Faculty of Law

The Internet is a great tool for exchanging information. However there are people who want to take advantage of it in order to commit crimes. The main goal of this paper is to answer following question: How the Internet could be and is abused by "launders" -criminals who want to legitimize their illicit profits? And the whole phenomenon is called cyber laundering. The main goal of this paper is to present a typology of criminal activities -both potential as well as actual -which can be described as cyber laundering. It consists of four parts. The first and the second one briefly present the characteristics of the Internet and the financial services available on-line, correspondingly. The third part is a presentation of different techniques applied by criminals to launder money via the Internet. It bases on the information available from articles, papers, government reports and other sources. The last part presents some examples and symptoms of cyber laundering. ________________________________________________________________________

"The paper presents the results of a study conducted in 2010 among public prosecutors of district and appellate prosecutor offices regarding their opinions on technical aspects of fighting organized crime. That was one of the groups of responders which were questioned within the research project granted by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education titled “Monitoring, identification, and countering hazard to citizens’ security”. The other groups were law enforcement officers and judges.
Based on their professional experience they were answering questions regarding: participation of experts in cases involving organized crime; contemporary technologies available to public prosecutors, recommended and desired by public prosecutors, and the use of modern technologies by organized criminal groups.
http://wkp.profinfo.pl/prawo/karne/p,current-problems-of-the-penal-law-and-criminology-przedsprzedaz,52522.html#40162523"

"The paper presents the results of a research conducted among the Central Bureau of Investigation’s officers. They were asked to express their points of view about selected legal and organizational means of fighting organized crime available according to Polish legal system. That group was chosen because the CBI has been established especially to combat the most serious types of crimes, including organized ones. Hence, their opinions on that subject are most valuable.
First of all, they were confronted with the list of criminal law regulations within and they supposed to point out the frequency and the efficiency of those regulations according to their professional experience. Not all the institutions which are aimed to combat organized crime are frequently used nor recognized as the most efficient.
Secondly, there was a question about what they would have change in the Polish legal system in order to improve the efficiency of fight against organized crime. Although most of the regulations were considered to be very useful, there is still place for some enhancements.
Thirdly, they were asked to evaluate the efficiency of governmental bodies as
well as private entities in the same context. The prosecution offices and courts were the most useful in the fight against organized crime. However such institutions like the Internal Security Agency or the General Inspector of Financial Information had been expected to do better in the ranking.
The last question was about their point of view on the strategy to combat organized crime. What is most interesting, according to officer’s points of view not the severity of the punishment is the most important pillar of anti–organized crime strategy but taking away proceeds of crime.
The paper encompasses the whole methodology of the research and the characteristics of the population which has taken part in the research."

The present study discusses new directions of research - legal, criminological
and in the sphere of criminalistics - on security. This area of research was the subject of numerous projects realized at the Law Faculty of Bialystok University in the recent years. Furthermore an analysis of the subject areas for research to be sponsored by the newly created National Centre for Research and Development in 2011 revealed the trends in development that are visible in Poland at present. The need to conduct interdisciplinary research corresponding to current and future threats to security and the public order was also noted. These efforts should engage increased involvement from theoreticians but also from practitioners of law enforcement, the secret services and organs for the administration of justice. It is also of importance to cooperate with entities commercializing the results of such research, which is consistent with the Lisbon Strategy. In addition new technological advances could provide significant facilitation and improvement in ensuring security and public order. The author of the study, in summing up, suggested lines of research connecting law, criminalistics and technology.

W niniejszym rozdziale przyblizono zasady rz adz ace procederem prania pieniedzy3. Nastepnie przedstawiono typologie cech lub okolicznosci, które powinny byc brane pod uwage w procesie dokonywania typowania transakcji podejrzanych i postepowania analitycznego. Wskazano równiez podstawowe funkcjonalnosci, jakimi powinien charakteryzowac sie system informatyczny wspomagaj acy prace analityka.

The papers is about presenting the data mining approach from the point of view of forensic science. The main focus is on the potential use of it for fighting cyber crimes. The DM may help to detect anomalies in user behavior, the known modus operandi of cyber criminals as well as predict the incidents or attacks (as a form of prevention). It has to be stressed that it should not replace the human decision maker. It only supports the decision making process.
However it raises several legal issues such as the users' rights to privacy, processing personal data, the scope of law enforcement agencies' duties etc. 
The paper is to be presented during an international conference on cyber attacks in April 2016 in Poland.

The studies the author has been involved concern the acquisition and the use of technology by law enforcement agencies, special security services, and criminal justice for the needs of operational or criminal procedures conducted by them for detection or evidence purposes, as appropriate. Unlike the traditional approach to the issue, the research focused on the use of the most recent technological solutions in this area, mostly pertaining to information technology. Criminalistic tactics also include the rules for purposeful and effective use of technical means in the fight against crime. This was another aspect of the research. The thesis was proposed that the achievements of contemporary information technology in the area of acquisition and analysis of information can contribute to a more effective fight against crime, including organised crime. Moreover, it was emphasized that the solutions adapted most rapidly are those intended to prevent and combat the most serious categories of crime, in particular organised crime and terrorism. This is due to the fact that the solutions sought are those that improve the effectiveness of the operation of state bodies in dealing with such crimes, which are hard to detect and persecute in traditional ways. Information technology solutions are appreciated by practitioners but are overlooked by the science of criminalistics. This issue has become the subject of the session of Committee II entitled " Recent developments in the use of science and technology by offenders and by competent authorities in fighting crime, including the case of cybercrime " during the 12 th United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice held in 2010 in Salvador, Brazil (Pływaczewski, 2010: 133 and ff).

Niniejsze opracowanie stawia sobie za cel przedstawienie założeń Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI) jako przykładu właśnie takiego kompleksowego podejścia do zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa systemów teleinformatycznych oraz ujęcie go w kategorie kryminalistyczne. Należy także podkreślić, iż jest to także obszar zainteresowania proponowanego przez Autora pojęcia kryminalistyki bezpieczeństwa.