male dominated society in Bharati Mukherjee's Jasmine (1989), which set in the present about a young Indian woman Jasmine in the United States who, trying to adapt to the American way of life in order to be able to survive, changes identities several times. The state of exile, a sense of loss, the pain of separation and disorientation makes Jasmine as Immigrant personality in a quest for identity in an alien land. Jasmine, the protagonist of this novel, undergoes several transformations during her journey of life in America, from Jyoti to Jasmine to Jane, and often experiences a deep sense of estrangement resulting in a fluid state of identity. This Research paper finds out the research hypothesis, how the protagonist jasmine try to assimilate herself into foreign culture where she gains new independent individual identity.
India History reveals that institutions or artifacts produced by human beings can lead to the exp... more India History reveals that institutions or artifacts produced by human beings can lead to the exploitation or the loss of freedom of other human beings. Thus the celebration of the good life of an Athenian citizen in Plato " s time can hide the wretchedness of vast numbers of slaves whose labor made it possible for the few free citizens to enjoy that good life. Our criteria then must apply to all, or at least the vast majority of the vast of the human group concerned, if they are to lay claim to universality.
The play The Fire and the Rain occurs in a small region of India long ago that has experienced a ... more The play The Fire and the Rain occurs in a small region of India long ago that has experienced a lack of rain for ten years. The king proposed to propitiate the Gods through fire sacrifice. So that God would be pleased and send rain to the parched land. In this fire sacrifice Paravasu the son of a learned Brahmin Raibhya, was appointed as the Chief Priest. And the play deals with this appointment and the disappointments of certain other characters. One disappointment definitely with reference to the father going by ancient Indian tradition, a lot of emphasis was put on age seniority Girish Karnad has consummate command over English and he has successfully and artistically nativized it for expressing Indian ethos and sensibility. His diction is apt. His words are suggestive and reveal both character and situation. Economy and precision, clarity, and lucidity charaterise his style. For example, the following dialogue between Aravasu and Nittilai brings to light the fundamental difference between the Brahminical and the Tribal social orders. Cite This Article As: Sankar G, Sriprabha M (2016). The dominance of power in The Fire and the Rain. Inter. J. Eng. Lit. Cult. 4(5): 88-95
Anita Desai’s second novel, Voices in the City, which was published in 1965 and which won Sahitya... more Anita Desai’s second novel, Voices in the City, which was published in 1965 and which won Sahitya Academy Award in 1978 has received adequate critical response, while Anita Desai magnum novel Voices in the City is based on the life of the middle class intellectuals of Calcutta. It is an unforgettable story of a Bohemian brother and his two sisters caught in the crosscurrents of changing social values. In many ways the story reflects a vivid picture of India's social transition - a phase in which the older elements are not altogether dead, and the emergent ones not fully evolved. The novel describes the bitter effects of the urban living upon an Indian family. Brought up in luxury and magnificence by an over indulgent mother, Nirode settles down in Calcutta and becomes engrossed in its bohemian life, while his elder sister, Monisha lives out a servile existence within the rigid and stiff confines of a traditional Hindu family. Amla sees the city as a monster, Nirode sacrifices everything for his career, and Monisha cannot bear her stifling existence in the household of a wealthy old Calcutta family. This research paper mainly focuses socio-political consciousness in the characters of Anita Desai”s Voices in the city, how the characters are faces their problems in the social-political context.
Current Medicinal Chemistry - Anti-cancer Agents, 2002
The utility of light as a therapeutic agent can be traced back over thousands of years when it wa... more The utility of light as a therapeutic agent can be traced back over thousands of years when it was used in Ancient Egypt, India and China to treat a variety of skin diseases like psoriasis, vitiligo, rickets, cancer and psychosis. The isolation of porphyrins and their inherent tumor localizing properties coupled with its ability to generate reactive singlet oxygen when activated by light of particular wavelength which in turn results in cytotoxicity led to the emergence of a new modality namely, photodynamic therapy (PDT) as a therapeutic tool. The higher degree of selectivity offered by this modality and fewer side effects when compared to chemotherapy and radiotherapy has prompted the researchers around the globe to generate new photosensitizers. Porphyrins and expanded porphyrins are one class of molecules under intense investigation due to their photosensitizing ability for PDT application. Expanded porphyrins result from the expansion of the phi electron conjugation by increasing the number of heterocyclic rings or bridging carbons of the existing porphyrin framework. These chromophores show strong absorptions in the red region (650-800 nm) compared to that of normal 18phi porphyrins. The strong absorption of light by a water soluble nontoxic photosensitizing molecule in the therapeutic window resulting in maximum penetration of light into the tissues coupled with high singlet oxygen production will conceptualize an ideal photosensitizer. This review highlights various porphyrinoid sensitizers reported till date and their photosensitizing ability both in vitro and in vivo studies. Furthermore, the urgent need for developing ideal photosensitizer for PDT will also be highlighted.
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Papers by Dr.G. Sankar
Academy Award in 1978 has received adequate critical response, while Anita Desai magnum novel
Voices in the City is based on the life of the middle class intellectuals of Calcutta. It is an unforgettable
story of a Bohemian brother and his two sisters caught in the crosscurrents of changing social values.
In many ways the story reflects a vivid picture of India's social transition - a phase in which the older
elements are not altogether dead, and the emergent ones not fully evolved. The novel describes the
bitter effects of the urban living upon an Indian family. Brought up in luxury and magnificence by an
over indulgent mother, Nirode settles down in Calcutta and becomes engrossed in its bohemian life,
while his elder sister, Monisha lives out a servile existence within the rigid and stiff confines of a
traditional Hindu family. Amla sees the city as a monster, Nirode sacrifices everything for his career,
and Monisha cannot bear her stifling existence in the household of a wealthy old Calcutta family. This
research paper mainly focuses socio-political consciousness in the characters of Anita Desai”s Voices
in the city, how the characters are faces their problems in the social-political context.
Academy Award in 1978 has received adequate critical response, while Anita Desai magnum novel
Voices in the City is based on the life of the middle class intellectuals of Calcutta. It is an unforgettable
story of a Bohemian brother and his two sisters caught in the crosscurrents of changing social values.
In many ways the story reflects a vivid picture of India's social transition - a phase in which the older
elements are not altogether dead, and the emergent ones not fully evolved. The novel describes the
bitter effects of the urban living upon an Indian family. Brought up in luxury and magnificence by an
over indulgent mother, Nirode settles down in Calcutta and becomes engrossed in its bohemian life,
while his elder sister, Monisha lives out a servile existence within the rigid and stiff confines of a
traditional Hindu family. Amla sees the city as a monster, Nirode sacrifices everything for his career,
and Monisha cannot bear her stifling existence in the household of a wealthy old Calcutta family. This
research paper mainly focuses socio-political consciousness in the characters of Anita Desai”s Voices
in the city, how the characters are faces their problems in the social-political context.