
Roman Krzywy
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Papers by Roman Krzywy
versions were written by Joachim Camerarius the Elder, Gilbert Cousin, Achille Bocchi, Johann Stigel, Mathias Holtzwart and others. Some of them have the form of regular apologues (in prose or in verse), others are closer to emblematic compositions; there are also versions meant to be sung. The simple plot is given new motifs in them and the authors
add some edifying morals. Polish interpretations of the theme are an element of European reception of the popular motif; the versions closest to them seem to be the ones by Vives or Bocchi dependent on him.
a part of Twardowski’s poetic language. A similar usage is found in a piece by Adrian Wieszczycki. Referring to late output, the author settles that the form “Buzyr” became in the second half of the 17th century Polish language, possibly influenced by Twardowski, also an alternant form of the ancient tyrant’s name (found also at the beginning of the 19th century). The two words, however, differ in grammatical gender: “buzyra” is a common feminine noun, while “Buzyr” is a masculine proper noun.
dated on 1845. Głoskowski’s poem is a relatively faithful paraphrase of Petrarka’s Latin modification of the last short story from Boccaccio’s Decameron. Głoskowski treated Gryzelda not only as a model of unconditional submission to her husband, but also as a monument of female virtues.
economic well-being. A question often raised by the poet was the status of the king in the Commonwealth. It is well illustrated by frequently used metaphors related to the sun and light, expressing the special and necessary role of the monarch in a country – not only was the ruler distinguished by his exceptional splendour but also he was a guarantor of order, giving his subjects a sense of security. Owing to this approach, the king seemed to be a necessary condition for the existence of the Commonwealth. Twardowski also was returning to the thought that the foundation of the ruler’s power in the state of the nobles was the love of his subjects, and that love guarded his immunity. That love should result from the king’s respect for the rights of citizens, his care for their safety, his justice and mercy. This vision of a monarch was contrasted with the rule of tyrants, who must be protected by strong gates and numerous guards. This concept resulted from the recognition of the servant role of the king in the state. In the poet’s works, the elevation of an individual
means the acceptance of special obligations that also result from his
anointing. The king is a person representing God, but also responsible
to him, embodying justice on earth and obliged to respect the ethical
standards set before him. He must necessarily be pious, and the poet had no doubts (a consequence of the triumph of the Counter-Reformation) that only the Catholic confession deserves privileges because it guarantees the protection of Providence.
laureate, who found themselves in the milieu of the Vasa court or tried
to get closer to it, as well as authors who were casually granted the king’s favour. Contrary to earlier approaches, the author concludes that it is difficult in the case of Kings Sigismund III, Vladyslav IV, and John II
Casimir to talk about the actual care provided to poets. Their interest
in poetry should be regarded as accidental, which is especially evident
in comparison with their care of historians who were to present the history of the homeland and commemorate the achievements of the rulers. Only Marie Louise Gonzaga, as it seems, intended to transfer French customs to the Polish court by inviting Marc-Antoine Girard de Saint-Amant, but he stayed in Warsaw for only a few months. Other poets indicated in older studies as benefiting from the patronage of the Vasas, such as Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski or Jan Andrzej Morsztyn, in fact significantly limited their writing activity, once they became courtiers.
interpretation of the inscription under the image of Torquato
Tasso and his mysterious companion, who is identified as the
little known painter Trevilius or an entirely unknown Treilius,
results from an error. Hence, considering the character of the
remaining medallions, especially those showing writers, the
author puts forward the hypothesis that the name of Tasso’s
companion is actually ‘Vergilius’, i.e. Virgil, only the word
was distorted during conservation works.
versions were written by Joachim Camerarius the Elder, Gilbert Cousin, Achille Bocchi, Johann Stigel, Mathias Holtzwart and others. Some of them have the form of regular apologues (in prose or in verse), others are closer to emblematic compositions; there are also versions meant to be sung. The simple plot is given new motifs in them and the authors
add some edifying morals. Polish interpretations of the theme are an element of European reception of the popular motif; the versions closest to them seem to be the ones by Vives or Bocchi dependent on him.
a part of Twardowski’s poetic language. A similar usage is found in a piece by Adrian Wieszczycki. Referring to late output, the author settles that the form “Buzyr” became in the second half of the 17th century Polish language, possibly influenced by Twardowski, also an alternant form of the ancient tyrant’s name (found also at the beginning of the 19th century). The two words, however, differ in grammatical gender: “buzyra” is a common feminine noun, while “Buzyr” is a masculine proper noun.
dated on 1845. Głoskowski’s poem is a relatively faithful paraphrase of Petrarka’s Latin modification of the last short story from Boccaccio’s Decameron. Głoskowski treated Gryzelda not only as a model of unconditional submission to her husband, but also as a monument of female virtues.
economic well-being. A question often raised by the poet was the status of the king in the Commonwealth. It is well illustrated by frequently used metaphors related to the sun and light, expressing the special and necessary role of the monarch in a country – not only was the ruler distinguished by his exceptional splendour but also he was a guarantor of order, giving his subjects a sense of security. Owing to this approach, the king seemed to be a necessary condition for the existence of the Commonwealth. Twardowski also was returning to the thought that the foundation of the ruler’s power in the state of the nobles was the love of his subjects, and that love guarded his immunity. That love should result from the king’s respect for the rights of citizens, his care for their safety, his justice and mercy. This vision of a monarch was contrasted with the rule of tyrants, who must be protected by strong gates and numerous guards. This concept resulted from the recognition of the servant role of the king in the state. In the poet’s works, the elevation of an individual
means the acceptance of special obligations that also result from his
anointing. The king is a person representing God, but also responsible
to him, embodying justice on earth and obliged to respect the ethical
standards set before him. He must necessarily be pious, and the poet had no doubts (a consequence of the triumph of the Counter-Reformation) that only the Catholic confession deserves privileges because it guarantees the protection of Providence.
laureate, who found themselves in the milieu of the Vasa court or tried
to get closer to it, as well as authors who were casually granted the king’s favour. Contrary to earlier approaches, the author concludes that it is difficult in the case of Kings Sigismund III, Vladyslav IV, and John II
Casimir to talk about the actual care provided to poets. Their interest
in poetry should be regarded as accidental, which is especially evident
in comparison with their care of historians who were to present the history of the homeland and commemorate the achievements of the rulers. Only Marie Louise Gonzaga, as it seems, intended to transfer French customs to the Polish court by inviting Marc-Antoine Girard de Saint-Amant, but he stayed in Warsaw for only a few months. Other poets indicated in older studies as benefiting from the patronage of the Vasas, such as Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski or Jan Andrzej Morsztyn, in fact significantly limited their writing activity, once they became courtiers.
interpretation of the inscription under the image of Torquato
Tasso and his mysterious companion, who is identified as the
little known painter Trevilius or an entirely unknown Treilius,
results from an error. Hence, considering the character of the
remaining medallions, especially those showing writers, the
author puts forward the hypothesis that the name of Tasso’s
companion is actually ‘Vergilius’, i.e. Virgil, only the word
was distorted during conservation works.