Economía Financiera y Contabilidad

Este traballo ten como obxectivo analizar se os informes de auditoría de contas anuais se redactan de acordo coas Normas Técnicas de Auditoría (NTA) sobre informes, para o cal se estuda se o formato e o contido dos informes é acorde á normativa española vixente, e a súa relación co tipo de opinión que contén e co auditor que o emite. Partimos dunha mostra de 1.236 informes de empresas galegas non cotizadas seleccionadas mediante o método de mostraxe aleatoria estratificada para o período 2004-2007. Unha vez definidas a variable dependente -a cualificación global asignada a un informe segundo o grao de cumprimento das NTA-e as variables independentes -o tipo de auditor e o tipo de opinión-, contrástanse as hipóteses mediante unha análise de regresión coa finalidade de explicar os cambios na probabilidade de atopar un informe non acorde coas NTA en función das variables descritas. Os resultados alcanzados permiten concluír que os informes non sempre se redactan de acordo coas NTA, pois conteñen erros. Os informes con opinión cualificada son os que maiores desviacións presentan con respecto ás normas, sendo os auditores que exercen a título individual os que maior propensión teñen a emitir informes non acordes coas NTA, en comparación coas sociedades ou coas multinacionais. Palabras clave: Calidade da auditoría / NTA / Opinión de auditoría / Firma de auditoría / Erros.

Este trabajo fue financiado a través de los Proyectos FONDECYT 3180291, CONICYT + PIA/ Concurso apoyo a centros científicos y tecnológicos de excelencia con financiamiento basal AFB170001 y FONDEF #ID16I10119. Estudio sobre la capacidad técnica y las competencias transversales desarrolladas en las prácticas externas universitarias Study on technical capacity and transversal competencies developed in university internships

CON la entrada en vigor para el próximo año de la Ley 16/2007, de 4 de julio, de reforma y adaptación de la legislación mercantil en materia contable para su armonización internacional con base a la normativa de la Unión Europea, los cambios que se avecinan en la contabilidad de las empresas van a ser importantes, de ahí que sea nuestra intención, con este artículo y posteriores, ir analizando estos cambios que se van a producir cuando el 1 de enero del año 2008 entre en vigor el nuevo Plan General Contable. En el número anterior de la Revista Contabilidad y Tributación, analizamos las diferencias signifi cativas existentes entre el Nuevo Plan General de Contabilidad (NPGC) y el Plan General Contable del año 1990 (PGC 90), relacionadas con el grupo 1 (Financiación Básica). En este, analizaremos el grupo 2 (Inmovilizado) comentando también los aspectos más relevantes que hemos observado en nuestro estudio. Palabras clave: inmovilizado, instrumentos financieros, deterioro de valor y tasa efectiva.

Resumo: O informe de auditoría de contas anuais debe seguir o formato e a terminoloxía específica recollida nas Normas técnicas de auditoría (NTA) para cumprir o seu fin, o que implica a expresión dunha opinión profesional sobre o contido das contas anuais por parte do auditor. Este traballo pretende analizar os erros que conteñen os informes de auditoría dunha mostra representativa de empresas galegas no período 2004-2007. A observación realizada permitiu concluír que os informes que non conteñen unha opinión favorable son os que presentan un maior número de erros. Estes erros figuran fundamentalmente nos parágrafos de comparabilidade, salvidades e opinión do informe. Así mesmo, detectamos que os auditores que exercen a título individual son os que cometen máis erros, cuestión que cremos de interese tanto para os usuarios dos informes como para o Instituto de Contabilidad y Auditoría de Cuentas (ICAC), principal encargado do control de calidade.

Este traballo ten como obxectivo analizar se os informes de auditoría de contas anuais se redactan de acordo coas Normas Técnicas de Auditoría (NTA) sobre informes, para o cal se estuda se o formato e o contido dos informes é acorde á normativa española vixente, e a súa relación co tipo de opinión que contén e co auditor que o emite. Partimos dunha mostra de 1.236 informes de empresas galegas non cotizadas seleccionadas mediante o método de mostraxe aleatoria estratificada para o período 2004-2007. Unha vez definidas a variable dependente-a cualificación global asignada a un informe segundo o grao de cumprimento das NTA-e as variables independentes-o tipo de auditor e o tipo de opinión-, contrástanse as hipóteses mediante unha análise de regresión coa finalidade de explicar os cambios na probabilidade de atopar un informe non acorde coas NTA en función das variables descritas. Os resultados alcanzados permiten concluír que os informes non sempre se redactan de acordo coas NTA, pois conteñen erros. Os informes con opinión cualificada son os que maiores desviacións presentan con respecto ás normas, sendo os auditores que exercen a título individual os que maior propensión teñen a emitir informes non acordes coas NTA, en comparación coas sociedades ou coas multinacionais.

Grupo de investigación: COAFIN pertencente a ECOBAS, código AGRUP2015/08. Resumo: Dende hai décadas fálase da crise financeira que sofren os sistemas de pensións, o cal derivou na necesidade de instaurar mecanismos de estabilización e reformas co obxectivo de solucionar eses desequilibrios. O Fondo de Reserva é un dos mecanismos utilizados para corrixir as situacións de desequilibrio actuarial do sistema de pensións, actuando perante as crises demográficas e económicas. Este estudo ten como obxectivo a análise da evolución e situación actual do Fondo de Reserva da Seguridade Social en España, e do seu papel na sustentabilidade do sistema público de pensións. O traballo permitiunos identificar oportunidades de mellora e establecer un conxunto de recomendacións que, de ser consideradas polos organismos oficiais poderían converter ao Fondo de Reserva nun elemento relevante na solvencia dos sistemas da Seguridade Social contribuíndo á súa sustentabilidade e aumentando a equidade entre as xeracións de pensionistas. Palabras chave: Fondo de Reserva, Seguridade Social, reforma do sistema de pensións, sustentabilidade, transparencia. Código JEL: H55 Seguridade social e pensións públicas Does the Reserve Fund guarantee the sustainability of the state pension system? Abstract: For decades there have been discussions over the financial crisis that pension systems are facing, which has led to the need of implementing stabilization mechanisms and reforms in order to address those imbalances. The Reserve Fund is one of the mechanisms used to correct the situations of actuarial imbalance of the pension system, acting upon the demographic and economic crisis. This study aims to analyze the evolution and current situation of the Social Security Reserve Fund in Spain, and its role in the sustainability of the state pension system. Our research has allowed us to identify opportunities for improvement and establish a set of recommendations that, if taken into account by the government agencies involved, could turn the Reserve Fund into a relevant element in the solvency of the Social Security systems, contributing to its sustainability and increasing equity among the generations of pensioners.

Resumo: O informe de auditoría de contas anuais debe seguir o formato e a terminoloxía específica recollida nas Normas técnicas de auditoría (NTA) para cumprir o seu fin, o que implica a expresión dunha opinión profesional sobre o contido das contas anuais por parte do auditor. Este traballo pretende analizar os erros que conteñen os informes de auditoría dunha mostra representativa de empresas galegas no período 2004-2007. A observación realizada permitiu concluír que os informes que non conteñen unha opinión favorable son os que presentan un maior número de erros. Estes erros figuran fundamentalmente nos parágrafos de comparabilidade, salvidades e opinión do informe. Así mesmo, detectamos que os auditores que exercen a título individual son os que cometen máis erros, cuestión que cremos de interese tanto para os usuarios dos informes como para o Instituto de Contabilidad y Auditoría de Cuentas (ICAC), principal encargado do control de calidade.

Teamwork skills are considered essential for personal, academic and professional achievement, so universities are increasingly integrating them into their syllabuses. However, little is known about how some specific features of students and their educational development can affect their acquisition. Accordingly, this study aims to fill this gap and describe higher education students’ mastery of teamwork skills and its relation to certain socio-academic variables (gender, academic year and grade point average—GPA). With the aim of determining the level of teamwork skills among university students, an observational, transversal descriptive study was designed with an intentional sample of Spanish university students. The sample is made up of 615 social science degree students. The results suggest significant gender differences, highlighting that female students outdid their male counterparts in most teamwork skills, except leadership. Likewise, students’ skills improved as they progres...

Creative tourism is a novel segment of the tourism market that may turn into a great opportunity for small cities to attract visitors. Thus, it can be a possible economic and social driver for local development. Despite its potentiality, not much empirical research has been conducted to explore the specific strengths and weaknesses of developing creative tourism in small cities, probably due to the lack of reliable data. Our study aims to fill this gap by using the C3 Index, a composite indicator developed by the Joint Research Center-European Commission, as the data source, and the bootstrap method as a statistical tool to detect significant differences between small and large cities. Our findings reveal that the smallest cities show positive features to foster creative tourism (e.g., they have at least as good cultural infrastructures and cultural participation as the largest cities). However, in some other aspects, small cities still have room to improve (e.g., improvements in lo...

There is a clear link between creativity levels, entrepreneurship and employability that implies the need for higher education students to acquire creative skills and abilities. For this reason, this study aims to analyse creativity levels among university students and verify whether certain sociodemographic factors have an impact on creativity. Two approaches were applied to measure creativity; on one hand, divergent thinking measured through three tasks, originality, fluency and flexibility, and creative potential (ideation – Runco Ideational Behavior Scale) on the other. A survey was administered to 303 Business and Tourism Management degree students during the academic year 2016–2017. The results reveal that our students’ creative potential (Runco Ideational Behavior Scale) is relatively high, while the divergent thinking measurements (originality, fluency and flexibility) obtained lower scores. There are gender-based differences in the three divergent thinking constructs, with ...

Purpose This study aims to delve deep into the differences observed in leadership acquisition and development between men and women and analyse the impact of certain extra-curricular activities demonstrated to influence leadership acquisition. With this evidence, this study intends to detect areas that require deeper analysis and suggest actions to redress the balance and promote a more egalitarian leadership in education in both teaching and management positions. Design/methodology/approach Accidental, as opposed to random, sampling was used via a cross-curricular study with a quasi-experimental design. The participants in this study were 335 teacher training students in Spanish universities. The Teamwork Skills Questionnaire was used to evaluate leadership and a self-assessment questionnaire to measure extracurricular activities. Findings Female students score lower in leadership skills and are engaged in fewer activities associated with successful leadership skills development. V...

This paper analyzes whether the Financial Fair Play (FFP) regulations set by Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) have influenced the auditing fees charged to football clubs. In addition, it explores the determinants of audit fees. We used a two-sample t-test with equal variances to determine whether differences are present. After this, we carried out a panel data regression with the clubs fix effect to estimate the determinants of audit fees in football clubs. Our findings revealed an increase of audit fees after the implementation of FFP regulations. On top of that, audit fees were explained by the presence of foreign investors if the audit firm was one of the Big 4 and if the auditor was a woman. The regulation change has had an impact on the audit fees charged by auditors for their services. However, this increase may be compensated over future years given the improving financial situation of clubs; therefore, the auditors’ risk diminishes and subsequent audit fees may...

Audit report lag is considered to be an indicator of audit punctuality and efficiency, while the existence of factors that may determine this lag has been signalled in previous studies. The objective of this study is to identify the determinants of audit report lag in Spanish SMEs, and to analyse the potential singularities of these factors with regards to non-SMEs. With this aim in mind, a set of factors has been analysed; in the previous literature, a relationship has been observed between these factors and the characteristics of the audited company, the auditor and the audit exercise. Additionally, the possible influence of financial crisis and recovery periods is analysed. The sample analysed is made up of 3217 unlisted Spanish firms for the years 2008–2015. Multiple linear regression analysis is used, modelling the audit report lag based on the independent variables related to the characteristics of the audited company, the auditor and the audit exercise. Based on the results o...

The main objective of this study is to analyse the impact of auditor gender on audit fees, with a view to establishing whether there are any differences in audit price depending on the gender of the auditor. Motivation: The existence of a gender gap in audit fees is a problem. In order to try to reduce this gap, it is necessary to understand the determinants of audit fees according to gender. Design/Methodology/Approach: The sample under analysis is made up of 3217 unlisted Spanish companies. In order to fulfil our aim, an audit fee model is put forward, applying a multiple linear regression analysis differentiated by auditor gender. Main findings: The results point to an absence of any statistically significant association between audit fees and auditor gender. In contrast to other countries within the same context, Spanish female audit partners do not generate higher audit fees than their male counterparts; there is no female audit fee premium as there seems to be in other countries such as Belgium, France, Finland, China or the USA. Practical implications: Differences were found among the factors which determine audit fees; there tend to be fewer factors considered in audits signed by female auditors, with indicators related to the economic and financial situation of the company under audit excluded from the fees model. These results could be justified by differences between male and female auditors with respect to audit planning and efficiency. Novelty/Contribution: This paper is a contribution to the literature on gender in auditing, and offers up evidence on the impact of auditor gender on audit fees within a specific context that has not been studied in any depth, namely the Spanish auditing market for unlisted companies.

The objective of this paper is to analyse whether auditors comply with the standards currently in force when writing audit reports in Spain. We try to obtain evidence for the relationship of the errors contained in the report with the type of opinion figuring in it, and with the auditor issuing it. This study is based on a sample of 1236 reports selected by the stratified random sampling method, for the period 2004-2007. Once we had defined the dependent variable, the number of errors committed in the report, the independent variables, the type of auditor and type of opinion, we tested the hypotheses by means of a regression analysis with the aim of estimating the average number of errors that can be found in a report according to the variables described. The results obtained permit us to conclude that reports with a qualified opinion contain a greater number of errors, and that they are committed to a greater extent by individual auditors than by companies and by multinationals.

The current world financial crisis is causing real difficulties in the operation of firms and has generated renewed interest in audit reports. This study aims to analyse the impact of the financial crisis on the audit reports issued by auditors. We focus especially on those reports that contain questions relating to going concern situations. The sample analysed is formed by 2935 audit reports of unlisted Spanish firms for the years 2007-2010. From the results obtained we can affirm that the crisis being suffered by Spanish firms has not gone unnoticed by audit professionals. Our research reveals that as the crisis in Spain has worsened, the proportion of reports that include references to going concern situations has increased in comparison with 2007, when the financial crisis had not become manifest in Spain. The sectors of the Spanish economy most affected by the crisis are real estate and construction. Taking into account whether the audit firm issuing the report is Big-4 or Non-Big-4, no significant differences can be appreciated in the percentage of reports issued with going concern qualifications before the start of the crisis (2007) and during the crisis (2008)(2009)(2010).