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Climate strategy
The global climate crisis is a widely recognized reality supported by science, representing an urgent challenge with significant impacts not only on the Company’s value chain, but also on society as a whole. In this context, Vale’s climate transition strategy considers the inherent complexities of decarbonizing the hard-to-abate sectors in which it operates. This strategy is based on assumptions such as collaboration across the value chain through strategic partnerships, advances in the availability and viability of low-carbon technologies, and the evolution of regulatory environments in alignment with global climate goals.
The Company recognizes the strategic role of the mining and metals sector in achieving this ambition by providing essential inputs for economic development and social well-being, while also enabling the transition to a low-carbon economy through the production of strategic minerals. Accordingly, the Company has made consistent progress in implementing its strategy, with initiatives focused on decarbonizing its operations, engaging its value chain and strengthening resilience to climate-related risks.
Supported by technological initiatives to develop new, less carbon-intensive products, strategic partnerships with customers and suppliers, and improvements in energy efficiency in logistics, Vale assumes responsibility for continuously investing in technology and innovation with the objective of reducing its direct and indirect greenhouse gas (GHG)* emissions and contributing effectively to the transition toward a low-carbon economy.
The Company will advance toward a low-carbon economy through an integrated approach that considers the risks and impacts on people and the environment. The approach adopted to promote a just energy transition in its operations, across its value chain and in the regions where it operates is aligned with the guidelines established in its Sustainability, Climate Change and Human Rights policies. Access Vale's Just Transition Position Statement.
For more information about our climate transition strategy, access the 2025 Sustainability-Related Financial Information Report
Explanatory Note
Greenhouse gases are gases present in the atmosphere that absorb part of the infrared radiation reflected by the Earth’s surface, preventing it from escaping into space and contributing to the warming of the planet by intensifying the greenhouse effect. The Greenhouse Gas Protocol (GHG Protocol) classifies the sources of these emissions into three scopes:
- Scope 1: direct emissions from sources that are owned or controlled by the organization (within the organizational boundaries);
- Scope 2: indirect emissions associated with the purchase and consumption of electricity, steam, heating or cooling, where the organization neither owns nor controls the generating source (outside the organizational boundaries);
- Scope 3: other indirect emissions that occur throughout the value chain (outside the organizational boundaries), from sources that are neither owned nor controlled by the organization.
Entenda
- Escopo 1: são as emissões diretas de fontes próprias ou controladas pela organização, decorrentes do transporte e dos processos industriais nas minas, da pelotização e das atividades das ferrovias. Soluções desenvolvidas: substituição de combustíveis e eficiência energética.
- Escopo 2: são as emissões indiretas oriundas do consumo de energia elétrica e/ou térmica, adquiridas pela Vale. Soluções desenvolvidas: aquisição de fontes renováveis, ativos de geração renovável e certificados de energia.
- Escopo 3: são emissões indiretas de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) que ocorrem ao longo da cadeia de valor da Vale, mas não estão diretamente relacionadas às suas operações. As principais fontes dessas emissões estão associadas principalmente ao transporte de minério de ferro e outros produtos, bem como ao uso de aço e outros produtos da mineração. Soluções desenvolvidas: Briquete Vale e parcerias com nossos clientes mais representativos em busca de oportunidades para desenvolver soluções focadas na redução das emissões de CO2.
Climate governance
Vale maintains a corporate governance structure aligned with global best practices to ensure the quality and consistency of its decision-making process. The Company has adopted a governance framework for overseeing sustainability-related risks and opportunities, supported by specific controls and procedures that monitor both target setting and performance against those targets. To this end, it uses mechanisms that encompass the identification of risks and opportunities, materiality assessments, strategy development, the establishment of metrics and targets, ongoing progress monitoring, and the integrated development of sustainability policies. These controls and procedures are part of Vale’s risk management framework and are integrated into the responsibilities of the governance bodies and the Company’s other internal functions.
S11D mine, Canaã dos Carajás. Photo: Jeferson Capela.
The Board of Directors and the Sustainability Committee are actively engaged in strengthening the skills and expertise needed to oversee sustainability-related risks and opportunities. The Company may also retain external specialists to assist the committee in conducting more in-depth assessments of specific issues, while helping ensure that identified risks and opportunities, along with their trade-offs, are considered in the Company’s strategic decision-making regarding significant transactions.
The Climate Change Policy, approved by the Executive Committee and the Board of Directors, reaffirms Vale’s commitment to climate resilience and the transition to a low-carbon economy. The policy is structured and aligned with international standards, incorporating analyses of trade-offs between economic viability and climate impacts. It reinforces our public commitments related to reducing GHG emissions while supporting a just transition and positively influencing other participants in the value chain.
For more information about our climate transition strategy, see the 2025 Annual Report.
Climate targets
Targets
Vale has climate targets aligned with the Paris Agreement . By 2030, the Company aims to reduce its absolute Scope 1 and 2 (market-based) GHG emissions by 33% compared to the 2017 base year, supported by strategies such as the adoption of biofuels, increased consumption of renewable electricity and operational improvements. For indirect emissions (Scope 3), the target is to reduce net emissions by 15% by 2035 compared to the 2018 base year, supported by technological initiatives to develop less carbon-intensive products, strategic partnerships with customers and suppliers, and improvements in logistics energy efficiency.
Explanatory note
An international treaty adopted in 2015 under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), with the objective of limiting the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C (WB2D scenario), while pursuing efforts to limit it to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. The agreement establishes a global framework for climate cooperation based on the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, applicable to all signatory countries.
By 2050, the Company is committed to reducing emissions from its operations and projects (Scope 1 and Scope 2) and neutralizing residual emissions through removals, following a just transition pathway that is consistent with achieving net zero emissions by 2050.
- 2030 target: Reduce absolute Scope 1 and 2 (market-based) emissions by 33% compared to the 2017 base year
- 2035 target: Reduce net Scope 3 emissions by 15% compared to the 2018 base year.
- 2050 target: Achieve net zero Scope 1 and 2 (market-based) emissions.
Performance
In 2025, Vale’s Scope 1 and Scope 2 (market-based) GHG emissions totaled 7.8 MtCO₂e. This represents an absolute reduction of 25.3% compared to the 2017 base year, corresponding to cumulative progress of 76.6 percentage points toward the 33% reduction target.
With respect to Scope 3 emissions, the total recorded in 2025 was 487.1 MtCO₂e, reflecting a net reduction of 8.2% compared to the 2018 base year. This represents progress of 54.5 percentage points toward the 15% reduction target.
Considering all three scopes, Vale’s GHG emissions totaled 494.9 MtCO₂e in 2025, representing an increase of 3.4% compared to 2024. This increase was mainly driven by higher production and sales volumes at the Company, as well as increased production volumes and net revenue at investee companies.
For more information, see our 2025 GHG Emissions Report.
GHG emissions over time
In million metric tons of CO₂e
Decarbonization initiatives
As one of the world’s leading producers of iron ore, nickel and other critical minerals, Vale contributes to the expansion of transportation electrification, the development of energy infrastructure and the deployment of technologies that are essential to the climate transition, including batteries, wind turbines, solar panels and power distribution systems.
Vale continues to implement its decarbonization roadmap. Since 2020, the Company’s spending on mitigation and adaptation has totaled approximately USD 1.7 billion. These investments are organized into a portfolio of initiatives that undergo strategic economic feasibility assessments, taking into account their costs, benefits and projected emissions reduction impacts. Through this approach, the Company seeks to ensure that each initiative contributes to advancing its climate targets by prioritizing the most effective alternatives.
Scope 1
Vale is focused on improving energy efficiency, replacing fossil fuels with renewable alternatives and adopting innovative technologies. Key initiatives underway include testing 72-metric-ton electric haul trucks, which began in 2022, and efforts to incorporate renewable fuels into its operating fleets, leveraging Brazil’s recognized competitiveness in the biofuels sector.
In this context, the Company is developing partnerships to deploy dual-fuel locomotives and haul trucks, with the potential to reduce emissions through the combined use of ethanol and diesel. In 2025, field tests began using B30 and B50 biodiesel blends in off-highway trucks, which could reduce emissions by up to 35% compared to the diesel currently used in the Company’s operations in Brazil.
S11D mine, Canaã dos Carajás. Photo: Breno Pompeu.
With regard to replacing fossil fuels, Vale continues to pursue initiatives that include partnerships to develop dual-fuel equipment, operational testing of biodiesel at different blend levels and the evaluation of electric equipment, among other solutions. At the same time, as part of its energy efficiency efforts, the Company invests in artificial intelligence applications and autonomous equipment, contributing to improved operational efficiency, higher safety standards and continued progress in its sustainability practices.
Complementing these advances, Vale’s railroad concessions in Brazil—the Carajás Railroad and the Vitória–Minas Railroad—reduced their annual diesel consumption by approximately 11 million liters in 2025, equivalent to around 28,000 metric tons of avoided CO₂e emissions. This result reflects a series of initiatives aimed at continuously improving operations, with a focus on increasing energy efficiency and optimizing fuel consumption.
Sol do Cerrado solar power project. Photo: Zé Palma.
Scope 2
Vale maintains a diversified renewable electricity generation portfolio, with investments in hydroelectric, wind and solar assets. In addition, the Company continues to invest in energy efficiency, the electrification of processes and the integration of advanced technologies, such as artificial intelligence, to optimize electricity consumption. This generation portfolio represents a significant competitive advantage in its emissions reduction strategy and currently consists of 87.2% renewable energy sources.
Since 2023, Vale has ensured that 100% of the electricity consumed by its operations in Brazil comes from renewable sources. In 2025, installed capacity in the country reached 1.6 GW, supported primarily by renewable generation assets under both direct and indirect ownership.
Throughout this period, the Company continued to implement these initiatives despite significant challenges, including varying regulatory frameworks, the limited availability of renewable energy sources, the logistical complexity associated with long-term contracting and the need to preserve competitiveness in markets characterized by high energy costs. These factors underscore the importance of structured planning, innovative solutions and strategic partnerships to ensure consistent progress toward our climate targets.
Scope 3
Vale produces high-grade iron ore, whose use helps reduce energy consumption in steelmaking processes. In addition, the Company has developed an iron ore briquette capable of reducing blast furnace emissions by up to 10%. The Company has also entered into strategic agreements with customers to develop Mega Hubs—industrial complexes for steel production using direct reduced iron and electric arc furnaces—with the potential to reduce emissions by up to 70% compared to traditional steelmaking methods.
Sea Zhoushan ore carrier. Photo: Vitor Nogueira.
In maritime logistics, Vale seeks to reduce emissions by adopting energy efficiency technologies, including rotor sails, leveraging economies of scale provided by the world’s largest ore carriers and using lower-carbon fuels. A key initiative in this area is the development of a triple-fuel vessel capable of running on three different fuels, with the potential for future retrofitting to operate on liquefied natural gas (LNG) and ammonia. In 2025, the Company reaffirmed its target of reducing net Scope 3 emissions by 15% by 2035, compared to the 2018 base year, with a focus on decarbonizing the steel value chain and global logistics. In January 2025, development began on a briquette plant in the state of Louisiana, United States, with an estimated production capacity of up to 1.5 million metric tons per year. The project is supported by funding from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and could help replace carbon-intensive stages of steel production.
In Brazil, Vale’s briquette plant in Vitória, Espírito Santo, has been operating since the end of 2023, supplying briquettes to customers for long-term industrial trials in different markets. This initiative enables the continuous supply of an input that can reduce emissions from conventional steel production, strengthening Vale’s position as a supplier of low-carbon steelmaking solutions.
Transparency
Reports
Vale publishes its Annual Report each year to provide an integrated overview of its financial, operational, environmental, social and governance information. The document consolidates the Company’s performance, risk management and long-term value creation, connecting its financial results with material topics such as safety, climate change, people management and engagement with society.
In 2026, for the second consecutive year, Vale voluntarily published its Sustainability-Related Financial Information Report. The document was prepared in accordance with Technical Pronouncement 2 of the Brazilian Sustainability Pronouncements Committee (CBPS), approved by the Brazilian Securities and Exchange Commission (CVM), and aligned with the international IFRS S2 standard issued by the International Sustainability Standards Board (ISSB). This initiative was implemented ahead of Brazilian regulatory requirements, which mandate the disclosure of this information by companies listed on Brazil’s stock exchange (B3) beginning in 2027, based on 2026 reporting data. Through this initiative, Vale seeks to contribute to the advancement of market practices while strengthening its internal capabilities for managing and disclosing sustainability-related financial information.
As one of the Company’s most material topics, Vale seeks to increase transparency regarding the accounting of its GHG emissions inventory. To this end, it publishes its GHG Emissions Report , which provides detailed information on the methodologies, processes and stage of development of the accounting of emissions associated with its operations and value chain.
Additionally, Vale publishes the ESG Databook , an informational document that provides stakeholders with a comprehensive overview of its sustainable development performance through qualitative and quantitative indicators.
For other reports, visit the: Announcements, Results, Presentations and Reports and Document Library .
CDP
Since 2003, Vale has responded annually to the CDP questionnaire, reinforcing its commitment to transparency, risk management and the continuous improvement of its environmental practices. CDP is a global nonprofit organization that operates the world’s largest independent environmental disclosure system, supporting companies, investors, customers and policymakers in making informed decisions.
Access the unified CDP questionnaire
Official press releases
Scope 1 highlights:
Biofuels initiatives:
- Vale and Caterpillar strengthen collaboration to focus on productivity, innovation and decarbonization
- Vale advances in testing alternatives to fossil fuels for haul trucks
- Vale, Cummins and Komatsu advance joint Dual Fuel Program to develop large truck engine powered by both ethanol and diesel
- Vale, Komatsu and Cummins announce collaboration to develop large dual-fuel trucks, powered by ethanol and diesel
- Vale makes pellets using renewable energy sources for the first time
- Vale and Wabtec sign agreement to test the use of ethanol in locomotives on the Vitória-Minas Railroad
- Vale and Wabtec sign deal to buy locomotives for Vitória–Minas Railroad and Carajás Railroad
- Vale partners with Wabtec on alternative fuels study and orders three FLXdrive battery electric locomotives
Electrification initiatives:
- Vale and Caterpillar sign agreement to test battery electric trucks and conduct ethanol studies
- Vale and BYD join forces to study light vehicle fleet electrification
Energy efficiency initiatives:
- Vale’s railroads achieve their best energy efficiency performance in the past 10 years
- Vale reaches 100 million metric tons hauled by autonomous trucks at Brucutu mine, delivering safety and environmental benefits
- Vale, Caterpillar & Sotreq sign agreement to expand fleet of autonomous trucks in the Northern System, in Pará
- Vale expands the use of autonomous equipment and has 72 machines operating in Brazil, directly benefiting more than 300 employees
New technology initiatives:
- Vale and Petrobras sign agreement to supply products focused on decarbonization
- Vale and Petrobras sign MoU to accelerate development of low-carbon solutions
- Vale strengthens its sustainability agenda with new circular mining project in Minas Gerais
- Vale doubles iron ore production from circular sources
- Vale plans to recover around 7 million metric tons of iron ore this year by reusing tailings and waste rock
- Vale and UFMG announce partnership to develop innovative circular mining solutions
- Vale Ventures announces investment in startup developing disruptive solutions to decarbonize heat generation
- Vale Ventures announces investment in startup Mantel, which is developing a low-cost solution for capturing carbon directly from industrial sources
Scope 2 highlights:
Scope 3 highlights:
Biofuels initiatives:
- Vale announces the world's 1st ethanol-powered ocean-going vessel; carbon emission reduction can reach 90%
- Vale and Petrobras announce a partnership to test fuel with renewable content
- Vale performs first biofuel voyage for its iron ore shipping
- Vale advances a pioneering project to adopt low-carbon fuels in shipping
Energy efficiency initiatives:
- Rio de Janeiro welcomes first large vessel equipped with rotor sails
- Vale signs long-term agreements for the new generation of Guaibamax vessels
- Vale adopts wind power on world’s largest ore carrier
- Vale carries out its 1st test with wind energy on the largest ore carrier in the world
- Fleet of ships serving Vale receives first ore carrier in the world equipped with rotor sails
Value chain initiatives:
- Over four years, Vale expands supplier engagement in reducing carbon emissions
- Sustainable mining and clean energy gain momentum in Espírito Santo
- Vale and Green Energy Park partner to develop green hydrogen supply chain in Brazil for future Mega Hub
- Partnership between Vale and Green Energy Park in Brazil receives Global Gateway flagship status by the European Union
- Vale and H2 Green Steel sign agreement to study the development of green industrial hubs in Brazil and North America
- Vale concludes negotiations with the US Government to develop briquette plant
- Vale successfully tests new briquette for direct reduction that makes steel production 'cleaner’
- Vale begins load tests in the first iron ore briquette plant in Brazil
- Revolution in the global steel industry: Vale inaugurates the world's first briquette plant in Vitória, Brazil
- Vale and SHS sign MoU to develop decarbonization solutions in steelmaking
- Vale and Nippon Steel sign MoU to develop steelmaking decarbonization solutions
- Vale and Valin Group sign MoU to develop steelmaking decarbonization solutions
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