Books by Agnieszka Bartoszewicz
The publication encompasses four Warsaw town books, which include the minutes of the office and d... more The publication encompasses four Warsaw town books, which include the minutes of the office and document life of Old Warsaw inhabitants at the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Early Modern Period. The collected material allows detailed research into the city populace, its intellectual and material culture as well as its space and economic life.
Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego , 2012
Prezentowana książka dotyczy roli i znaczenia pisma w miastach polskich na przełomie średniowiecz... more Prezentowana książka dotyczy roli i znaczenia pisma w miastach polskich na przełomie średniowiecza i czasów nowożytnych.
Analiza ksiąg kancelarii miejskich, pochodzących z dużych i małych ośrodków, korespondencji zawodowej prowadzonej przez mieszkańców miast i listów prywatnych pozwoliła na scharakteryzowanie i opisanie działalności nowej grupy społecznej − ludzi korzystających w coraz większym stopniu z pisma i żyjących z wykonywania zawodu związanego z kulturą pisma. Umożliwiła także na sformułowanie różnorodnych spostrzeżeń dotyczących ustroju miast i organizacji ich władz, a także pokazanie wzrostu znaczenia piśmienności mieszczańskiej w życiu późnośredniowiecznego społeczeństwa.
Brepols Publishers, 2017
From the end of the thirteenth century onwards, European towns exhibited a significant increase i... more From the end of the thirteenth century onwards, European towns exhibited a significant increase in the use of writing as a tool for administrative and economic purposes, as well as for social communication. The medieval towns of Poland are no exception to this pattern.
This book surveys the development of the literacy of Polish burghers in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, revealing socio-economic and cultural processes that changed the life of Polish urban society. Polish urban literacy is examined according to the reception of Western European urban culture more generally. Town networks in medieval Poland are explained, and the literacy skills of the producers and users of the written word are discussed. Literacy skills differed greatly from one social group to another, it is shown, due to the variety of town dwellers (clerics and lay people, professionals of the written word, occasional users of writing, and illiterates). Other issues that are discussed include the cooperation between agents of lay and church literacy, the relationship between literacy and orality, and the difference between developing literacies in Latin and in the vernacular languages.
Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, 2020
From the History of Old Polish Culture. Essays in Honor of Urszula Augustyniak
papers by Agnieszka Bartoszewicz
Archivum Latinitatis Medii Aevi 79(1), 2021
The end of the fourteenth century has long been recognised by scholars
as marking both the beginn... more The end of the fourteenth century has long been recognised by scholars
as marking both the beginning of the deeper Christianisation of Polish society and the reception of norms proposed by the Church, among others concerning the organisation of time. This article outlines both the social perception of the Roman catholic Church feast days in urban environments and the Church calendar rural perception. Through an
analysis of sources of pragmatic literacy (primarily records taken from various court registers), we can determine which feast days were commonly known and were used in time measurement (e.g., as days for the payment of debts or taxes). Equally noteworthy are the mentions of the days in the dates by the scribes who kept the registers, as they
reveal the calendars and calendar tools used by both professional and accidental scribes and show something of their modes of work.
Czas w małych miastach : studium z dziejów kultury umysłowej późnośredniowiecznej Polski", Agnieszka Bartoszewicz, Warszawa-Pułtusk 2003 : [recenzja] / Piotr Chojnacki
Czas w małych miastach : studium z dziejów kultury umysłowej późnośredniowiecznej Polski", Agnieszka Bartoszewicz, Warszawa-Pułtusk 2003 : [recenzja] / Piotr Chojnacki
Testamentary Freedom, Ius Commune and Particular Law (c. 1400-1620)”, eds. Mark Vermeer, Wouter Druwé, Maciej Mikuła, Leuven 2023 (Ius Scripta Historica KVAB XXXI),, 2023
The aim of this contribution is to study the character of the last wills that existed in the Poli... more The aim of this contribution is to study the character of the last wills that existed in the Polish countryside in the late Middle Ages and in the early modern era and to analyse the instructions in last wills of peasants (cmethones). The writing of a will was largely an activity undertaken by members of the peasant elite. In addition, the network of contacts between the testators' family, economic partners, and neighbours often crosses formal legal boundaries. Therefore, their decisions with regard to last wills were recorded and authorized in the registers of various offices: the village bench register, municipal books and books of church offices. Most peasant testators were closely linked to the Church and the priests, and the influence of the latter can be clearly seen both in the decision to record the last will and in the content of these instructions. However, bequests made to the Church were sometimes subject to litigation. In particular, opposition was expressed to the donation of land, as money or mobile goods were regarded as the appropriate content of pious bequests.
Warszawskie loca scribendi w drugiej połowie XV w
The article discusses places of production of written records in two late medieval municipalities... more The article discusses places of production of written records in two late medieval municipalities of Warsaw (Old and New Warsaw) which influenced the literate behaviour of their inhabitants in the domain of pragmatic literacy. A number of scribal offices were active in Warsaw, attached to various institutions but unequally developed. Distinct loca scribendi worked for the municipalities of Old and New Warsaw, for the court of the Mazovian princes, and for the institutions of the Church. The places of production of records situated in New Warsaw were typical for a small town: there were simple urban offices and the parish church with its school. Development of written culture here most probably was stimulated by the direct vicinity of Old Warsaw, much more advanced in the use of written records. The close contacts between both municipalities were more important in generating the need to use the written word on the part of the inhabitants of New Warsaw than their relations with other agents of practical literacy (e.g. the Church or the rulers’ administration). In Old Warsaw, in chronological order the places on the map of written culture were the municipal offices, the collegiate church (which functioned also as urban parish church), the tribunals of the terrestrial law and the magistrate courts (iudicia castriensia), and the ducal court. The same topography of pragmatic literacy can be seen also in other Polish towns of similar size to Old Warsaw (e.g. Lublin, Przemyśl and Płock). Town dwellers, especially urban officials and members of the financial elite, frequented their loca scribendi on various occasions, although sometimes the reasons for visiting scribal offices are not entirely clear to modern scholars. Among the places where written records were created in Old Warsaw, the municipal chancery played an exceptionally important role. Here, the municipality employed clerks who originated from towns and cities known as important trade partners of Warsaw merchants (e.g. from Silesia, Vilnius and Lublin).
Handel solą na Mazowszu w XV i XVI wieku / Agnieszka Bartoszewicz
Rocznik Mazowiecki, 2006
Projekt wydawnictwa „Katalog testamentów z ksiąg sądowych małych miast polskich do 1525 roku”
Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej, 2015
Acta Poloniae Historica, 2023
The article deals with the question of the existence of the Jewish community and the barriers bet... more The article deals with the question of the existence of the Jewish community and the barriers between Jews and non-Jews in the Old Warsaw from the 1420s to the 1520s. The contact points and areas of the two communities, as well as the tools used to communicate between them, are distinguished. Firstly, Jewish property in the space of Old Warsaw, as well as neighbouring and economic contacts, are noticed. Then, the presence of Jews both from Warsaw and other towns and regions in court sessions is analysed. Local and Lithuanian or Volhynian Jews appeared in the Old Warsaw town hall. However, the most important place for offi cial meetings of Warsaw Jews with the Christian community was the court for nobles. It is visible that the fi rst half of the fi fteenth century was a unique period with a far-reaching agreement between the Christian inhabitants of Warsaw and its surroundings and the members of the local Jewish community. Within the linguistic area, the communication tools were Polish and German, while Latin, possibly familiar to some Jews, was not a signifi cant communication barrier. Hebrew had its position in the bureaucratic system as well. The protection of the local duke secured a relatively harmonious economic cooperation, which was fostered by the then economic situation of Mazovia. The mid-fi fteenth century brought a violent turn, which was infl uenced by the changes in the political and economic situation, as well as the religious atmosphere. Warsaw burghers started to perceive the Jews as competition, as 'others', and began to approach them with growing hostility.
Kwartalnik Historyczny 130/3, s. 467-492, 2023
The systems of law in force in the medieval Kingdom of Poland set different limits for full adult... more The systems of law in force in the medieval Kingdom of Poland set different limits for full adulthood (the age of discretion, 'anni discretionis'). It was most often 12–13 years for girls, and 12–14 for boys. At the beginning of the sixteenth century, the Polish term lata sprawne, meaning full maturity with legal capacity, appeared, but it only applied to men. An analysis of the records found in municipal registers shows that the inhabitants of towns and cities in late medieval Poland, especially
the bigger ones, were well acquainted with the term lata sprawne. Reaching the age of majority here affected various aspects of daily functioning. In the office registers of smaller towns, the Latin term 'anni discretionis' occurs less frequently; on many occasions it was necessary to refer to instructions on this issue from higher courts of German law. The concept of 'anni discretionis' is one measure of the culture of law in a town, of advancing the reception of court terms, and procedures.
The legal limit of the age of majority imposed by the law carried specific consequences, including those related to the cessation of custody of minors. However, there was a widespread awareness that the formal end of childhood did not imply full adulthood. There was an awareness of adolescence, following the attainment of majority and preceding the taking of a rightful place in society. It was less the case for women, who were often married off at a very young age. In the case of men, the adolescence period was undoubtedly longer. For them, adolescence
meant being introduced to the responsibilities of a rightful citizen of the city, while youth and young adulthood were equated with a time of learning and working on someone else’s account.
Studia Źródłoznawcze = Commentationes T. 51 (2013), Rozprawy
Studia Źrodloznawcze, 2013
Biuletyn Szadkowski
Szadek-obok kilku najwi kszych miast województwa sieradzkiego (Sieradza, Wielunia, Krzepic, Warty... more Szadek-obok kilku najwi kszych miast województwa sieradzkiego (Sieradza, Wielunia, Krzepic, Warty i Piotrkowa)-mo na znale niemal na wszystkich mapach, pokazuj cych ziemie dawnej Rzeczypospolitej 1. Jest to dowodem znacz cej roli administracyjnej i społeczno-gospodarczej odgrywanej przez to miasto w okresie staropolskim, podobnym wiadectwem jest poka na spu cizna archiwalna, przechowywana w Archiwum Głównym Akt Dawnych w Warszawie i Archiwum Pa stwowym w Łodzi 2. Pozwala to na prowadzenie bardzo ró norodnych bada nad dziejami Szadku i jego mieszka ców, jednak układ przestrzenny miasta-zarówno jego genez , jak i poszczególne etapy rozwoju-mo emy bada dopiero na podstawie ródeł kartograficznych, powstałych w XIX w., przede wszystkim kilku r kopi miennych planów ogólnych, przechowywanych w AGAD oraz Archiwach Pa stwowych w Łodzi i Poznaniu 3. Najstarszy z tych planów prezentuje nam obraz Szadku z okresu okupacji pruskiej, pod któr miasto znalazło si w wyniku drugiego rozbioru Polski. W 1793 r. powstała prowincja Prus Południowych składaj ca si z dwóch departamentów: pozna skiego i piotrkowskiego, a Szadek został siedzib jednego z 27 powiatów 4. Władze pruskie podj ły działania o charakterze inwentaryzacyjnym, zmierzaj ce do uporz dkowania kwestii własno ciowych i finansowych w miastach. W ich rezultacie powstały plany sytuacyjno-regulacyjne
Rocznik Łódzki, t. 43, 1996
Plany ogólne Warszawy w Archiwum Głównym Akt Dawnych (1809-1915) / Henryk Bartoszewicz, Agnieszka Bartoszewicz
Archeion Czasopismo Naukowe Poświecone Sprawom Archiwalnym, 1995
Studia Źrodloznawcze, 2002
Arykuły recenzyjne i recenzje spotkać się z reakcją strony przeciwnej. Dzieło świętego Anzelma ni... more Arykuły recenzyjne i recenzje spotkać się z reakcją strony przeciwnej. Dzieło świętego Anzelma nie jest przecież katalogiem, lecz próbuje definiować i propagować doktrynę obozu papieskiego. Jest więc prawnym uzasadnieniem postulowanych reform. Dobrym przykładem jest tu stosunek Anzelma do słynnego Dictatus papae, otóż w Collectio canonum jedynie 3 punkty (z 27) papieskiego programu nie mają swojego uzasadnienia 30. Wspominaliśmy już, że Anzelm dużo miejsca poświęcił prymatowi papieża w całym Kościele i na świecie. Według biskupa Lukki papież nie tylko miał prawo działać, lecz był to także jego moralny obowiązek. Z Collectio wyłania się Kościół scentralizowany i zdominowany przez Rzym i następcę św. Piotra (np. wezwania biskupów ad limina apostolorum, regularne synody w Rzymie). Według Anzelma jedynie silna władza centralna może wprowadzić dyscyplinę w Kościele, porządek i niezbędne reformy. Za czasów pontyfikatu Grzegorza VII Stolica Apostolska przeszła więc do ofensywy, nie mogła pogodzić się z zastanym status quo, zbiory kanonów miały tę ofensywę legitymizować. Na pytanie, czy w ramach tej walki Kościół może stosować przemoc fizyczną, odpowiadają dwie ostatnie księgi Collectio canonum (XII De excommunicatione, XIII De iusta vindicta). Te nie wydane wcześniej księgi brytyjska uczona omawia w rozdziale Anselm and Coercion: A Legal Form of Persuasion, s. 122-141. Zdaniem biskupa Lukki wszelkie zło i herezję trzeba nie tylko niszczyć i wypleniać, lecz także należy je poprawiać i "leczyć". Jest to przede wszystkim zadanie papieża, który jest przecież prawdziwym pastor ecclesiae. Anzelm nie wykluczył jednak zastosowania przemocy w tej działalności: Quod militantes etiam possunt esse iusti (XII, 4). Kanonista usprawiedliwiał także wojny, oczywiście rozróżniając sprawiedliwe i niesprawiedliwe zastosowanie siły; do króla angielskiego Wilhelma I pisał: Non sine causa gladium portas, Dei enim minister es ad vindictam malorum, ad laudem vero bonorum 31. W tym miejscu warto przytoczyć kilkadziesiąt lat późniejszy znamienny fragment Kroniki Kosmasa: Nam ad hoc vobis ducibus mucro pendet in femore, ut manus vestras sepius lavetis peccatoris in sanguine 32. Przemoc usprawiedliwiona, według Anzelma, to rzecz jasna walka w obronie Kościoła i jego interesów. Wojna była dla biskupa Lukki jednym ze sposobów nawrócenia błądzących i ich powrotu do domu Boga (domus Dei), którym był oczywiście Kościół Rzymski. Z obu ostatnich ksiąg Collectio canonum wyłania się następujący obraz: Kościół wszelkimi sposobami musi bronić się przed schizmą, powinien też przywrócić jedność chrześcijan, nawet przy pomocy siły fizycznej. Integralną częścią książki są liczne appendyksy i tabele, które stanowią jedną trzecią całej pracy. Przede wszystkim Autorka wydała obszerne fragmenty niepublikowanych dotąd dwóch ostatnich ksiąg Collectio canonum (Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, ms. Vat. Lat. 1363). Cushing zestawiła także źródła kanoniczne, z których czerpał Anzelm, m.in. wskazała na kanony bezpośrednio zapożyczone od Pseudo-Izydora czy kanony Pseudo-Izydora zaczerpnięte z 74T. Interesujące jest także zestawienie wszystkich źródeł poszczególnych ksiąg kolekcji, z podziałem na falsyfikaty, źródła autentyczne, postanowienia soborów, teksty świeckie, patrystyczne i inne. Badaczka dokonała także zestawienia źródeł kanonicznych innego dzieła Anzelma, Liber contra Wibertum. Zależność Collectio canonum od myśli Grzegorza VII najlepiej obrazuje wykaz dekretów uzasadniających 24 punkty Dictatus papae (Reg. II, 55a). Praca Kathleen Cushing nie jest jedynie monografią poświęconą Anzelmowi z Lukki i jego kolekcji kanonów, jest to sprawnie i przekonywająco przeprowadzona analiza roli kanonistyki w służbie reformy, czy też rewolucji gregoriańskiej. Kanonistyka tego okresu miała zdolność usprawiedliwiania i uzasadniania "gregoriańskich ambicji" poprzez odwoływanie się do przeszłości, lecz także dzięki podporządkowywaniu tej przeszłości i manipulowaniu nią. Kanonistyka potrafiła znaleźć odpowiedź na pojawiające się problemy i okoliczności. Anzelm i jego koledzy-zwolennicy Grzegorza VII, kształtowali prawo według tego, czego wymagał interes reformy. Zbiory kanonów były nie tylko głosem w dyskusji pomiędzy dwoma stronami sporu, lecz-przede wszystkim-były swoistymi podręcznikami postępowania dla zwolenników gregoriańskiej wizji świata chrześcijańskiego.
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Books by Agnieszka Bartoszewicz
Analiza ksiąg kancelarii miejskich, pochodzących z dużych i małych ośrodków, korespondencji zawodowej prowadzonej przez mieszkańców miast i listów prywatnych pozwoliła na scharakteryzowanie i opisanie działalności nowej grupy społecznej − ludzi korzystających w coraz większym stopniu z pisma i żyjących z wykonywania zawodu związanego z kulturą pisma. Umożliwiła także na sformułowanie różnorodnych spostrzeżeń dotyczących ustroju miast i organizacji ich władz, a także pokazanie wzrostu znaczenia piśmienności mieszczańskiej w życiu późnośredniowiecznego społeczeństwa.
This book surveys the development of the literacy of Polish burghers in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, revealing socio-economic and cultural processes that changed the life of Polish urban society. Polish urban literacy is examined according to the reception of Western European urban culture more generally. Town networks in medieval Poland are explained, and the literacy skills of the producers and users of the written word are discussed. Literacy skills differed greatly from one social group to another, it is shown, due to the variety of town dwellers (clerics and lay people, professionals of the written word, occasional users of writing, and illiterates). Other issues that are discussed include the cooperation between agents of lay and church literacy, the relationship between literacy and orality, and the difference between developing literacies in Latin and in the vernacular languages.
papers by Agnieszka Bartoszewicz
as marking both the beginning of the deeper Christianisation of Polish society and the reception of norms proposed by the Church, among others concerning the organisation of time. This article outlines both the social perception of the Roman catholic Church feast days in urban environments and the Church calendar rural perception. Through an
analysis of sources of pragmatic literacy (primarily records taken from various court registers), we can determine which feast days were commonly known and were used in time measurement (e.g., as days for the payment of debts or taxes). Equally noteworthy are the mentions of the days in the dates by the scribes who kept the registers, as they
reveal the calendars and calendar tools used by both professional and accidental scribes and show something of their modes of work.
the bigger ones, were well acquainted with the term lata sprawne. Reaching the age of majority here affected various aspects of daily functioning. In the office registers of smaller towns, the Latin term 'anni discretionis' occurs less frequently; on many occasions it was necessary to refer to instructions on this issue from higher courts of German law. The concept of 'anni discretionis' is one measure of the culture of law in a town, of advancing the reception of court terms, and procedures.
The legal limit of the age of majority imposed by the law carried specific consequences, including those related to the cessation of custody of minors. However, there was a widespread awareness that the formal end of childhood did not imply full adulthood. There was an awareness of adolescence, following the attainment of majority and preceding the taking of a rightful place in society. It was less the case for women, who were often married off at a very young age. In the case of men, the adolescence period was undoubtedly longer. For them, adolescence
meant being introduced to the responsibilities of a rightful citizen of the city, while youth and young adulthood were equated with a time of learning and working on someone else’s account.
Analiza ksiąg kancelarii miejskich, pochodzących z dużych i małych ośrodków, korespondencji zawodowej prowadzonej przez mieszkańców miast i listów prywatnych pozwoliła na scharakteryzowanie i opisanie działalności nowej grupy społecznej − ludzi korzystających w coraz większym stopniu z pisma i żyjących z wykonywania zawodu związanego z kulturą pisma. Umożliwiła także na sformułowanie różnorodnych spostrzeżeń dotyczących ustroju miast i organizacji ich władz, a także pokazanie wzrostu znaczenia piśmienności mieszczańskiej w życiu późnośredniowiecznego społeczeństwa.
This book surveys the development of the literacy of Polish burghers in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, revealing socio-economic and cultural processes that changed the life of Polish urban society. Polish urban literacy is examined according to the reception of Western European urban culture more generally. Town networks in medieval Poland are explained, and the literacy skills of the producers and users of the written word are discussed. Literacy skills differed greatly from one social group to another, it is shown, due to the variety of town dwellers (clerics and lay people, professionals of the written word, occasional users of writing, and illiterates). Other issues that are discussed include the cooperation between agents of lay and church literacy, the relationship between literacy and orality, and the difference between developing literacies in Latin and in the vernacular languages.
as marking both the beginning of the deeper Christianisation of Polish society and the reception of norms proposed by the Church, among others concerning the organisation of time. This article outlines both the social perception of the Roman catholic Church feast days in urban environments and the Church calendar rural perception. Through an
analysis of sources of pragmatic literacy (primarily records taken from various court registers), we can determine which feast days were commonly known and were used in time measurement (e.g., as days for the payment of debts or taxes). Equally noteworthy are the mentions of the days in the dates by the scribes who kept the registers, as they
reveal the calendars and calendar tools used by both professional and accidental scribes and show something of their modes of work.
the bigger ones, were well acquainted with the term lata sprawne. Reaching the age of majority here affected various aspects of daily functioning. In the office registers of smaller towns, the Latin term 'anni discretionis' occurs less frequently; on many occasions it was necessary to refer to instructions on this issue from higher courts of German law. The concept of 'anni discretionis' is one measure of the culture of law in a town, of advancing the reception of court terms, and procedures.
The legal limit of the age of majority imposed by the law carried specific consequences, including those related to the cessation of custody of minors. However, there was a widespread awareness that the formal end of childhood did not imply full adulthood. There was an awareness of adolescence, following the attainment of majority and preceding the taking of a rightful place in society. It was less the case for women, who were often married off at a very young age. In the case of men, the adolescence period was undoubtedly longer. For them, adolescence
meant being introduced to the responsibilities of a rightful citizen of the city, while youth and young adulthood were equated with a time of learning and working on someone else’s account.