, 201x. Effect of citric acid acidified Moringa oleifera seed meal based diet on nutrients digest... more , 201x. Effect of citric acid acidified Moringa oleifera seed meal based diet on nutrients digestibility and growth performance of Cirrhinus mrigala fingerlings. Int. Abstract This research work was conducted to evaluate the effect of citric acid (CA) acidified Moringa oleifera (Lamarck) seed meal (MOSM) based diet on the apparent digestibility coefficients and growth performance of Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton, 1822) fingerlings. MOSM based diet was subdivided into one control diet (0% CA) and five test diets, each supplemented with 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5% CA, respectively. Ten fingerlings of C. mrigala were stocked in V-shaped water tanks used in triplicate for each treatment. The feed was given at 5% live wet body weight of fingerlings for 90 days. Results showed that 3% CA acidified diet significantly enhanced (p<0.05) the apparent digestibility of crude protein (67.93%), crude fat (71.43%) and gross energy (69.00 kcal/g). Diet acidification with CA also significantly (p<0.05) improved overall growth performance of C. mrigala fingerlings as compared to control diet. The acidification of MOSM based diet with 3% CA significantly (p<0.05) increased weight gain (WG; 24.45 g), weight gain percent (WG; 255.73%), specific growth rate (SGR; 1.41) and significantly (p<0.05) decreased feed conversion ratio (FCR; 1.29). In conclusion, 3% CA acidified MOSM based diet is recommended for better nutrients digestibility and growth performance of C. mrigala fingerlings.
Tilapia rendalli juveniles (±9.5 g) were cultured in concrete tanks to determine the effect of fo... more Tilapia rendalli juveniles (±9.5 g) were cultured in concrete tanks to determine the effect of four dietary protein levels (30, 35, 40 and 45% crude protein (CP) in feed on ammonia concentration and growth performance of the fish, stocked at 15 fish per tank. Fish were monitored for a period of 90 days. Fish that were fed on 40% CP diet had significantly (P<0.05) higher weight gain, growth, and low feed conversion ratio (FCR). Ammonia concentration was significantly higher (P<0.05) in tanks where the 45% CP diet was administered, and where also poor growth and survival rate was observed. Poor growth performance of the fish at inadequate (below 30% CP) and oversupply (above 40% CP) protein diet is evidence of the importance of taking precautions on the levels of protein inclusion in diet in tank culture. Higher dietary protein diet precipitates ammonia accumulation, thus compromising growth performance. Based on findings in this study, optimal protein level of 40% CP is recommended for tank culture.
This research work was conducted in specially designed fecal collecting V-shaped tanks having cap... more This research work was conducted in specially designed fecal collecting V-shaped tanks having capacity of 70 liters to determine the synergistic effects of citric acid (CA) and phytase enzyme on the nutrient digestibility of Cirrhinus mrigala fingerlings fed on corn gluten (30%) meal based diets. Nine test diets along with reference were prepared with phytase of 0, 500 and 1000 FTU kg)¹־ and CA 0g (0%), 75g (2.5%) and 150g (5%). Fingerlings were fed twice daily up to 5% of their body weights and fecal material was collected regularly for chemical analysis. Results of present work go in favor of diets supplemented with phytase and CA. Current research clearly hypothesized that phytase enzyme along with CA enhanced nutrient digestibility of Cirrhinus mrigala fingerlings fed on plant based diet. It was observed that maximum nutrient digestibility percentage dry matter 29%, crude protein 69%, crude fat 73% and gross energy is 70% shown by fingerlings fed on diet having phytase 500 FTU kg¹־ combined with CA 5%. In conclusion Cirrhinus mrigala fingerlings fed on diet having phytase 500 FTU kg¹־ combined with CA 5% release nutrients from phytate complexes in plant based diets thus enhance nutrient digestibility, growth rate and release less nutrients through feces thus reduce chances of aquatic pollution.
A variety of multidimensional anthropogenic
activities, especially of industrial level, are conta... more A variety of multidimensional anthropogenic activities, especially of industrial level, are contaminating our aquatic and terrestrial environments with a variety of metallic and non-metallic pollutants. The metallic and non-metallic pollutants addressed specifically in this review are heavy metals and various compound forms of sulfates, respectively. Direct and indirect deleterious effects of the both types of pollutants to all forms of life are well-known. The treatment of such pollutants is therefore much neces-sary before their final discharge into the environment. This review summarizes the productive utility of sulfate-reduc-ing bacteria (SRB) for economical and concomitant treat-ment of the above mentioned wastes. Utilization of agro-industrial wastes and some environmental contaminants including hydrocarbons, as economical growth substrates for SRB, is also suggested and proved efficient in this review. Mechanistically, SRB will utilize sulfates as their terminal electron acceptors during respiration while uti-lizing agro-industrial and/or hydrocarbon wastes as elec-tron donors/carbon sources and generate H2S. The biogenic H2S will then react vigorously with dissolved metals pre-sent in the wastewaters thus forming metal sulfide. The metal sulfide being water insoluble and heavier than water will settle down in the water as precipitates. In this way, three types of pollutants i.e., metals, sulfates and agro-industrial and/or hydrocarbon wastes will be treated simultaneously
Experiment on bioaccumulation of chromium (Cr) in the bodies of Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cir... more Experiment on bioaccumulation of chromium (Cr) in the bodies of Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala was conducted from January through May, 2015. Water, sediment and fish samples were collected on monthly basis from upstream and downstream of head Trimmu, river Chenab. Throughout the study period, mmaximum Cr concentrations from upstream and downstream were recorded as 23.54± 3.43 mg/L and 21.12 ± 3.47 mg/L, respectively. Average metal concentration detected from sediment samples was 71.08±8.32 mg/L. Maximum Cr concentration 81.72±2.54 was recorded during February while minimum 61.24±1.23 mg/L during May. Among all the three fish species, maximum metal concentration was accumulated by Cirrhinus mrigala followed by Catla catla and Labeo rohita. Among fish organs, maximum Cr concentration 4.75±0.78 (µg/g) was recorded from liver whereas minimum 1.10±0.21 (µg/g) from muscles of the fish.
A total of 120, day-old turkey (Maleagris gallopavo) chicks were arranged into four groups. Four ... more A total of 120, day-old turkey (Maleagris gallopavo) chicks were arranged into four groups. Four diets having varying levels of crude protein (CP) viz. 16% CP, 18% CP, 20% CP and 22% CP were prepared and were designated as control (T 0), treatment 1 (T 1), treatment 2 (T 2) and treatment 3 (T 3) diets, respectively. Group 1 birds were fed with T 0 diets, group 2 with
A B S T R A C T The current study extended from January, 2014 to December, 2014 was conducted in ... more A B S T R A C T The current study extended from January, 2014 to December, 2014 was conducted in all the four tehsils of district Kasur. A total of 60 amphibian specimens representing 3 species, 3 genera and 2 families while 71 reptilian specimens representing 15 species, 14 genera and 10 families were captured from the study area. Amphibian species captured from cultivated land included Bufo stomaticus, Hoplobatrachu stigerinus and Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis, while reptiles included Varanus bengalensis, Amphiesma stolatum, Ptyas mucosus, Echis carinatus, Calotes versicolor, Bungarus caeruleus. Lycodon aulicus was the only reptilian species captured from uncultivated land. Human habitations provided habitat to a single amphibian species Bufo stomaticus, while the reptiles
To study the influence of egg weight on internal and external quality egg parameters and biometri... more To study the influence of egg weight on internal and external quality egg parameters and biometrical traits of hatched chicks, a total of 450 eggs of ring necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicums) were collected. These eggs were weighed and classified as light (20.0-26.0g), medium (27.0-32.0g) and heavy (33.0-40.0g) egg weight categories. Egg length, breadth, egg volume and surface area varied significantly (P<0.05) between all the three egg weight categories. Out of total 450 eggs, 150 eggs (50 from each of the egg weight category) were selected for the evaluation of internal egg quality parameters. Significantly higher albumen and yolk weight were recorded in heavy weight egg category while non-significant influence of egg weight was observed on shell and membrane thickness, yolk percentage, yolk index, yolk pH and albumen pH of the egg. Out of the remaining 300 eggs kept in the incubator, 142 hatched successfully. Forty chicks from each of the egg weight category were selected and chick weight, wing length and wingspan were taken at the time of hatching and thereafter increase in these parameters were noted on weekly basis. The effect of egg weight on chick weight, live weight gain, wing length and wingspan was significant (P<0.05). Our studies revealed that egg weight has strong influence on external and internal characteristics of the eggs and the growth parameters in P. colchicus chicks.
Fasciola hepatica was reported for the first time from the faecal sample of a 60 years old man du... more Fasciola hepatica was reported for the first time from the faecal sample of a 60 years old man during the survey of human intestinal parasitic infections in Swat, Pakistan. The man belonged to shepherd community of Swat.
A bat roost with 70 individuals of Rhinolopus lepidus was found from an underground cellar of an ... more A bat roost with 70 individuals of Rhinolopus lepidus was found from an underground cellar of an old temple at Rasul Nagar (32º 19.687 N, 073º 46.922 E), Gujranwala district, in the Punjab province. From the roost, 10 (4♂, 6♀) individuals were captured with the help of a hand net. The average head and body length of all the captured specimens was 42.36±1.1 mm, forearm length was 40.34±0.75 mm, greatest skull length (n = 2) was 17.5±0.49 mm while baculum (n = 2) was 4.35±0.38 mm long. The present record is first from the study area.
Head Khanki is situated at the river Chenab (32o
24'07 N, 73o58'39 E and Elevation i... more Head Khanki is situated at the river Chenab (32o
24'07 N, 73o58'39 E and Elevation is 219 M) district Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan. The ecosystem is a complex of aquatic, terrestrial, forest and agricultural land. The present study was carried from April
2009 to August 2009 and data on diversity, distribution and ecology of birds was collected during dawn (5:00 am to 8:00 am) and dusk (4:00 pm to 7:00 pm) hours for a period of six
months. A total of 64 bird species were recorded from the study area Shannon-wiener diversity index recorded was 3.973, Simpson diversity index 0.9793, Evenness 0.8306, Dominance 0.02067, Margalef index 0.8306 and Density was 2.20.
Specimens of Rhinolophus blasii were captured in Manawa, district Lahore, 43 years after the firs... more Specimens of Rhinolophus blasii were captured in Manawa, district Lahore, 43 years after the first and single ascertained record in Pakistan. External, cranial, and bacular measurements of R. blasii are given for the first time in the country. A B Figure 1 Noseleaf (A) and baculum (B) of Rhinolophus blasii from Manawa (Lahore, Pakistan).
The main objective of this research work was to develop a functional fat from Butter Oil (BO) and... more The main objective of this research work was to develop a functional fat from Butter Oil (BO) and Moringa oleifera Oil (MOO) blends by interesterification process. To prevent the separation of liquid and solid phase the blend was chemically interesterified. MOO was incorporated into BO at five different levels i.e. T1 (90% BO and 10% MOO) T2 (80% (BO) and 20% MOO) T3 (70% BO and 30% MOO) T4 (60% BO and 40% MOO) and T5 (50% BO and 50% MOO). All these treatments were compared with a control T0 which did not contain any addition of MOO (100% BO). Melting point of all the treatments along with control increased after interesterification. Melting point of T5 was 35.5°C with iodine value of 60.44 (g/100 grams). Cholesterol reduction with beta cylodextrin increased as the concentration of MOO increased in the blend. The cholesterol reduction in T1 and T5 was 87 and 94% respectively as compared to control 85%. Oxidative stability was significantly increased with increasing augmentation of MOO in the blend. After 5 days in oven at 63°C the peroxide value of T5 was 2.19 as compared to control 13.14 (M. Eq./kg). It can be concluded that MOO and BO can be used in the formulation of functional and shelf stable fat.
The main objective of this study was to improve the nutritional value of butter milk by blending ... more The main objective of this study was to improve the nutritional value of butter milk by blending with dry leaves of Moringa oleifera that can be used to prevent and correct malnutrition in women and children of this poor nation. Dry leaves of Moringa oleifera was incorporated into butter milk at three different concentrations i.e. 1% addition (T1), 2% addition (T2) and 3% addition (T3). All these treatments were compared with a control T0 without any addition of dry leaves of Moringa oleifera (100% butter milk). Addition of dry leaves of Moringa oleifera at all levels did not have any negative effect on pH and acidity of the fortified butter milk. Protein and ash content increased from 3.41-4.09% and 0.75-1.13% which was 20 and 50% respectively at T3 level. Iron and calcium content of the fortified butter milk increased from 0.03-6.77 and 117.22-174.34 mg/100 grams in T3. Vitamin C, B1, B2 and B3 increased by 168, 233, 393 and 624% respectively as compared to control. Addition of dry leaves of Moringa oleifera at T2 level did not have any significant effect on color, taste and overall acceptability scores. The overall acceptability score of T3 was 6.7 out of 9 which was more than 74%. It was concluded that dry leaves of Moringa oleifera can be used at T3 level (3% addition) to formulate fortified butter milk with increased health benefits and acceptable sensory attributes.
River Chenab is an important wetland of Punjab, Pakistan. Water is becoming polluted due to anthr... more River Chenab is an important wetland of Punjab, Pakistan. Water is becoming polluted due to anthropogenic impact i.e. industrial waste, urbanization, agriculture intensification and global warming. The main objectives of the study were to know the diversity and distribution of fish species of river Chenab. The study was focused at three heads of the river namely Head Marala (district Sialkot), Head Khanki (district Gujrat) and Head Qadirabad (district Gujranwala). Status of fish diversity was recorded with the help of local fisher man from the study area; the data was collected in all seasons. Both, direct and indirect methods were applied to find out fish diversity of the area. The diversity indices were analyzed through statistical software PAST version 2.17 C. During the sampling 34 species was recorded from the river Chenab. The diversity indices indicate a higher diversity at the Head Qadirabad than at Head Khanki and Head Marala. The possible reason may be the presence of a large number of natural and manmade ponds. During flood, fish from these ponds move to the river; further eggs and fingerlings move to rivers through birds and fisherman.
We studied the diet of the Indian flying fox (Pteropus giganteus) in Pakistan from March 2008 to ... more We studied the diet of the Indian flying fox (Pteropus giganteus) in Pakistan from March 2008 to February 2009 and found that the bats fed on 20 species belonging to 11 plant families. Of these, four families (Anacardiaceae, Bignonaceae, Malvaceae, and Sapotaceae) were identified from remnants of flower petals in food boluses while the remaining families (Annonaceae, Arecaceae, Ebenaceae, Meliaceae, Moraceae, Myrtaceae, and Sapindaceae) were identified from the seeds in the boluses and from guano samples. Plants in the family Moraceae (50.7%) comprised most of the bat's diet. Fruit of Ficus retusa (27.5%) and F. carica (23.0%) during winter, F. glomerata (30.9%) and F. religiosa (28.1%) during spring, Psidium guajava (19.6%), F. bengalensis (18.7%) and Diospyros peregrina (17.8%) during summer, and D. peregrina (71.9%) during autumn, were the most frequently identified items. The four seasonal diets varied significantly (χ 2 = 435, d.f. = 18, P < 0.01). Results confirm that the ecological services rendered by P. giganteus, such as pollination and seed dispersal, outweigh its losses, such as damage to the ripe fruit. Hence, the species should not be regarded as a pest; rather efforts should be made to ensure its conservation.
Fecal and blood samples of ring necked pheasants, Phasianus colchicus were analyzed to record the... more Fecal and blood samples of ring necked pheasants, Phasianus colchicus were analyzed to record the parasitic prevalence in these pheasants. A total of 1000 samples, 500 blood and 500 fecal samples were collected from Captive Breeding Facilities for Birds, Department of Wildlife and Ecology, Ravi Campus, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. Parasitic genera identified from blood samples of P. colchicus include Leukocytozoon, Plasmodium and Haemoproteus. Prevalence of Leukocytozoon was 16 % while the prevalence of Haemoproteus was 14.3%. Parasitic genera identified from fecal samples of P. colchicus include Eimeria, Isospora, Trichomonas and Giardia. Eggs of five species of nematodes viz. Capillaria, Syngamus trachea and Ascaridia, Heterakis isolonche and Heterakis gallinarum were also identified from the fecal samples. The ectoparasites included one species of burrowing mite Knemidocoptes mutans and two species of chewing lice i.e. Amyrsidea perdicis and Lipeurus maculosus.
, 201x. Effect of citric acid acidified Moringa oleifera seed meal based diet on nutrients digest... more , 201x. Effect of citric acid acidified Moringa oleifera seed meal based diet on nutrients digestibility and growth performance of Cirrhinus mrigala fingerlings. Int. Abstract This research work was conducted to evaluate the effect of citric acid (CA) acidified Moringa oleifera (Lamarck) seed meal (MOSM) based diet on the apparent digestibility coefficients and growth performance of Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton, 1822) fingerlings. MOSM based diet was subdivided into one control diet (0% CA) and five test diets, each supplemented with 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5% CA, respectively. Ten fingerlings of C. mrigala were stocked in V-shaped water tanks used in triplicate for each treatment. The feed was given at 5% live wet body weight of fingerlings for 90 days. Results showed that 3% CA acidified diet significantly enhanced (p<0.05) the apparent digestibility of crude protein (67.93%), crude fat (71.43%) and gross energy (69.00 kcal/g). Diet acidification with CA also significantly (p<0.05) improved overall growth performance of C. mrigala fingerlings as compared to control diet. The acidification of MOSM based diet with 3% CA significantly (p<0.05) increased weight gain (WG; 24.45 g), weight gain percent (WG; 255.73%), specific growth rate (SGR; 1.41) and significantly (p<0.05) decreased feed conversion ratio (FCR; 1.29). In conclusion, 3% CA acidified MOSM based diet is recommended for better nutrients digestibility and growth performance of C. mrigala fingerlings.
Tilapia rendalli juveniles (±9.5 g) were cultured in concrete tanks to determine the effect of fo... more Tilapia rendalli juveniles (±9.5 g) were cultured in concrete tanks to determine the effect of four dietary protein levels (30, 35, 40 and 45% crude protein (CP) in feed on ammonia concentration and growth performance of the fish, stocked at 15 fish per tank. Fish were monitored for a period of 90 days. Fish that were fed on 40% CP diet had significantly (P<0.05) higher weight gain, growth, and low feed conversion ratio (FCR). Ammonia concentration was significantly higher (P<0.05) in tanks where the 45% CP diet was administered, and where also poor growth and survival rate was observed. Poor growth performance of the fish at inadequate (below 30% CP) and oversupply (above 40% CP) protein diet is evidence of the importance of taking precautions on the levels of protein inclusion in diet in tank culture. Higher dietary protein diet precipitates ammonia accumulation, thus compromising growth performance. Based on findings in this study, optimal protein level of 40% CP is recommended for tank culture.
This research work was conducted in specially designed fecal collecting V-shaped tanks having cap... more This research work was conducted in specially designed fecal collecting V-shaped tanks having capacity of 70 liters to determine the synergistic effects of citric acid (CA) and phytase enzyme on the nutrient digestibility of Cirrhinus mrigala fingerlings fed on corn gluten (30%) meal based diets. Nine test diets along with reference were prepared with phytase of 0, 500 and 1000 FTU kg)¹־ and CA 0g (0%), 75g (2.5%) and 150g (5%). Fingerlings were fed twice daily up to 5% of their body weights and fecal material was collected regularly for chemical analysis. Results of present work go in favor of diets supplemented with phytase and CA. Current research clearly hypothesized that phytase enzyme along with CA enhanced nutrient digestibility of Cirrhinus mrigala fingerlings fed on plant based diet. It was observed that maximum nutrient digestibility percentage dry matter 29%, crude protein 69%, crude fat 73% and gross energy is 70% shown by fingerlings fed on diet having phytase 500 FTU kg¹־ combined with CA 5%. In conclusion Cirrhinus mrigala fingerlings fed on diet having phytase 500 FTU kg¹־ combined with CA 5% release nutrients from phytate complexes in plant based diets thus enhance nutrient digestibility, growth rate and release less nutrients through feces thus reduce chances of aquatic pollution.
A variety of multidimensional anthropogenic
activities, especially of industrial level, are conta... more A variety of multidimensional anthropogenic activities, especially of industrial level, are contaminating our aquatic and terrestrial environments with a variety of metallic and non-metallic pollutants. The metallic and non-metallic pollutants addressed specifically in this review are heavy metals and various compound forms of sulfates, respectively. Direct and indirect deleterious effects of the both types of pollutants to all forms of life are well-known. The treatment of such pollutants is therefore much neces-sary before their final discharge into the environment. This review summarizes the productive utility of sulfate-reduc-ing bacteria (SRB) for economical and concomitant treat-ment of the above mentioned wastes. Utilization of agro-industrial wastes and some environmental contaminants including hydrocarbons, as economical growth substrates for SRB, is also suggested and proved efficient in this review. Mechanistically, SRB will utilize sulfates as their terminal electron acceptors during respiration while uti-lizing agro-industrial and/or hydrocarbon wastes as elec-tron donors/carbon sources and generate H2S. The biogenic H2S will then react vigorously with dissolved metals pre-sent in the wastewaters thus forming metal sulfide. The metal sulfide being water insoluble and heavier than water will settle down in the water as precipitates. In this way, three types of pollutants i.e., metals, sulfates and agro-industrial and/or hydrocarbon wastes will be treated simultaneously
Experiment on bioaccumulation of chromium (Cr) in the bodies of Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cir... more Experiment on bioaccumulation of chromium (Cr) in the bodies of Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala was conducted from January through May, 2015. Water, sediment and fish samples were collected on monthly basis from upstream and downstream of head Trimmu, river Chenab. Throughout the study period, mmaximum Cr concentrations from upstream and downstream were recorded as 23.54± 3.43 mg/L and 21.12 ± 3.47 mg/L, respectively. Average metal concentration detected from sediment samples was 71.08±8.32 mg/L. Maximum Cr concentration 81.72±2.54 was recorded during February while minimum 61.24±1.23 mg/L during May. Among all the three fish species, maximum metal concentration was accumulated by Cirrhinus mrigala followed by Catla catla and Labeo rohita. Among fish organs, maximum Cr concentration 4.75±0.78 (µg/g) was recorded from liver whereas minimum 1.10±0.21 (µg/g) from muscles of the fish.
A total of 120, day-old turkey (Maleagris gallopavo) chicks were arranged into four groups. Four ... more A total of 120, day-old turkey (Maleagris gallopavo) chicks were arranged into four groups. Four diets having varying levels of crude protein (CP) viz. 16% CP, 18% CP, 20% CP and 22% CP were prepared and were designated as control (T 0), treatment 1 (T 1), treatment 2 (T 2) and treatment 3 (T 3) diets, respectively. Group 1 birds were fed with T 0 diets, group 2 with
A B S T R A C T The current study extended from January, 2014 to December, 2014 was conducted in ... more A B S T R A C T The current study extended from January, 2014 to December, 2014 was conducted in all the four tehsils of district Kasur. A total of 60 amphibian specimens representing 3 species, 3 genera and 2 families while 71 reptilian specimens representing 15 species, 14 genera and 10 families were captured from the study area. Amphibian species captured from cultivated land included Bufo stomaticus, Hoplobatrachu stigerinus and Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis, while reptiles included Varanus bengalensis, Amphiesma stolatum, Ptyas mucosus, Echis carinatus, Calotes versicolor, Bungarus caeruleus. Lycodon aulicus was the only reptilian species captured from uncultivated land. Human habitations provided habitat to a single amphibian species Bufo stomaticus, while the reptiles
To study the influence of egg weight on internal and external quality egg parameters and biometri... more To study the influence of egg weight on internal and external quality egg parameters and biometrical traits of hatched chicks, a total of 450 eggs of ring necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicums) were collected. These eggs were weighed and classified as light (20.0-26.0g), medium (27.0-32.0g) and heavy (33.0-40.0g) egg weight categories. Egg length, breadth, egg volume and surface area varied significantly (P<0.05) between all the three egg weight categories. Out of total 450 eggs, 150 eggs (50 from each of the egg weight category) were selected for the evaluation of internal egg quality parameters. Significantly higher albumen and yolk weight were recorded in heavy weight egg category while non-significant influence of egg weight was observed on shell and membrane thickness, yolk percentage, yolk index, yolk pH and albumen pH of the egg. Out of the remaining 300 eggs kept in the incubator, 142 hatched successfully. Forty chicks from each of the egg weight category were selected and chick weight, wing length and wingspan were taken at the time of hatching and thereafter increase in these parameters were noted on weekly basis. The effect of egg weight on chick weight, live weight gain, wing length and wingspan was significant (P<0.05). Our studies revealed that egg weight has strong influence on external and internal characteristics of the eggs and the growth parameters in P. colchicus chicks.
Fasciola hepatica was reported for the first time from the faecal sample of a 60 years old man du... more Fasciola hepatica was reported for the first time from the faecal sample of a 60 years old man during the survey of human intestinal parasitic infections in Swat, Pakistan. The man belonged to shepherd community of Swat.
A bat roost with 70 individuals of Rhinolopus lepidus was found from an underground cellar of an ... more A bat roost with 70 individuals of Rhinolopus lepidus was found from an underground cellar of an old temple at Rasul Nagar (32º 19.687 N, 073º 46.922 E), Gujranwala district, in the Punjab province. From the roost, 10 (4♂, 6♀) individuals were captured with the help of a hand net. The average head and body length of all the captured specimens was 42.36±1.1 mm, forearm length was 40.34±0.75 mm, greatest skull length (n = 2) was 17.5±0.49 mm while baculum (n = 2) was 4.35±0.38 mm long. The present record is first from the study area.
Head Khanki is situated at the river Chenab (32o
24'07 N, 73o58'39 E and Elevation i... more Head Khanki is situated at the river Chenab (32o
24'07 N, 73o58'39 E and Elevation is 219 M) district Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan. The ecosystem is a complex of aquatic, terrestrial, forest and agricultural land. The present study was carried from April
2009 to August 2009 and data on diversity, distribution and ecology of birds was collected during dawn (5:00 am to 8:00 am) and dusk (4:00 pm to 7:00 pm) hours for a period of six
months. A total of 64 bird species were recorded from the study area Shannon-wiener diversity index recorded was 3.973, Simpson diversity index 0.9793, Evenness 0.8306, Dominance 0.02067, Margalef index 0.8306 and Density was 2.20.
Specimens of Rhinolophus blasii were captured in Manawa, district Lahore, 43 years after the firs... more Specimens of Rhinolophus blasii were captured in Manawa, district Lahore, 43 years after the first and single ascertained record in Pakistan. External, cranial, and bacular measurements of R. blasii are given for the first time in the country. A B Figure 1 Noseleaf (A) and baculum (B) of Rhinolophus blasii from Manawa (Lahore, Pakistan).
The main objective of this research work was to develop a functional fat from Butter Oil (BO) and... more The main objective of this research work was to develop a functional fat from Butter Oil (BO) and Moringa oleifera Oil (MOO) blends by interesterification process. To prevent the separation of liquid and solid phase the blend was chemically interesterified. MOO was incorporated into BO at five different levels i.e. T1 (90% BO and 10% MOO) T2 (80% (BO) and 20% MOO) T3 (70% BO and 30% MOO) T4 (60% BO and 40% MOO) and T5 (50% BO and 50% MOO). All these treatments were compared with a control T0 which did not contain any addition of MOO (100% BO). Melting point of all the treatments along with control increased after interesterification. Melting point of T5 was 35.5°C with iodine value of 60.44 (g/100 grams). Cholesterol reduction with beta cylodextrin increased as the concentration of MOO increased in the blend. The cholesterol reduction in T1 and T5 was 87 and 94% respectively as compared to control 85%. Oxidative stability was significantly increased with increasing augmentation of MOO in the blend. After 5 days in oven at 63°C the peroxide value of T5 was 2.19 as compared to control 13.14 (M. Eq./kg). It can be concluded that MOO and BO can be used in the formulation of functional and shelf stable fat.
The main objective of this study was to improve the nutritional value of butter milk by blending ... more The main objective of this study was to improve the nutritional value of butter milk by blending with dry leaves of Moringa oleifera that can be used to prevent and correct malnutrition in women and children of this poor nation. Dry leaves of Moringa oleifera was incorporated into butter milk at three different concentrations i.e. 1% addition (T1), 2% addition (T2) and 3% addition (T3). All these treatments were compared with a control T0 without any addition of dry leaves of Moringa oleifera (100% butter milk). Addition of dry leaves of Moringa oleifera at all levels did not have any negative effect on pH and acidity of the fortified butter milk. Protein and ash content increased from 3.41-4.09% and 0.75-1.13% which was 20 and 50% respectively at T3 level. Iron and calcium content of the fortified butter milk increased from 0.03-6.77 and 117.22-174.34 mg/100 grams in T3. Vitamin C, B1, B2 and B3 increased by 168, 233, 393 and 624% respectively as compared to control. Addition of dry leaves of Moringa oleifera at T2 level did not have any significant effect on color, taste and overall acceptability scores. The overall acceptability score of T3 was 6.7 out of 9 which was more than 74%. It was concluded that dry leaves of Moringa oleifera can be used at T3 level (3% addition) to formulate fortified butter milk with increased health benefits and acceptable sensory attributes.
River Chenab is an important wetland of Punjab, Pakistan. Water is becoming polluted due to anthr... more River Chenab is an important wetland of Punjab, Pakistan. Water is becoming polluted due to anthropogenic impact i.e. industrial waste, urbanization, agriculture intensification and global warming. The main objectives of the study were to know the diversity and distribution of fish species of river Chenab. The study was focused at three heads of the river namely Head Marala (district Sialkot), Head Khanki (district Gujrat) and Head Qadirabad (district Gujranwala). Status of fish diversity was recorded with the help of local fisher man from the study area; the data was collected in all seasons. Both, direct and indirect methods were applied to find out fish diversity of the area. The diversity indices were analyzed through statistical software PAST version 2.17 C. During the sampling 34 species was recorded from the river Chenab. The diversity indices indicate a higher diversity at the Head Qadirabad than at Head Khanki and Head Marala. The possible reason may be the presence of a large number of natural and manmade ponds. During flood, fish from these ponds move to the river; further eggs and fingerlings move to rivers through birds and fisherman.
We studied the diet of the Indian flying fox (Pteropus giganteus) in Pakistan from March 2008 to ... more We studied the diet of the Indian flying fox (Pteropus giganteus) in Pakistan from March 2008 to February 2009 and found that the bats fed on 20 species belonging to 11 plant families. Of these, four families (Anacardiaceae, Bignonaceae, Malvaceae, and Sapotaceae) were identified from remnants of flower petals in food boluses while the remaining families (Annonaceae, Arecaceae, Ebenaceae, Meliaceae, Moraceae, Myrtaceae, and Sapindaceae) were identified from the seeds in the boluses and from guano samples. Plants in the family Moraceae (50.7%) comprised most of the bat's diet. Fruit of Ficus retusa (27.5%) and F. carica (23.0%) during winter, F. glomerata (30.9%) and F. religiosa (28.1%) during spring, Psidium guajava (19.6%), F. bengalensis (18.7%) and Diospyros peregrina (17.8%) during summer, and D. peregrina (71.9%) during autumn, were the most frequently identified items. The four seasonal diets varied significantly (χ 2 = 435, d.f. = 18, P < 0.01). Results confirm that the ecological services rendered by P. giganteus, such as pollination and seed dispersal, outweigh its losses, such as damage to the ripe fruit. Hence, the species should not be regarded as a pest; rather efforts should be made to ensure its conservation.
Fecal and blood samples of ring necked pheasants, Phasianus colchicus were analyzed to record the... more Fecal and blood samples of ring necked pheasants, Phasianus colchicus were analyzed to record the parasitic prevalence in these pheasants. A total of 1000 samples, 500 blood and 500 fecal samples were collected from Captive Breeding Facilities for Birds, Department of Wildlife and Ecology, Ravi Campus, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. Parasitic genera identified from blood samples of P. colchicus include Leukocytozoon, Plasmodium and Haemoproteus. Prevalence of Leukocytozoon was 16 % while the prevalence of Haemoproteus was 14.3%. Parasitic genera identified from fecal samples of P. colchicus include Eimeria, Isospora, Trichomonas and Giardia. Eggs of five species of nematodes viz. Capillaria, Syngamus trachea and Ascaridia, Heterakis isolonche and Heterakis gallinarum were also identified from the fecal samples. The ectoparasites included one species of burrowing mite Knemidocoptes mutans and two species of chewing lice i.e. Amyrsidea perdicis and Lipeurus maculosus.
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Papers by Arshad Javid
activities, especially of industrial level, are contaminating
our aquatic and terrestrial environments with a variety of
metallic and non-metallic pollutants. The metallic and non-metallic pollutants addressed specifically in this review are
heavy metals and various compound forms of sulfates,
respectively. Direct and indirect deleterious effects of the
both types of pollutants to all forms of life are well-known.
The treatment of such pollutants is therefore much neces-sary before their final discharge into the environment. This
review summarizes the productive utility of sulfate-reduc-ing bacteria (SRB) for economical and concomitant treat-ment of the above mentioned wastes. Utilization of agro-industrial wastes and some environmental contaminants
including hydrocarbons, as economical growth substrates
for SRB, is also suggested and proved efficient in this
review. Mechanistically, SRB will utilize sulfates as their
terminal electron acceptors during respiration while uti-lizing agro-industrial and/or hydrocarbon wastes as elec-tron donors/carbon sources and generate H2S. The biogenic
H2S will then react vigorously with dissolved metals pre-sent in the wastewaters thus forming metal sulfide. The
metal sulfide being water insoluble and heavier than water
will settle down in the water as precipitates. In this way,
three types of pollutants i.e., metals, sulfates and agro-industrial and/or hydrocarbon wastes will be treated
simultaneously
24'07 N, 73o58'39 E and Elevation is 219 M) district Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan. The ecosystem is a complex of aquatic, terrestrial, forest and agricultural land. The present study was carried from April
2009 to August 2009 and data on diversity, distribution and ecology of birds was collected during dawn (5:00 am to 8:00 am) and dusk (4:00 pm to 7:00 pm) hours for a period of six
months. A total of 64 bird species were recorded from the study area Shannon-wiener diversity index recorded was 3.973, Simpson diversity index 0.9793, Evenness 0.8306, Dominance 0.02067, Margalef index 0.8306 and Density was 2.20.
activities, especially of industrial level, are contaminating
our aquatic and terrestrial environments with a variety of
metallic and non-metallic pollutants. The metallic and non-metallic pollutants addressed specifically in this review are
heavy metals and various compound forms of sulfates,
respectively. Direct and indirect deleterious effects of the
both types of pollutants to all forms of life are well-known.
The treatment of such pollutants is therefore much neces-sary before their final discharge into the environment. This
review summarizes the productive utility of sulfate-reduc-ing bacteria (SRB) for economical and concomitant treat-ment of the above mentioned wastes. Utilization of agro-industrial wastes and some environmental contaminants
including hydrocarbons, as economical growth substrates
for SRB, is also suggested and proved efficient in this
review. Mechanistically, SRB will utilize sulfates as their
terminal electron acceptors during respiration while uti-lizing agro-industrial and/or hydrocarbon wastes as elec-tron donors/carbon sources and generate H2S. The biogenic
H2S will then react vigorously with dissolved metals pre-sent in the wastewaters thus forming metal sulfide. The
metal sulfide being water insoluble and heavier than water
will settle down in the water as precipitates. In this way,
three types of pollutants i.e., metals, sulfates and agro-industrial and/or hydrocarbon wastes will be treated
simultaneously
24'07 N, 73o58'39 E and Elevation is 219 M) district Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan. The ecosystem is a complex of aquatic, terrestrial, forest and agricultural land. The present study was carried from April
2009 to August 2009 and data on diversity, distribution and ecology of birds was collected during dawn (5:00 am to 8:00 am) and dusk (4:00 pm to 7:00 pm) hours for a period of six
months. A total of 64 bird species were recorded from the study area Shannon-wiener diversity index recorded was 3.973, Simpson diversity index 0.9793, Evenness 0.8306, Dominance 0.02067, Margalef index 0.8306 and Density was 2.20.