The tissue factor (TF) – tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) axis plays a major role in hemost... more The tissue factor (TF) – tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) axis plays a major role in hemostasis. Disorders of the coagulation system are commonly diagnosed with the help of screening tests such as prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), and plasma fibrinogen concentration (PFC). However, the effect of prebiotics on the hemostasis system has not been characterized in poultry yet. This study was designed to determine the effect of in ovo administration of prebiotics on blood coagulation parameters of broiler chickens depending on their age. The study was conducted with 180 broiler chick embryos, the air cells of which were injected on day 12 of incubation with prebiotics (experimental groups: Bi2tos, DiNovo® and RFO) or physiological saline solution (control group). At 1, 21 and 42 days of rearing, blood was sampled from 15 broiler chickens from each group. An enzyme immunoassay was performed to determine plasma TF and TFPI levels, and PT, aPTT and PFC were determined in the chicken blood. We demonstrated that: 1) total TF levels increased with age in the experimental groups, 2) prebiotics had no significant effect on TF levels between the groups at a particular age, 3) total TFPI levels differed between both the type of in ovo injected substance and the broiler chicken age, 4) in the control group, PT and aPTT were found to increase with age whilst fibrinogen concentration decreased. The main conclusion from this pilot study is that total TF and TFPI levels change with age, however no clear patterns regarding TFPI were detected yet. The levels of PT, aPTT and PFC varied with the prebiotics administered in ovo as well as with the age of broiler chickens.
Intensive genetic selection has improved productive traits in poultry and contributed to changes ... more Intensive genetic selection has improved productive traits in poultry and contributed to changes in systemic metabolism; however, their blood coagulation processes have received little study. The precise physiological mechanisms of haemostasis in birds remain poorly understood, but blood clotting is believed to be governed by an extrinsic tissue factor-dependent pathway, with some residual intrinsic pathway serving an ancillary function. Disorders of haemostasis are a common pathology in poultry rearing, manifested by bleeding, which most often occurs in the muscles, intramuscular fat, connective tissue and internal organs. Efficient diagnosis of haemostatic disorders in poultry remains an ongoing problem. The diagnostic methods currently in use in veterinary medicine are inadequate for evaluating haemostatic disorders. The optimisation of coagulometric methods and the availability of species-specific reagents remain significant obstacles. Furthermore, although vitamin K is essential for the synthesis of extrinsic coagulation factors and interacts with vitamin D in bone formation, it is frequently deficient in birds. The objective of the paper is to present the current state of knowledge of haemostatic disorders in poultry, and to stress the need to develop more detailed laboratory procedures and methods of producing species-specific reagents for determination of haemostatic parameters to deepen the understanding of blood clotting in birds.
Genetic selection that has been carried out for several dozen years has led to significant progre... more Genetic selection that has been carried out for several dozen years has led to significant progress in poultry production by improving productive traits and increasing the profitability of broiler breeder and layer hen production. After hatching, broilers and layers differ mainly in feed intake, growth rate, efficiency of nutrient utilization, and development of muscles and adipose tissue. A key role can be played by hormonal mechanisms of appetite control in broilers and layers. The paper discusses the consequences of different growth rates resulting from long-term genetic selection on feed intake, efficiency of nutrient utilization, and development of muscles and adipose tissue, with particular consideration of the hormonal mechanisms of appetite control in broilers and layers. The information presented in this review paper shows that it would be worth comparing these issues in a meta-analysis.
Effect of sex on the content of elements in meat from wild boars (Sus scrofa L.) originating from... more Effect of sex on the content of elements in meat from wild boars (Sus scrofa L.) originating from the Province of Podkarpacie (southeastern Poland). AbstrAct The aim of the study was to determine concentrations of some elements, incluing minerals and heavy metals (Na, K, Mg, Zn, Fe, Cu, Cd, Pb), in the meat (musculus longissimus dorsi) of the wild boar (Sus scrofa L.) depending on the sex of the animals. The wild boars were shot during the hunting 2011-2012 season, in the Province of Podkarpacie (województwo podkarpac-kie), Poland. Podkarpacie, situated in southeastern Poland, is known for its variety of wildlife living in natural habitat. The study involved 16 animals (8 of each sex) aged 2 years. Meat samples were freeze-dried (Lyovac GT2, Finn-Aqua) and then mineralised in a microwave mine-raliser (Ethos Plus, Milestone). Samples prepared in this way were later analysed for the concentration of minerals, using various techniques. The content of heavy metals (Cd and Pb) was determined by atomic emission spectroscopy, while the levels of other elements (Na, K, Mg, Zn, Fe and Cu) were assayed using an atomic absorption spectrometer. The analyses indicated no significant statistical differences between males and females in the quantity of most metals in their bodies, except copper (Cu), whose average amount was higher in meat samples from females (7.5 mg kg-1) than from males (6.15 mg kg-1) – p ≤ 0.01. The determinations of heavy metals revealed that the average lead (Pb) concentration exceeded the acceptable limit only in meat samples from males (0.13 mg kg-1). When examining the levels of minerals in wild boar meat, a positive and statistically significant correlation was found only between the average quantities of K and Mg.
Iron is a trace element involved in many cardinal metabolic processes of almost all living
organi... more Iron is a trace element involved in many cardinal metabolic processes of almost all living organisms. It is well known that iron participates in oxygen transport as well as it is a cofactor in many fundamental enzymatic and nonenzymatic processes. Accordingly, disturbances of iron homeostasis can cause serious clinical consequences. In humans, dietary iron can enter the body in two main forms: heme and nonheme. The former is a component of many hemoproteins (including myoglobin, hemoglobin, cytochromes b and c) and is easily absorbed in the duodenal enterocytes. Red meat is an excellent source of heme iron, while the less bioavailable nonheme form is found in large amounts in milk products and vegetables. For this reason, consumers of meat have a better iron status than vegetarians and vegans. Heme iron found in muscle protein should be supplied to humans to prevent iron deficiency, which can lead to anemia. It is easily absorbed and its main source is red meat. In addition, heme iron, which is mainly found in myoglobin in meat, contributes to the desirable bright red color and to the most undesirable brown color of meat. Both heme and nonheme iron are catalysts of lipid oxidation in meat. This process lowers the nutritive value through oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which produces an undesirable flavor and aroma. The aim of this paper was to discuss the role of heme iron in the human diet.
Creatine kinase (CK), one of the most characteristic muscle tissue enzymes, catalyzes transfer of... more Creatine kinase (CK), one of the most characteristic muscle tissue enzymes, catalyzes transfer of phosphate from phosphocreatine to adenosine 5′-diphosphate (ADP). The CK activity during exercise depends largely on the duration and intensity of exercise. The physiological range of activity of this enzyme in the blood plasma of clinically healthy horses is in the range from 90 to 275 U/L. Common phenomenon, especially in endurance horses, is the occurrence of a much larger post-exercise CK activity. However, the increase in CK activity in the blood plasma is a frequent phenomenon in endurance horses and should not be interpreted as an undesirable symptom, unless it is accompanied by clinical signs of myopathy or is still persisting over a longer period of time to increase the activity of this enzyme in the blood. It is recommended to collect blood from the horse directly before and after (up to 5 min.) exercise and 15, 30, 60 minutes or 24 hours after the exercise. Due to the various analytical methods applied and various units in which the results are presented, it seems that it would be appropriate to present variability of post-exercise CK activity in percentages, which will facilitate the assessment of this phenomenon in different individuals, often subjected to different loads. In horses especially important for diagnostic purposes is a muscle isoform (M-CK), present only in striated muscle, which probably determines to a large extent, their potential aerobic. The paper discusses creatine kinase function and usefulness for determining the activity of this enzyme during the physical effort of horses.
Intensive genetic selection of broiler breeders and layer hens for economically important product... more Intensive genetic selection of broiler breeders and layer hens for economically important production traits, which has been carried out for almost a century, resulted in considerable differences in the mechanisms of growth and development and, thus, in avian metabolism, both during embryogenesis and after hatching. Selection for meat production (broiler breeders) and eggs (layer hens) led to increased productivity but also brought about metabolic disorders. That intensive genetic selection of broiler breeders and layer hens is effective is seen, for example, in the differences in growth and development, metabolism of the yolk sac, hormones and lipids, gas exchange, and thermogenesis. Due to genetic proximity and different developmental mechanisms in broiler breeders and layer hens, avian embryos and chicks serve as excellent models for fundamental scientific research. This review paper discusses the consequences of different growth rates as a result of long-term genetic selection on embryonic development and metabolic rate of broilers and layers. The evidence presented herein indicates that it would be worth comparing these issues in a meta-analysis.
Because the production of oat geese in Poland, destined mostly for markets of Western Europe, has... more Because the production of oat geese in Poland, destined mostly for markets of Western Europe, has increased, there is a need for a review on the performance traits of these geese and on the quality of their meat and fat. Goose production is based on a genotype of Italian geese brought to Poland in 1962 and selected for improving their reproduction and meat traits. Currently the population of geese, their reproduction and the commercial birds derived from them, are referred to as White Kołudzka® geese. Selection of these birds is based on a programme based on genetic improvement of strains W11 (reproduction traits) and W33 (meat traits). The programme’s aim is not only to enhance breeding and the performance value of these strains, but to produce, as a result of cross breeding, good quality of meat and fat in the form of the crossbred W31, and thus to produce oat geese that meet today’s market requirements. Poland is one of the largest goose producers in Europe. Goose meat and fat show high nutritional quality due to the specific nutrition and conditions in which the geese are kept, i.e. in open-air runs and at pasture. Recently, goose meat has become increasingly popular and has attracted much consumer interest. This increase in demand requires more knowledge about the meat’s nutritional value. Polish oat geese are reared up to 14 weeks of age, then fattened freely with oats up to the 17th week of age. Fattening with oats results in good quality meat and fat, with excellent sensory properties. The following paper reviews the rearing systems, slaughter value and quality of meat and fat of White Kołudzka® geese kept under semi-intensive systems.
The aim of the study was to evaluate variations in biochemical blood parameters of stallions duri... more The aim of the study was to evaluate variations in biochemical blood parameters of stallions during a 100-day performance test. The study was carried out with 20 clinically healthy stallions aged 3-4 years. The degree of adaptation to exercise loads during a 100-day performance test was assessed three times: (I) on the first day of training, (II) on the 46th day of training, and (III) on the 97th day of training. Sample collection and basic clinical tests were performed before training (1), directly after training (2), and after a 30-minute rest (3). Venous blood samples were analyzed for the concentration of total protein, glucose (GLU), and lactate, the activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and creatine kinase (CK), and total antioxidant status (TAS). Postexercise changes in the analyzed parameters showed that the loads were of moderate intensity. As a result of the 100-day training, postexercise variation in GLU concentration and CK and LDH activity was lower than at the beginning, which indicates that the body was stimulated to adapt to performing exercise tasks. The resting level of TAS was also found to increase. The results obtained suggest that the stallions are well prepared for increasing exercise loads.
Collagen constitutes 20 - 30 % of proteins in the organism of mammals and birds, and it is a majo... more Collagen constitutes 20 - 30 % of proteins in the organism of mammals and birds, and it is a major component of the intramuscular connective tissue. In the muscles, collagen is mainly stored in epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium. There are more than 20 genetic types of collagen in the skeletal muscles and, among them, collagen type I and type III are a significant portion. The morphology, composition, and quantity of the connective tissue in the muscles depend predominantly on their type, as well as on the species, breed, and age of the animal. Owing to differences in the methods of determining collagen, the content of this protein can differ in individual muscles. A high content of this incomplete protein in the connective tissue of the muscles has a significant impact on the tenderness of meat and decreases its quality. The cross-linking of collagen in the muscles that are highly active in live animals increases with age of animals and causes the meat to become hard. A lower content of collagen was found in the muscles with longer sarcomeres and in the meat from late maturing and castrated animals.
In pigs, creatine is synthesized mainly in the liver, kidneys and pancreas from amino acids such ... more In pigs, creatine is synthesized mainly in the liver, kidneys and pancreas from amino acids such as glycine, arginine and methionine. It is located mainly in skeletal muscle (approximately 95–98%) in the form of phosphocreatine. It is a source of energy for muscles, thus delaying the postmortem metabolism of glycogen and lactate formation and a decrease in pH during conversion of muscle to meat. Use of supplemental creatine monohydrate in pig feed may contribute to the improvement of pork quality parameters such as pH, colour, water holding capacity and drip loss. These parameters are also improved in pigs carrying the RN– and RYR1T gene. Creatine contained in meat can also be a precursor of heterocyclic aromatic amines mutagenic to humans, formed during thermal processing of meat.
The study was conducted on 20 clinically healthy stallions, aged 3-4 years. The evaluation of the... more The study was conducted on 20 clinically healthy stallions, aged 3-4 years. The evaluation of the degree of adaptation of
stallions to exercise loads in the course of a 100-d training programme was conducted three times: (I) - on the 1st d of training, (II) - on the 46th d of training, and (III) - on the 97th d of training. Rectal temperature (T) and number of heart and respiratory rates were measured. Blood was sampled before exercise (1), after exercise (2), and 30 min after rest (3). The following indices were determined in the blood: concentration of haemoglobin, haematocrit level, number of red blood cells, white blood cells, lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and platelets. Post-exertion changes in the evaluated indicators showed moderate intensity to the applied loads with respect to functional potential of tested horses. The effect of the standard 100-d training was to stimulate the body's adaptation to functional tasks, which was evidenced, among others, by lower variability of post-exertion T and the number of red blood cells. The highest T increase was found at the beginning of the programme (about 2.1%), whereas during the
subsequent studies (II and III) it was significantly (P<0.05) lower (0.98% and 0.84%, respectively). The variability in red blood cell
count in the course of training showed a downward trend (16.4%, 13.7%, and 11.0%, respectively). The results confirm the relatively
low exercise loads and good health of young stallions during the 100-d performance test.
Coenzyme Q10 may occur in the form of hydrogen peroxide-ubiquinone (CoQ10), an intermediate sem... more Coenzyme Q10 may occur in the form of hydrogen peroxide-ubiquinone (CoQ10), an intermediate semiquinone radical (CoQ10Hÿ), and reduced ubiquinol (CoQ10H2). It is present mainly in the mitochondria of all cells, where it forms part of the respiratory chain (the primary element responsible for the energy metabolism of the cell). Acting as a conveyor of electrons in the respiratory chain, it is involved in the biosynthesis of ATP. In providing for the uncoupling protein of protons from fatty acids, it is involved in the process of thermogenesis. Moreover, coenzyme Q10 can act synergistically with á-tocopherol in the regeneration of its active form. As the only antioxidant synthesized exogenously it has a positive effect on the state of biological membranes, protecting them from free radicals and the lipid peroxidation process. In addition, it prevents endothelial dysfunction and has a direct stabilizing effect on cell membranes. The use of statins in reducing serum lipids and cholesterol in the body or the anthracyclines in the treatment of cancer can cause a deficiency of coenzyme Q10 in the body.
In horses, L-carnitine is synthesized mainly in the liver from methionine, lysine, vitamins C, B3... more In horses, L-carnitine is synthesized mainly in the liver from methionine, lysine, vitamins C, B3, B6, and B9 and from Fe2+. L-carnitine plays an important role in the transport of long chain fatty acids into the mitochondria, where they are converted into energy needed for muscle contractions. It also contributes to the accumulation of glycogen in the muscles and prevents an excessive production of lactic acid, ensuring a faster muscle recovery after exercise. The organism of a horse is unable to meet the demand for L-carnitine during strenuous effort. Demand for L-carnitine increases in young horses up to 3 years of age and stallions in the breeding season. The addition of L-carnitine is therefore recommended especially for sports horses participating in endurance racing and horse racing.
Choline, like betaine, is a quarternary amine. Choline is added to feed in the form of choline ch... more Choline, like betaine, is a quarternary amine. Choline is added to feed in the form of choline chloride as an essential component of feed mixture. Choline, betaine and methionine are the most important sources of methyl groups for methyl group transfer. Methyl groups are an essential part of animal diet because they cannot be synthesized by the organism. Moreover, choline is a source of phospholipids and a precursor for acetylcholine. It also has a role in lipid metabolism, which prevents fatty liver. Choline chloride as a dietary supplement improves production and has a considerable influence on the health of broiler chickens.
The tissue factor (TF) – tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) axis plays a major role in hemost... more The tissue factor (TF) – tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) axis plays a major role in hemostasis. Disorders of the coagulation system are commonly diagnosed with the help of screening tests such as prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), and plasma fibrinogen concentration (PFC). However, the effect of prebiotics on the hemostasis system has not been characterized in poultry yet. This study was designed to determine the effect of in ovo administration of prebiotics on blood coagulation parameters of broiler chickens depending on their age. The study was conducted with 180 broiler chick embryos, the air cells of which were injected on day 12 of incubation with prebiotics (experimental groups: Bi2tos, DiNovo® and RFO) or physiological saline solution (control group). At 1, 21 and 42 days of rearing, blood was sampled from 15 broiler chickens from each group. An enzyme immunoassay was performed to determine plasma TF and TFPI levels, and PT, aPTT and PFC were determined in the chicken blood. We demonstrated that: 1) total TF levels increased with age in the experimental groups, 2) prebiotics had no significant effect on TF levels between the groups at a particular age, 3) total TFPI levels differed between both the type of in ovo injected substance and the broiler chicken age, 4) in the control group, PT and aPTT were found to increase with age whilst fibrinogen concentration decreased. The main conclusion from this pilot study is that total TF and TFPI levels change with age, however no clear patterns regarding TFPI were detected yet. The levels of PT, aPTT and PFC varied with the prebiotics administered in ovo as well as with the age of broiler chickens.
Intensive genetic selection has improved productive traits in poultry and contributed to changes ... more Intensive genetic selection has improved productive traits in poultry and contributed to changes in systemic metabolism; however, their blood coagulation processes have received little study. The precise physiological mechanisms of haemostasis in birds remain poorly understood, but blood clotting is believed to be governed by an extrinsic tissue factor-dependent pathway, with some residual intrinsic pathway serving an ancillary function. Disorders of haemostasis are a common pathology in poultry rearing, manifested by bleeding, which most often occurs in the muscles, intramuscular fat, connective tissue and internal organs. Efficient diagnosis of haemostatic disorders in poultry remains an ongoing problem. The diagnostic methods currently in use in veterinary medicine are inadequate for evaluating haemostatic disorders. The optimisation of coagulometric methods and the availability of species-specific reagents remain significant obstacles. Furthermore, although vitamin K is essential for the synthesis of extrinsic coagulation factors and interacts with vitamin D in bone formation, it is frequently deficient in birds. The objective of the paper is to present the current state of knowledge of haemostatic disorders in poultry, and to stress the need to develop more detailed laboratory procedures and methods of producing species-specific reagents for determination of haemostatic parameters to deepen the understanding of blood clotting in birds.
Genetic selection that has been carried out for several dozen years has led to significant progre... more Genetic selection that has been carried out for several dozen years has led to significant progress in poultry production by improving productive traits and increasing the profitability of broiler breeder and layer hen production. After hatching, broilers and layers differ mainly in feed intake, growth rate, efficiency of nutrient utilization, and development of muscles and adipose tissue. A key role can be played by hormonal mechanisms of appetite control in broilers and layers. The paper discusses the consequences of different growth rates resulting from long-term genetic selection on feed intake, efficiency of nutrient utilization, and development of muscles and adipose tissue, with particular consideration of the hormonal mechanisms of appetite control in broilers and layers. The information presented in this review paper shows that it would be worth comparing these issues in a meta-analysis.
Effect of sex on the content of elements in meat from wild boars (Sus scrofa L.) originating from... more Effect of sex on the content of elements in meat from wild boars (Sus scrofa L.) originating from the Province of Podkarpacie (southeastern Poland). AbstrAct The aim of the study was to determine concentrations of some elements, incluing minerals and heavy metals (Na, K, Mg, Zn, Fe, Cu, Cd, Pb), in the meat (musculus longissimus dorsi) of the wild boar (Sus scrofa L.) depending on the sex of the animals. The wild boars were shot during the hunting 2011-2012 season, in the Province of Podkarpacie (województwo podkarpac-kie), Poland. Podkarpacie, situated in southeastern Poland, is known for its variety of wildlife living in natural habitat. The study involved 16 animals (8 of each sex) aged 2 years. Meat samples were freeze-dried (Lyovac GT2, Finn-Aqua) and then mineralised in a microwave mine-raliser (Ethos Plus, Milestone). Samples prepared in this way were later analysed for the concentration of minerals, using various techniques. The content of heavy metals (Cd and Pb) was determined by atomic emission spectroscopy, while the levels of other elements (Na, K, Mg, Zn, Fe and Cu) were assayed using an atomic absorption spectrometer. The analyses indicated no significant statistical differences between males and females in the quantity of most metals in their bodies, except copper (Cu), whose average amount was higher in meat samples from females (7.5 mg kg-1) than from males (6.15 mg kg-1) – p ≤ 0.01. The determinations of heavy metals revealed that the average lead (Pb) concentration exceeded the acceptable limit only in meat samples from males (0.13 mg kg-1). When examining the levels of minerals in wild boar meat, a positive and statistically significant correlation was found only between the average quantities of K and Mg.
Iron is a trace element involved in many cardinal metabolic processes of almost all living
organi... more Iron is a trace element involved in many cardinal metabolic processes of almost all living organisms. It is well known that iron participates in oxygen transport as well as it is a cofactor in many fundamental enzymatic and nonenzymatic processes. Accordingly, disturbances of iron homeostasis can cause serious clinical consequences. In humans, dietary iron can enter the body in two main forms: heme and nonheme. The former is a component of many hemoproteins (including myoglobin, hemoglobin, cytochromes b and c) and is easily absorbed in the duodenal enterocytes. Red meat is an excellent source of heme iron, while the less bioavailable nonheme form is found in large amounts in milk products and vegetables. For this reason, consumers of meat have a better iron status than vegetarians and vegans. Heme iron found in muscle protein should be supplied to humans to prevent iron deficiency, which can lead to anemia. It is easily absorbed and its main source is red meat. In addition, heme iron, which is mainly found in myoglobin in meat, contributes to the desirable bright red color and to the most undesirable brown color of meat. Both heme and nonheme iron are catalysts of lipid oxidation in meat. This process lowers the nutritive value through oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which produces an undesirable flavor and aroma. The aim of this paper was to discuss the role of heme iron in the human diet.
Creatine kinase (CK), one of the most characteristic muscle tissue enzymes, catalyzes transfer of... more Creatine kinase (CK), one of the most characteristic muscle tissue enzymes, catalyzes transfer of phosphate from phosphocreatine to adenosine 5′-diphosphate (ADP). The CK activity during exercise depends largely on the duration and intensity of exercise. The physiological range of activity of this enzyme in the blood plasma of clinically healthy horses is in the range from 90 to 275 U/L. Common phenomenon, especially in endurance horses, is the occurrence of a much larger post-exercise CK activity. However, the increase in CK activity in the blood plasma is a frequent phenomenon in endurance horses and should not be interpreted as an undesirable symptom, unless it is accompanied by clinical signs of myopathy or is still persisting over a longer period of time to increase the activity of this enzyme in the blood. It is recommended to collect blood from the horse directly before and after (up to 5 min.) exercise and 15, 30, 60 minutes or 24 hours after the exercise. Due to the various analytical methods applied and various units in which the results are presented, it seems that it would be appropriate to present variability of post-exercise CK activity in percentages, which will facilitate the assessment of this phenomenon in different individuals, often subjected to different loads. In horses especially important for diagnostic purposes is a muscle isoform (M-CK), present only in striated muscle, which probably determines to a large extent, their potential aerobic. The paper discusses creatine kinase function and usefulness for determining the activity of this enzyme during the physical effort of horses.
Intensive genetic selection of broiler breeders and layer hens for economically important product... more Intensive genetic selection of broiler breeders and layer hens for economically important production traits, which has been carried out for almost a century, resulted in considerable differences in the mechanisms of growth and development and, thus, in avian metabolism, both during embryogenesis and after hatching. Selection for meat production (broiler breeders) and eggs (layer hens) led to increased productivity but also brought about metabolic disorders. That intensive genetic selection of broiler breeders and layer hens is effective is seen, for example, in the differences in growth and development, metabolism of the yolk sac, hormones and lipids, gas exchange, and thermogenesis. Due to genetic proximity and different developmental mechanisms in broiler breeders and layer hens, avian embryos and chicks serve as excellent models for fundamental scientific research. This review paper discusses the consequences of different growth rates as a result of long-term genetic selection on embryonic development and metabolic rate of broilers and layers. The evidence presented herein indicates that it would be worth comparing these issues in a meta-analysis.
Because the production of oat geese in Poland, destined mostly for markets of Western Europe, has... more Because the production of oat geese in Poland, destined mostly for markets of Western Europe, has increased, there is a need for a review on the performance traits of these geese and on the quality of their meat and fat. Goose production is based on a genotype of Italian geese brought to Poland in 1962 and selected for improving their reproduction and meat traits. Currently the population of geese, their reproduction and the commercial birds derived from them, are referred to as White Kołudzka® geese. Selection of these birds is based on a programme based on genetic improvement of strains W11 (reproduction traits) and W33 (meat traits). The programme’s aim is not only to enhance breeding and the performance value of these strains, but to produce, as a result of cross breeding, good quality of meat and fat in the form of the crossbred W31, and thus to produce oat geese that meet today’s market requirements. Poland is one of the largest goose producers in Europe. Goose meat and fat show high nutritional quality due to the specific nutrition and conditions in which the geese are kept, i.e. in open-air runs and at pasture. Recently, goose meat has become increasingly popular and has attracted much consumer interest. This increase in demand requires more knowledge about the meat’s nutritional value. Polish oat geese are reared up to 14 weeks of age, then fattened freely with oats up to the 17th week of age. Fattening with oats results in good quality meat and fat, with excellent sensory properties. The following paper reviews the rearing systems, slaughter value and quality of meat and fat of White Kołudzka® geese kept under semi-intensive systems.
The aim of the study was to evaluate variations in biochemical blood parameters of stallions duri... more The aim of the study was to evaluate variations in biochemical blood parameters of stallions during a 100-day performance test. The study was carried out with 20 clinically healthy stallions aged 3-4 years. The degree of adaptation to exercise loads during a 100-day performance test was assessed three times: (I) on the first day of training, (II) on the 46th day of training, and (III) on the 97th day of training. Sample collection and basic clinical tests were performed before training (1), directly after training (2), and after a 30-minute rest (3). Venous blood samples were analyzed for the concentration of total protein, glucose (GLU), and lactate, the activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and creatine kinase (CK), and total antioxidant status (TAS). Postexercise changes in the analyzed parameters showed that the loads were of moderate intensity. As a result of the 100-day training, postexercise variation in GLU concentration and CK and LDH activity was lower than at the beginning, which indicates that the body was stimulated to adapt to performing exercise tasks. The resting level of TAS was also found to increase. The results obtained suggest that the stallions are well prepared for increasing exercise loads.
Collagen constitutes 20 - 30 % of proteins in the organism of mammals and birds, and it is a majo... more Collagen constitutes 20 - 30 % of proteins in the organism of mammals and birds, and it is a major component of the intramuscular connective tissue. In the muscles, collagen is mainly stored in epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium. There are more than 20 genetic types of collagen in the skeletal muscles and, among them, collagen type I and type III are a significant portion. The morphology, composition, and quantity of the connective tissue in the muscles depend predominantly on their type, as well as on the species, breed, and age of the animal. Owing to differences in the methods of determining collagen, the content of this protein can differ in individual muscles. A high content of this incomplete protein in the connective tissue of the muscles has a significant impact on the tenderness of meat and decreases its quality. The cross-linking of collagen in the muscles that are highly active in live animals increases with age of animals and causes the meat to become hard. A lower content of collagen was found in the muscles with longer sarcomeres and in the meat from late maturing and castrated animals.
In pigs, creatine is synthesized mainly in the liver, kidneys and pancreas from amino acids such ... more In pigs, creatine is synthesized mainly in the liver, kidneys and pancreas from amino acids such as glycine, arginine and methionine. It is located mainly in skeletal muscle (approximately 95–98%) in the form of phosphocreatine. It is a source of energy for muscles, thus delaying the postmortem metabolism of glycogen and lactate formation and a decrease in pH during conversion of muscle to meat. Use of supplemental creatine monohydrate in pig feed may contribute to the improvement of pork quality parameters such as pH, colour, water holding capacity and drip loss. These parameters are also improved in pigs carrying the RN– and RYR1T gene. Creatine contained in meat can also be a precursor of heterocyclic aromatic amines mutagenic to humans, formed during thermal processing of meat.
The study was conducted on 20 clinically healthy stallions, aged 3-4 years. The evaluation of the... more The study was conducted on 20 clinically healthy stallions, aged 3-4 years. The evaluation of the degree of adaptation of
stallions to exercise loads in the course of a 100-d training programme was conducted three times: (I) - on the 1st d of training, (II) - on the 46th d of training, and (III) - on the 97th d of training. Rectal temperature (T) and number of heart and respiratory rates were measured. Blood was sampled before exercise (1), after exercise (2), and 30 min after rest (3). The following indices were determined in the blood: concentration of haemoglobin, haematocrit level, number of red blood cells, white blood cells, lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and platelets. Post-exertion changes in the evaluated indicators showed moderate intensity to the applied loads with respect to functional potential of tested horses. The effect of the standard 100-d training was to stimulate the body's adaptation to functional tasks, which was evidenced, among others, by lower variability of post-exertion T and the number of red blood cells. The highest T increase was found at the beginning of the programme (about 2.1%), whereas during the
subsequent studies (II and III) it was significantly (P<0.05) lower (0.98% and 0.84%, respectively). The variability in red blood cell
count in the course of training showed a downward trend (16.4%, 13.7%, and 11.0%, respectively). The results confirm the relatively
low exercise loads and good health of young stallions during the 100-d performance test.
Coenzyme Q10 may occur in the form of hydrogen peroxide-ubiquinone (CoQ10), an intermediate sem... more Coenzyme Q10 may occur in the form of hydrogen peroxide-ubiquinone (CoQ10), an intermediate semiquinone radical (CoQ10Hÿ), and reduced ubiquinol (CoQ10H2). It is present mainly in the mitochondria of all cells, where it forms part of the respiratory chain (the primary element responsible for the energy metabolism of the cell). Acting as a conveyor of electrons in the respiratory chain, it is involved in the biosynthesis of ATP. In providing for the uncoupling protein of protons from fatty acids, it is involved in the process of thermogenesis. Moreover, coenzyme Q10 can act synergistically with á-tocopherol in the regeneration of its active form. As the only antioxidant synthesized exogenously it has a positive effect on the state of biological membranes, protecting them from free radicals and the lipid peroxidation process. In addition, it prevents endothelial dysfunction and has a direct stabilizing effect on cell membranes. The use of statins in reducing serum lipids and cholesterol in the body or the anthracyclines in the treatment of cancer can cause a deficiency of coenzyme Q10 in the body.
In horses, L-carnitine is synthesized mainly in the liver from methionine, lysine, vitamins C, B3... more In horses, L-carnitine is synthesized mainly in the liver from methionine, lysine, vitamins C, B3, B6, and B9 and from Fe2+. L-carnitine plays an important role in the transport of long chain fatty acids into the mitochondria, where they are converted into energy needed for muscle contractions. It also contributes to the accumulation of glycogen in the muscles and prevents an excessive production of lactic acid, ensuring a faster muscle recovery after exercise. The organism of a horse is unable to meet the demand for L-carnitine during strenuous effort. Demand for L-carnitine increases in young horses up to 3 years of age and stallions in the breeding season. The addition of L-carnitine is therefore recommended especially for sports horses participating in endurance racing and horse racing.
Choline, like betaine, is a quarternary amine. Choline is added to feed in the form of choline ch... more Choline, like betaine, is a quarternary amine. Choline is added to feed in the form of choline chloride as an essential component of feed mixture. Choline, betaine and methionine are the most important sources of methyl groups for methyl group transfer. Methyl groups are an essential part of animal diet because they cannot be synthesized by the organism. Moreover, choline is a source of phospholipids and a precursor for acetylcholine. It also has a role in lipid metabolism, which prevents fatty liver. Choline chloride as a dietary supplement improves production and has a considerable influence on the health of broiler chickens.
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Papers by Mateusz Buzała
organisms. It is well known that iron participates in oxygen transport as well as it is a cofactor
in many fundamental enzymatic and nonenzymatic processes. Accordingly, disturbances of iron
homeostasis can cause serious clinical consequences. In humans, dietary iron can enter the body
in two main forms: heme and nonheme. The former is a component of many hemoproteins
(including myoglobin, hemoglobin, cytochromes b and c) and is easily absorbed in the duodenal
enterocytes. Red meat is an excellent source of heme iron, while the less bioavailable nonheme
form is found in large amounts in milk products and vegetables. For this reason, consumers of
meat have a better iron status than vegetarians and vegans. Heme iron found in muscle protein
should be supplied to humans to prevent iron deficiency, which can lead to anemia. It is easily
absorbed and its main source is red meat. In addition, heme iron, which is mainly found in myoglobin
in meat, contributes to the desirable bright red color and to the most undesirable brown
color of meat. Both heme and nonheme iron are catalysts of lipid oxidation in meat. This process
lowers the nutritive value through oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which produces an
undesirable flavor and aroma. The aim of this paper was to discuss the role of heme iron in the
human diet.
stallions to exercise loads in the course of a 100-d training programme was conducted three times: (I) - on the 1st d of training, (II) - on the 46th d of training, and (III) - on the 97th d of training. Rectal temperature (T) and number of heart and respiratory rates were measured. Blood was sampled before exercise (1), after exercise (2), and 30 min after rest (3). The following indices were determined in the blood: concentration of haemoglobin, haematocrit level, number of red blood cells, white blood cells, lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and platelets. Post-exertion changes in the evaluated indicators showed moderate intensity to the applied loads with respect to functional potential of tested horses. The effect of the standard 100-d training was to stimulate the body's adaptation to functional tasks, which was evidenced, among others, by lower variability of post-exertion T and the number of red blood cells. The highest T increase was found at the beginning of the programme (about 2.1%), whereas during the
subsequent studies (II and III) it was significantly (P<0.05) lower (0.98% and 0.84%, respectively). The variability in red blood cell
count in the course of training showed a downward trend (16.4%, 13.7%, and 11.0%, respectively). The results confirm the relatively
low exercise loads and good health of young stallions during the 100-d performance test.
organisms. It is well known that iron participates in oxygen transport as well as it is a cofactor
in many fundamental enzymatic and nonenzymatic processes. Accordingly, disturbances of iron
homeostasis can cause serious clinical consequences. In humans, dietary iron can enter the body
in two main forms: heme and nonheme. The former is a component of many hemoproteins
(including myoglobin, hemoglobin, cytochromes b and c) and is easily absorbed in the duodenal
enterocytes. Red meat is an excellent source of heme iron, while the less bioavailable nonheme
form is found in large amounts in milk products and vegetables. For this reason, consumers of
meat have a better iron status than vegetarians and vegans. Heme iron found in muscle protein
should be supplied to humans to prevent iron deficiency, which can lead to anemia. It is easily
absorbed and its main source is red meat. In addition, heme iron, which is mainly found in myoglobin
in meat, contributes to the desirable bright red color and to the most undesirable brown
color of meat. Both heme and nonheme iron are catalysts of lipid oxidation in meat. This process
lowers the nutritive value through oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which produces an
undesirable flavor and aroma. The aim of this paper was to discuss the role of heme iron in the
human diet.
stallions to exercise loads in the course of a 100-d training programme was conducted three times: (I) - on the 1st d of training, (II) - on the 46th d of training, and (III) - on the 97th d of training. Rectal temperature (T) and number of heart and respiratory rates were measured. Blood was sampled before exercise (1), after exercise (2), and 30 min after rest (3). The following indices were determined in the blood: concentration of haemoglobin, haematocrit level, number of red blood cells, white blood cells, lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and platelets. Post-exertion changes in the evaluated indicators showed moderate intensity to the applied loads with respect to functional potential of tested horses. The effect of the standard 100-d training was to stimulate the body's adaptation to functional tasks, which was evidenced, among others, by lower variability of post-exertion T and the number of red blood cells. The highest T increase was found at the beginning of the programme (about 2.1%), whereas during the
subsequent studies (II and III) it was significantly (P<0.05) lower (0.98% and 0.84%, respectively). The variability in red blood cell
count in the course of training showed a downward trend (16.4%, 13.7%, and 11.0%, respectively). The results confirm the relatively
low exercise loads and good health of young stallions during the 100-d performance test.