Papers by Sandra Calkins
Anthropological Quarterly, 2019
Science, Technology, & Human Values, 2023
In view of persistent global inequalities in scientific knowledge production with clear centers a... more In view of persistent global inequalities in scientific knowledge production with clear centers and peripheries, this paper examines a lingering concern for many scientists in the Global South: why is it, at times, so hard to have scientific insights from the South recognized? This paper addresses this big question from within a long-term field immersion in a Ugandan–Australian scientific collaboration in molecular biology. I show how disciplinary hierarchies of value affect the distribution of labor between Uganda and Australia and thematize the role of place and its affective atmospheres that texture the quotidian scientific work in this project. Unsurprisingly, they tend to devalue Ugandan sites and contributions, and turn Uganda into a rather unlikely site for new insights to emerge. However, in spite of doing devalued and outsourced “menial” labor such as fieldwork, Ugandan biologists’ fieldwork involves affective encounters with their experimental banana plants that thereby be...
Social Studies of Science, 2021
This article complicates romances of infrastructural improvisation by describing infrastructural ... more This article complicates romances of infrastructural improvisation by describing infrastructural failures that expose researchers to hazardous chemicals in a Ugandan molecular biology lab. To meet project deadlines, to make careers and to participate in transnational collaborative projects, Ugandan biologists have to stand in for decaying or absent infrastructures with their bodies. Ugandan biologists hide such sacrifices from their international scientific partners and direct the blame elsewhere. An unclear culpability results precisely from the ways in which power works and is distributed across transnational scientific infrastructures.
Anthropology Today, 2020
How does one know a toxic substance? Perhaps paradoxically, through contact with it, as I show et... more How does one know a toxic substance? Perhaps paradoxically, through contact with it, as I show ethnographically from a molecular biology laboratory in Uganda, a site where people routinely handle a range of chemicals, including potentially hazardous toxicants. I analyse an everyday situation in which researchers worked with ethidium bromide, a substance regularly used to stain DNA bands in gels at this Ugandan lab but also in many comparable labs elsewhere. Ethidium bromide is one of the most fear‐inspiring chemicals at this lab; it is considered a potent mutagen and thus counts as highly carcinogenic. While the lab has clear safety procedures concerning how to handle this substance correctly, these are often not implemented in a hard‐to‐control lab setting marked by both material deprivation and a steady flow of unremunerated volunteers who seek to gain practical experience. I show how experienced Ugandan scientists have learned to mitigate their own risk of exposure to ethidium bromide by developing choreographed routines that prevent them from inadvertently touching it. I examine this as a way of ‘handling’ a dangerous substance, developing and habituating skilled movements of hands and bodies that then are passed on to other researchers. It is not an abstract knowledge of a substance's chemical properties that counts here; instead, knowing a toxic substance implies practical routines of handling.
Medicine Anthropology Theory, 2019
What notions of health and proper nutrition are articulated in the use and promotion of agricultu... more What notions of health and proper nutrition are articulated in the use and promotion of agricultural biotechnology in the global South? What future trajectories for health do they envision? Experiments with genetically modified bananas in Uganda use the fruit as a vehicle to achieve public health goals. This work in plant science understands itself as humanitarian, drawing on specific notions of health and its opposite: the deficient health of humans and plants. Instead of thinking about improved health through bananas, which implies an instrumental relationship to plants, I connect this high-tech effort to a way of thinking with the banana plant in central Uganda that highlights the entanglement of human and plant growth. Expanding our thinking about health with plants and the gardens where they grow relocates the production of health to sites that still seldom figure in medical anthropology and helps reconceptualize what one takes growth to be and what relations can sustain cross-species thriving.
Recently an ancient resource-gold-gained new importance in Sudan. To inquire into the making of v... more Recently an ancient resource-gold-gained new importance in Sudan. To inquire into the making of values and their negotiation at a time of national economic reorientation, I explore the emergence of a resource category, so-called clean gold, and link this to the introduction of a new prospecting technology-metal detectors. I follow the translation of metal detectors to Sudan and explore them in relation to a broader techno-economic infrastructure of artisanal gold mining that enables the extractive practice and circulates new forms of moral reasoning. Not only has a new resource category emerged but I argue that these devices and the moral worlds they have coconstituted have also enabled younger men to test and challenge the economic and moral authority of an older generation of men.
253-70. London: Routledge.
Canadian Journal of African Studies 49 (1), 175-195. DOI: 10.1080/00083968.2014.963135., 2015
All social theory emphasises that institutions universally play a crucial role in organising the ... more All social theory emphasises that institutions universally play a crucial role in organising the ways in which people live together. At the same time the concept is vaguely defined and used in different ways. Inspired by the pragmatic sociology of critique, we emphasise how institutions enable people and things to hold together and provide important references for action in settings with limited predictability for everyday life. We first analyse how the concept of institutions has been used in scholarship on land tenure in Sudan. We then suggest, using a case study, that increased attention to the different ways in which actors validate or challenge institutions helps to examine the precariousness of institutional orders in the Sudans. This can move Sudan Studies beyond some of the limitations of previous scholarship, such as a tendency towards interpretations that reiterate institutions as timeless, discrete and immutable units such as “traditional” or “modern”.
Contemporary citing practices do something significant to developments in the sciences and the hu... more Contemporary citing practices do something significant to developments in the sciences and the humanities: they create giants by attributing a scarce academic good – namely originality – to certain authors, while ignoring others. Originality is not a straightforward qualification of a contribution and its impact on academic disputes. Rather it is something that is made and stabilized through citation practices. We contend that the criteria by which authors select from an ocean of possible sources relate to structuring principles that organize the scientific field and various understandings of “what is” a proper publication and “what counts” in publishing scholarly work. The assertion is that these understandings can be identified as conventions of citation, which inform writing and citing practices. Thus far, this seems to be nothing particularly new. However, we bring existing arguments and approaches together to (1) make a first step towards a novel approach to citation analysis and (2) explore several conventions and techniques of citation in German-speaking anthropology after 1965. We show that some citing techniques have solidified more than others and contribute to aporetic debates about German anthropology’s parochialism.
Disrupting territories. Land, commodification and conflict in Sudan, edited by Jörg Gertel, Richard Rottenburg and Sandra Calkins. Woodbridge: James Currey, 52-76., 2014
Forging two nations. Insights on Sudan and South Sudan, edited by Elke Grawert. Addis Ababa and Bonn: OSSREA and BICC, 112-126., 2013
Disrupting Territories. Land, Commodification and Conflict in Sudan, edited by Jörg Gertel, Richard Rottenburg and Sandra Calkins. Woodbridge: James Currey, 180-205., 2014
This chapter analyses how landless pastoral people in northeastern Sudan, ‘the Rashaida’, articul... more This chapter analyses how landless pastoral people in northeastern Sudan, ‘the Rashaida’, articulated a need for land and gained an access to it. Their classification as a newcomer tribe without a homeland (dār), based on their immigrant and occupational backgrounds, profoundly affected how they organized access to land, even after having lived in Sudan for generations. I juxtapose people’s land relations in two regions, the Lower Atbara area and Kassala, focusing attention on the entanglements between regional economic opportunities, political mobilization and the modes in which belonging is articulated. I argue that processes of social stratification, which resulted in the formation of an elite in Kassala, are fundamental to representing ‘the Rashaida’ as an ethnic group in the Sudanese political sphere. This affects the modalities of land access. In the Lower Atbara, where people are still largely disconnected from the benefits of recent political developments in Eastern Sudan, individuals have to make sense of their situations and find their own pragmatic arrangements with landowning groups. In Kassala, through a process of ethno-political mobilization, specific land-related grievances were translated into a concern of the ethnic group, resulting in an access to some resources (settlement land, government offices).
To theorize this move from individual to collective organization of land access, I draw upon Thévenot’s notion of ‘investments in forms’ (1984), which highlights the difficult and arduous work of establishing/maintaining any form that could facilitate co-ordination against a background of uncertainty. Invested forms are conceived as the things that hold together in situations and enable co-ordination, such as rules, classifications, codes, habits, laws, etc. In this case ethnicity figures as invested forms, a label that is (re)established and stabilized through arduous and repetitive semantic investments. Yet, ethnicity as a form, while effective in mobilizing Rashaida as a group, is insufficient to claim access to land as latecomers but rather I show how theydraw on various other arguments to support their claims to land.

Books by Sandra Calkins
This volume advances a comprehensive transdisciplinary approach to the affective lives of institu... more This volume advances a comprehensive transdisciplinary approach to the affective lives of institutions-theoretical, conceptual, empirical, and critical. With this approach, the volume foregrounds the role of affect in sustaining as well as transforming institutional arrangements that are deeply problematic. As part of its analysis, this book develops a novel understanding of institutional affect. It explores how institutions produce, frame, and condition affective dynamics and emotional repertoires, in ways that engender conformance or resistance to institutional requirements. This collection of works will be important for scholars and students of interdisciplinary affect and emotion studies from a wide range of disciplines, including social sciences, cultural studies, social and cultural anthropology, organizational and institution studies, media studies, social philosophy, aesthetics, and critical theory.
U n c e r ta i n t y i n n o r t h -e a s t e r n s U d a n
Sudan experiences one of the most severe fissures between society and territory in Africa. Not on... more Sudan experiences one of the most severe fissures between society and territory in Africa. Not only were its international borders redrawn when South Sudan separated in 2011, but conflicts continue to erupt over access to land: territorial claims are challenged by local and international actors; borders are contested; contracts governing the privatization of resources are contentious; and the legal entitlements to agricultural land are disputed. Under these new dynamics of land grabbing and resource extraction, fundamental relationships between people and land are being disrupted: while land has become a global commodity, for millions it still serves as a crucial reference for identity-formation and constitutes their most important source of livelihood.
This book seeks to disentangle the emerging relationships between people and land in Sudan. The first part focuses on the spatial impact of resource-extracting economies: foreign agricultural land acquisitions; Chinese investments in oil production; and competition between artisanal and industrial gold mining. Detailed ethnographic case studies in the second part, from Darfur, South Kordofan, Red Sea State, Kassala, Blue Nile, and Khartoum State, show how rural people experience "their" land vis-à-vis the latest wave of privatization and commercialization of land rights.
Contents
1 Disrupting territories: commodification and its consequences by Jörg Gertel, Richard Rottenburg and Sandra Calkins
2 Agricultural Investment through Land Grabbing in Sudan by Siddiq Umbadda
3 Territories of gold mining: international investment and artisanal extraction in Sudan by Sandra Calkins and Enrico Ille
4 Oil, Water and Agriculture: Chinese impact on Sudanese land use by Janka Linke
5 Nomad-sedentary relations in the context of dynamic land rights in Darfur: from complementarity to conflict by Musa Adam Abdul-Jalil
6 Sedentary-nomadic relations in a shared territory: post-conflict dynamics in the Nuba mountains, Sudan by Guma Kunda Komey
7 Entangled land and identity: Beja history and institutions by Sara Pantuliano
8 Gaining an access to land: everyday negotiations and ethnic politics of Rashaida in north-eastern Sudan by Sandra Calkins
9 Hausa and Fulbe on the Blue Nile: land conflict between farmers and herders by Elhadi Ibrahim Osman and Günther Schlee
10 A central marginality: the invisibilization of urban pastoralists in Khartoum state by Barbara Casciarri
This book explores the emergent character of social orders in Sudan and South Sudan. It provides ... more This book explores the emergent character of social orders in Sudan and South Sudan. It provides vivid insights into multitudes of ordering practices and their complex negotiation. Recurring patterns of exclusion and ongoing struggles to reconfigure disadvantaged positions are investigated as are shifting borders, changing alliances and relationships with land and language.
The book takes a careful and close look at institutional arrangements that shape everyday life in the Sudans, probing how social forms have persisted or changed. It proposes reading the post-colonial history of the Sudans as a continuous struggle to find institutional orders valid for all citizens. The separation of Sudan and South Sudan in 2011 has not solved this dilemma. Exclusionary and exploitative practices endure and inhibit the rule of law, distributive justice, political participation and functioning infrastructure. Analyses of historical records and recent ethnographic data assembled here show that orders do not result directly from intended courses of action, planning and orchestration but from contingently emerging patterns. The studies included look beyond dominant elites caught in violent fights for powers, cycles of civil war and fragile peace agreements to explore a broad range of social formations, some of which may have the potential to glue people and things together in peaceful co-existence, while others give way to new violence.
Table of Contents
Emergence and Contestation of Orders in the Sudans by Sandra Calkins, Enrico Ille & Richard Rottenburg 1
Part 1: Borders and Boundaries
Re-Thinking the Role of Historiography in Sudan at a Time of Crisis: The De-Construction and Re-Construction of “Sudanese History” by Yoshiko Kurita 19
The Long History of Conflict, Integration and Changing Alliances on the Darfur/Chad Border by Andrea Behrends 33
Whose Land? Disentangling Border Claims in Sudan by Douglas H. Johnson 62
Identifying the South Sudanese: Registration for the January 2011 Referendum and Defining a New Nationality by Nicki Kindersley 72
The Order of Iconicity and the Mutability of “the Moro Language” by Siri Lamoureaux 88
Part 2: Production and Distribution
Competing Forms of Land Use and Incompatible Identifications of Who Is to Benefit from Policies in the South of the North: Pastoralists, Agro- Industry and Farmers in the Blue Nile Region by Günther Schlee 111
Small-Scale Farming in Southern Gedaref State, East Sudan by Zahir Musa Abdal-Kareem 127
Gifts, Guns & Govvermen: South Sudan and its South-East by Immo Eulenberger 141
Negotiating Distributive Orders in Rural Sudan: Justification and Critique of Charitable Gifts by Sandra Calkins 176
Part 3: Organisation and representation
Greedy Seed Banks? Uncertainty and the Organisation of Distribution in the Nuba Mountains / South Kordofan by Enrico Ille 200
Institutionalisation and Regulation of Medical Kits in an Emergency Situation in the Nuba Mountains / South Kordofan by Mariam Sharif 219
“Popular Consultation” as a Mechanism for Peaceful Social Order in the Nuba Mountains / South Kordofan? by Guma Kunda Komey 229
Confusing DDR – How DDR Shifted its Face by Timm Sureau 247
Talks / events by Sandra Calkins
Biofortification is a technical fix for a nutritional problem that has gained currency on global ... more Biofortification is a technical fix for a nutritional problem that has gained currency on global health agendas--hidden hunger or micronutrient malnutrition. Biofortification of staple crops means enriching crops with micronutrients, such as vitamin A, iron, or zinc. This is done through conventional breeding techniques or genetic modification, allegedly making plants better than are naturally. I draw on recent ethnographic fieldwork in Ugandan laboratories, which are testing biofortified crops, to examine links between the construction of the problem “hidden hunger” and the solutions enacted in biofortification programs. Evidence production is a critical dimension of problem-solving: it defines the scale of the problem, guides the search for solutions and is central for the evaluation of performances. “Hidden hunger” is difficult to measure and often diet serves as a proxy to assess the nutritional status. While there are uncertainties about the types of nutrients lacking most, biofortification initiatives mostly enact hidden hunger as a deficiency of three micronutrients--iron, vitamin A, and zinc. This translation does not emerge from the purported severity of lacks of these micronutrients alone, but is entangled with a range of techno-scientific issues, such as what is feasible in plant engineering/breeding, what is cost-effective, and, importantly, how micronutrients are measurable in different body fluids and allow to establish the efficacy of biofortification. I contribute to burgeoning debates on measurement, evidence, and meliorism in STS and suggest that instead of developmental problems searching for solutions, solutions like biofortification may also be searching out their own problems.
Trials and different forms of testing have become ubiquitous.
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Papers by Sandra Calkins
To theorize this move from individual to collective organization of land access, I draw upon Thévenot’s notion of ‘investments in forms’ (1984), which highlights the difficult and arduous work of establishing/maintaining any form that could facilitate co-ordination against a background of uncertainty. Invested forms are conceived as the things that hold together in situations and enable co-ordination, such as rules, classifications, codes, habits, laws, etc. In this case ethnicity figures as invested forms, a label that is (re)established and stabilized through arduous and repetitive semantic investments. Yet, ethnicity as a form, while effective in mobilizing Rashaida as a group, is insufficient to claim access to land as latecomers but rather I show how theydraw on various other arguments to support their claims to land.

Books by Sandra Calkins
This book seeks to disentangle the emerging relationships between people and land in Sudan. The first part focuses on the spatial impact of resource-extracting economies: foreign agricultural land acquisitions; Chinese investments in oil production; and competition between artisanal and industrial gold mining. Detailed ethnographic case studies in the second part, from Darfur, South Kordofan, Red Sea State, Kassala, Blue Nile, and Khartoum State, show how rural people experience "their" land vis-à-vis the latest wave of privatization and commercialization of land rights.
Contents
1 Disrupting territories: commodification and its consequences by Jörg Gertel, Richard Rottenburg and Sandra Calkins
2 Agricultural Investment through Land Grabbing in Sudan by Siddiq Umbadda
3 Territories of gold mining: international investment and artisanal extraction in Sudan by Sandra Calkins and Enrico Ille
4 Oil, Water and Agriculture: Chinese impact on Sudanese land use by Janka Linke
5 Nomad-sedentary relations in the context of dynamic land rights in Darfur: from complementarity to conflict by Musa Adam Abdul-Jalil
6 Sedentary-nomadic relations in a shared territory: post-conflict dynamics in the Nuba mountains, Sudan by Guma Kunda Komey
7 Entangled land and identity: Beja history and institutions by Sara Pantuliano
8 Gaining an access to land: everyday negotiations and ethnic politics of Rashaida in north-eastern Sudan by Sandra Calkins
9 Hausa and Fulbe on the Blue Nile: land conflict between farmers and herders by Elhadi Ibrahim Osman and Günther Schlee
10 A central marginality: the invisibilization of urban pastoralists in Khartoum state by Barbara Casciarri
The book takes a careful and close look at institutional arrangements that shape everyday life in the Sudans, probing how social forms have persisted or changed. It proposes reading the post-colonial history of the Sudans as a continuous struggle to find institutional orders valid for all citizens. The separation of Sudan and South Sudan in 2011 has not solved this dilemma. Exclusionary and exploitative practices endure and inhibit the rule of law, distributive justice, political participation and functioning infrastructure. Analyses of historical records and recent ethnographic data assembled here show that orders do not result directly from intended courses of action, planning and orchestration but from contingently emerging patterns. The studies included look beyond dominant elites caught in violent fights for powers, cycles of civil war and fragile peace agreements to explore a broad range of social formations, some of which may have the potential to glue people and things together in peaceful co-existence, while others give way to new violence.
Table of Contents
Emergence and Contestation of Orders in the Sudans by Sandra Calkins, Enrico Ille & Richard Rottenburg 1
Part 1: Borders and Boundaries
Re-Thinking the Role of Historiography in Sudan at a Time of Crisis: The De-Construction and Re-Construction of “Sudanese History” by Yoshiko Kurita 19
The Long History of Conflict, Integration and Changing Alliances on the Darfur/Chad Border by Andrea Behrends 33
Whose Land? Disentangling Border Claims in Sudan by Douglas H. Johnson 62
Identifying the South Sudanese: Registration for the January 2011 Referendum and Defining a New Nationality by Nicki Kindersley 72
The Order of Iconicity and the Mutability of “the Moro Language” by Siri Lamoureaux 88
Part 2: Production and Distribution
Competing Forms of Land Use and Incompatible Identifications of Who Is to Benefit from Policies in the South of the North: Pastoralists, Agro- Industry and Farmers in the Blue Nile Region by Günther Schlee 111
Small-Scale Farming in Southern Gedaref State, East Sudan by Zahir Musa Abdal-Kareem 127
Gifts, Guns & Govvermen: South Sudan and its South-East by Immo Eulenberger 141
Negotiating Distributive Orders in Rural Sudan: Justification and Critique of Charitable Gifts by Sandra Calkins 176
Part 3: Organisation and representation
Greedy Seed Banks? Uncertainty and the Organisation of Distribution in the Nuba Mountains / South Kordofan by Enrico Ille 200
Institutionalisation and Regulation of Medical Kits in an Emergency Situation in the Nuba Mountains / South Kordofan by Mariam Sharif 219
“Popular Consultation” as a Mechanism for Peaceful Social Order in the Nuba Mountains / South Kordofan? by Guma Kunda Komey 229
Confusing DDR – How DDR Shifted its Face by Timm Sureau 247
Talks / events by Sandra Calkins
To theorize this move from individual to collective organization of land access, I draw upon Thévenot’s notion of ‘investments in forms’ (1984), which highlights the difficult and arduous work of establishing/maintaining any form that could facilitate co-ordination against a background of uncertainty. Invested forms are conceived as the things that hold together in situations and enable co-ordination, such as rules, classifications, codes, habits, laws, etc. In this case ethnicity figures as invested forms, a label that is (re)established and stabilized through arduous and repetitive semantic investments. Yet, ethnicity as a form, while effective in mobilizing Rashaida as a group, is insufficient to claim access to land as latecomers but rather I show how theydraw on various other arguments to support their claims to land.

This book seeks to disentangle the emerging relationships between people and land in Sudan. The first part focuses on the spatial impact of resource-extracting economies: foreign agricultural land acquisitions; Chinese investments in oil production; and competition between artisanal and industrial gold mining. Detailed ethnographic case studies in the second part, from Darfur, South Kordofan, Red Sea State, Kassala, Blue Nile, and Khartoum State, show how rural people experience "their" land vis-à-vis the latest wave of privatization and commercialization of land rights.
Contents
1 Disrupting territories: commodification and its consequences by Jörg Gertel, Richard Rottenburg and Sandra Calkins
2 Agricultural Investment through Land Grabbing in Sudan by Siddiq Umbadda
3 Territories of gold mining: international investment and artisanal extraction in Sudan by Sandra Calkins and Enrico Ille
4 Oil, Water and Agriculture: Chinese impact on Sudanese land use by Janka Linke
5 Nomad-sedentary relations in the context of dynamic land rights in Darfur: from complementarity to conflict by Musa Adam Abdul-Jalil
6 Sedentary-nomadic relations in a shared territory: post-conflict dynamics in the Nuba mountains, Sudan by Guma Kunda Komey
7 Entangled land and identity: Beja history and institutions by Sara Pantuliano
8 Gaining an access to land: everyday negotiations and ethnic politics of Rashaida in north-eastern Sudan by Sandra Calkins
9 Hausa and Fulbe on the Blue Nile: land conflict between farmers and herders by Elhadi Ibrahim Osman and Günther Schlee
10 A central marginality: the invisibilization of urban pastoralists in Khartoum state by Barbara Casciarri
The book takes a careful and close look at institutional arrangements that shape everyday life in the Sudans, probing how social forms have persisted or changed. It proposes reading the post-colonial history of the Sudans as a continuous struggle to find institutional orders valid for all citizens. The separation of Sudan and South Sudan in 2011 has not solved this dilemma. Exclusionary and exploitative practices endure and inhibit the rule of law, distributive justice, political participation and functioning infrastructure. Analyses of historical records and recent ethnographic data assembled here show that orders do not result directly from intended courses of action, planning and orchestration but from contingently emerging patterns. The studies included look beyond dominant elites caught in violent fights for powers, cycles of civil war and fragile peace agreements to explore a broad range of social formations, some of which may have the potential to glue people and things together in peaceful co-existence, while others give way to new violence.
Table of Contents
Emergence and Contestation of Orders in the Sudans by Sandra Calkins, Enrico Ille & Richard Rottenburg 1
Part 1: Borders and Boundaries
Re-Thinking the Role of Historiography in Sudan at a Time of Crisis: The De-Construction and Re-Construction of “Sudanese History” by Yoshiko Kurita 19
The Long History of Conflict, Integration and Changing Alliances on the Darfur/Chad Border by Andrea Behrends 33
Whose Land? Disentangling Border Claims in Sudan by Douglas H. Johnson 62
Identifying the South Sudanese: Registration for the January 2011 Referendum and Defining a New Nationality by Nicki Kindersley 72
The Order of Iconicity and the Mutability of “the Moro Language” by Siri Lamoureaux 88
Part 2: Production and Distribution
Competing Forms of Land Use and Incompatible Identifications of Who Is to Benefit from Policies in the South of the North: Pastoralists, Agro- Industry and Farmers in the Blue Nile Region by Günther Schlee 111
Small-Scale Farming in Southern Gedaref State, East Sudan by Zahir Musa Abdal-Kareem 127
Gifts, Guns & Govvermen: South Sudan and its South-East by Immo Eulenberger 141
Negotiating Distributive Orders in Rural Sudan: Justification and Critique of Charitable Gifts by Sandra Calkins 176
Part 3: Organisation and representation
Greedy Seed Banks? Uncertainty and the Organisation of Distribution in the Nuba Mountains / South Kordofan by Enrico Ille 200
Institutionalisation and Regulation of Medical Kits in an Emergency Situation in the Nuba Mountains / South Kordofan by Mariam Sharif 219
“Popular Consultation” as a Mechanism for Peaceful Social Order in the Nuba Mountains / South Kordofan? by Guma Kunda Komey 229
Confusing DDR – How DDR Shifted its Face by Timm Sureau 247