Papers by Vijay Kumar Chattu MD, MPH
Cardiovascular disease contributes a significant share to the all-cause mortality of COPD; theref... more Cardiovascular disease contributes a significant share to the all-cause mortality of COPD; therefore it is sensible to assume similar positive outcomes with its mortality benefiting measures in the COPD group as well. The study by Raymakers et al published in CHEST (September 2017) found a significant all-cause and COPD-related mortality benefit with the use of statin drugs. The inclusion of a vast number of participants from databases, with a follow-up of a reasonable duration and a focus on adherence to statin drug use are the strengths of this retrospective study. Although the results endorsed a clear benefit with statin drugs, the rationale for certain selection methods and their potential bias cannot be overlooked. Contrary to the authors’ quotation on the frequent existence of COPD among the population older than 30 years of age, they have included only individuals aged 50 years and older. A population with a mean age of 70 years might have a high prevalence of known or subclinical cardiovascular disease. Remarkably, documentation of this morbidity’s existence in the studied COPD population was not attempted. It could have been more interesting to observe the statin drug-related mortality benefit among the subgroup of patients with COPD without known cardiovascular disease. Most importantly, identifying patients with COPD based on anticholinergic or beta-agonist use without spirometric confirmation might have allowed diagnostic inaccuracies and also ignored the significance of disease severity. The occurrence of such misdiagnosis without the support of spirometry was recognized by a few earlier studies and for that reason the evidence-based guidelines strongly recommend the objective measurement of airflow limitation for confirmation.
A lack of clear guidance for funders, evaluators and improvers on what to include in evaluation p... more A lack of clear guidance for funders, evaluators and improvers on what to include in evaluation proposals can lead to evaluation designs that do not answer the questions stakeholders want to know. These evaluation designs may not match the iterative nature of improvement and may be imposed onto an initiative in a way that is impractical from the perspective of improvers and the communities with whom they work. Consequently, the results of evaluations are often controversial , and attribution remains poorly understood. Improvement initiatives are iterative, adaptive and context-specific. Evaluation approaches and designs must align with these features, specifically in their ability to consider complexity, to evolve as the initiative adapts over time and to understand the interaction with local context. Improvement initiatives often identify broadly defined change concepts and provide tools for care teams to tailor these in more detail to local conditions. Correspondingly, recommendations for evaluation are best provided as broad guidance , to be tailored to the specifics of the initiative. In this paper, we provide practical guidance and recommendations that funders and evaluators can use when developing an evaluation plan for improvement initiatives that seeks to: identify the questions stakeholders want to address; develop the initial program theory of the initiative; identify high-priority areas to measure progress over time; describe the context the initiative will be applied within; and identify experimental or observational designs that will address attribution.
Improving health care involves many actors, often working in complex adaptive systems. Interventi... more Improving health care involves many actors, often working in complex adaptive systems. Interventions tend to be multi-factorial, implementation activities diverse, and contexts dynamic and complicated. This makes improvement initiatives challenging to describe and evaluate as matching evaluation and program designs can be difficult, requiring collaboration, trust and transparency. Collaboration is required to address important epidemiological principles of bias and confounding. If this does not take place, results may lack credibility because the association between interventions implemented and outcomes achieved is obscure and attribution uncertain. Moreover, lack of clarity about what was implemented, how it was implemented, and the context in which it was implemented often lead to disappointment or outright failure of spread and scale-up efforts. The input of skilled evaluators into the design and conduct of improvement initiatives can be helpful in mitigating these potential problems. While evaluation must be rigorous, if it is too rigid necessary adaptation and learning may be compromised. This article provides a framework and guidance on how improvers and evaluators can work together to design, implement and learn about improvement interventions more effectively.
Quality improvement approaches can strengthen action on a range of global health priorities. Qual... more Quality improvement approaches can strengthen action on a range of global health priorities. Quality improvement efforts are uniquely placed to reorient care delivery systems towards integrated people-centred health services and strengthen health systems to achieve Universal Health Coverage (UHC). This article makes the case for addressing shortfalls of previous agendas by articulating the critical role of quality improvement in the Sustainable Development Goal era. Quality improvement can stimulate convergence between health security and health systems; address global health security priorities through participatory quality improvement approaches; and improve health outcomes at all levels of the health system. Entry points for action include the linkage with antimicrobial resistance and the contentious issue of the health of migrants. The work required includes focussed attention on the continuum of national quality policy formulation, implementation and learning; alongside strengthening the measurement-improvement linkage. Quality improvement plays a key role in strengthening health systems to achieve UHC.
Mental health problems affect society as a whole, and not just a small, isolated segment. In deve... more Mental health problems affect society as a whole, and not just a small, isolated segment. In developed countries with well-organized healthcare systems, between 44% and 70% of patients with mental disorders do not receive treatment whereas in developing countries the treatment gap being close to 90%. Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder affecting more than 21 million people worldwide. People with schizophrenia are 2-2.5 times more likely to die early than the general population. The case study highlights about Agnosia in a schizophrenic patient in a primary care setting and how to address the management at a broader perspective using the appropriate antipsychotic medication and ensuring the support from a family without violating the human rights of the patient. The World Economic Forum estimated that the cumulative global impact of mental disorders in terms of lost economic output will amount to US$ 16 trillion over the next 20 years, equivalent to more than 1% of the global gross domestic product. Mental health should be a concern for all of us, rather than only for those who suffer from a mental disorder. The Mental Health Action Plan 2013-2020, endorsed by the World Health Assembly in 2013, highlights the steps required to provide appropriate services for people with mental disorders including schizophrenia. A key recommendation of the Action Plan is to shift services from institutions to the community. Mental health must be considered a focus of renewed investment not just in terms of human development and dignity but also in terms of social and economic development.
Wolters Klower- Medknow, 2017
The 2014 Ebola epidemic was the largest in history, affecting Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Nige... more The 2014 Ebola epidemic was the largest in history, affecting Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Nigeria, and Mali in West Africa. The International Health Regulations are legally binding in 194 countries including all the member states of WHO " to prevent, protect against, control, and provide a public health response to the international spread of disease. " Since the Caribbean Community region heavily depends on tourism, a single case of the disease anywhere in the region could have serious negative consequences for the rest of the region's tourism industry. Global health diplomacy brings together the disciplines of public health, international affairs, management, law, and economics and focuses on negotiations that shape and manage the global policy environment for health. The regional institutes such as Caribbean Public Health Agency should play a more proactive and pivotal role in the creation of regional response teams in all the island nations collaborating with the departments of public health and epidemiology at the regional campuses of The University of the West Indies. The role of global health diplomacy and its practice should be encouraged to reach a consensus among the stakeholders considering the threat to the health security in the region. There is a need for the cadre of global health diplomats who has a critical understanding of health and also the practice of diplomacy since such serious health issues have implications at the global level in this globalized world.
How to cite this article: Chattu VK. Politics of Ebola and the critical role of global health diplomacy for the CARICOM.J Family Med Prim Care 2017;6:463-467 How to cite this URL: Chattu VK. Politics of Ebola and the critical role of global health diplomacy for the CARICOM. J Family Med Prim Care [serial online] 2017 [cited 2017 Dec 29 ];6:463-467
Global health diplomacy (GHD) is relatively a very new field that has yet to be clearly defined a... more Global health diplomacy (GHD) is relatively a very new field that has yet to be clearly defined and developed though there are various definitions given by different experts from foreign policy, global health, diplomacy, international relations, governance, and law. With the intensification of globalization and increasing gaps between countries, new and reemerging health threats such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome, Ebola, and Zika and a gradual rethinking on security concepts framed a new political context. The health problems addressed diplomatically have also become diverse ranging from neglected tropical diseases, infectious diseases, sale of unsafe, counterfeit drugs to brain drain crisis. We see that global health has become more diverse as the actors widened and also the interests appealing not only to the traditional humanitarian ideals associated with health but also to the principles grounded in national and global security. Recently, we are witnessing the increased priority given to the GHD because the issue of health is discussed by various actors outside the WHO to shape the global policy for health determinants. In fact, the area of health has become the part of UN Summit Diplomacy involving the G8, G20, BRICS, and the EU. The recent WHO Pandemic Influenza Framework, UN High Level Framework on Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, and the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control are some of the examples of long term negotiation processes for agreements that took place.
How to cite this article: Chattu VK. The rise of global health diplomacy: An interdisciplinary concept linking health and international relations.Indian J Public Health 2017;61:134136
Purpose: It is known that racial disparities exist in terms of disease prevalence and access to h... more Purpose: It is known that racial disparities exist in terms of disease prevalence and access to health care. However, the link between race/ ethnicity and sleep quality is often under-recognized. Results: Current evidence shows that differences exist between Blacks and Whites in terms of sleep duration, sleep quality, and the likelihood of acquiring a sleep disorder. It has been argued that the adverse effects of ethnicity on sleep quality or duration interact with other social or personal factors (such as employment) and that the effects of these factors are interactive and need to be analyzed simultaneously. There is a growing body of evidence showing that disturbed sleep is a mediator of the effect of environmental stressors on personal health, which is more pronounced in ethnic minorities. Conclusions: These findings support the notion that perceived discrimination or unfair treatment has significant associations with complaints of sleep disturbance and disturbed objective measures of sleep quality and sleep architecture. Hence, greater efforts are needed to demonstrate how racial/ ethnic factors influence different sleep processes.
Since the start of Zika epidemic this year, till date there are more than 45 countries with activ... more Since the start of Zika epidemic this year, till date there are more than 45 countries with active Zika virus transmission. Considering its spread at an alarming rate with large clusters of microcephaly and neurological complications, the Emergency Committee of the World Health Organization (WHO) under the International Health Regulations (IHR) announced that Zika constitutes Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) on February 1, 2016. Countries in Central America and South America show a decreasing trend of cases where as there is an increasing number of cases in USA and some Caribbean states. Recently after careful review of the existing evidence the scientists at CDC concluded that Zika virus causes Microcephaly a condition in which the size of baby's brain and head is smaller than the normally expected. For planning more effective disease control and prevention activities for Zika fever there is great need for a functional and intensified Public Health Surveillance system Preparedness for the prevention and control of Zika virus infection. Risk communications should be enhanced in countries with Zika virus transmission to address population concerns, enhance community engagement, improve reporting, and ensure application of vector control and personal protective measures. Vector control measures and appropriate personal protective measures should be aggressively promoted and implemented to reduce the risk of exposure to Zika virus. Attention should be given to women of childbearing age and particularly pregnant women so that they have the necessary information and materials to reduce risk of exposure
Zika virus is considered an emerging infectious disease with the potential to spread to new areas... more Zika virus is considered an emerging infectious disease with the potential to spread to new areas where the Aedes mosquito vector is present. Since the start of Zika epidemic this year, till date there are more than 44 countries with active Zika virus transmission. The virus can also be transmitted by substances of human origin from donors after clinical recovery from Zika virus disease due to possible prolonged viraemia or a persistence of the virus in semen after viraemia has cleared. Zika virus infection has been associated with neurological anomalies especially Guillain-Barré syndrome which has symptoms like weakness of the arms and legs that is usually the same on both sides of the body. Recently after careful review of the existing evidence the scientists at CDC concluded that Zika virus causes Microcephaly a condition in which the size of baby's brain and head is smaller than the normally expected. Apart from that there may be other severe brain defects in the new born baby. Till date there are no FDA approved vaccines or treatments for Zika at this time and recently FDA approved the Focus Diagnostics, Inc.'s Zika Virus RNA Qualitative Real-Time TR-PCR test for detection in emergencies. The World Health Organization has forecast that the smaller Caribbean economies would be losing anywhere from 1 to 2 percent of their GDP to the Zika virus in the coming months. The World Bank estimates figures that Zika has already cost the region a total of $3.5 billion USD or approximately 0.06 percent of the GDP of the Latin American and the Caribbean region. For planning more effective disease control and prevention activities for Zika fever there is great need for a functional and intensified Public Health Surveillance system Preparedness for the prevention and control of Zika virus infection will require capacities and capabilities for early detection, response and communication.
Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of Barleria prionitis extract mouthwash in comparison with gold sta... more Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of Barleria prionitis extract mouthwash in comparison with gold standard chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash on the oral health. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 subjects were randomly divided into two groups, B. prionitis group and the CHX gluconate mouthwash group. The data were collected at the baseline and 3 days. The plaque was disclosed using erythrosine disclosing agent and their scores were recorded using the Quigley and Hein plaque index modified by Turesky‑Gilmore‑Glickman. Statistical analysis was performed to compare the effect of the two drug regime. Results: Our result showed that the CHX and the B. prionitis were statistically equally effective against dental plaque. Although the action of CHX was more pronounced. Conclusions: This study has confirmed antimicrobial potential of the plant B. prionitis, thus supporting its folklore application as preventive remedy against oral microbial diseases. SUMMARY • Within the limitation of this trial, herbal mouthwash has been shown to demonstrate similar effects on plaque as compared to the standard drug CHX. Further long term research needs to be done to check the efficacy and effectiveness of herbal products over standard drug regime.
The Zika virus (ZIKV), first discovered in 1947, has emerged as a global public health threat ove... more The Zika virus (ZIKV), first discovered in 1947, has emerged as a global public health threat over the last decade, with the accelerated geographic spread of the virus noted during the last 5 years. The World Health Organization (WHO) predicts that millions of cases of ZIKV are likely to occur in the Americas during the next 12 months. These projections, in conjunction with suspected Zika-associated increase in newborn microcephaly cases, prompted WHO to declare public health emergency of international concern. ZIKV-associated illness is characterized by an incubation period of 3-12 days. Most patients remain asymptomatic (i.e., ~80%) after contracting the virus. When symptomatic, clinical presentation is usually mild and consists of a self-limiting febrile illness that lasts approximately 2-7 days. Among common clinical manifestations are fever, arthralgia, conjunctivitis, myalgia, headache, and maculopapular rash. Hospitalization and complication rates are low, with fatalities being extremely rare. Newborn microcephaly, the most devastating and insidious complication associated with the ZIKV, has been described in the offspring of women who became infected while pregnant. Much remains to be elucidated about the timing of ZIKV infection in the context of the temporal progression of pregnancy, the corresponding in utero fetal development stage(s), and the risk of microcephaly. Without further knowledge of the pathophysiology involved, the true risk of ZIKV to the unborn remains difficult to quantify and remediate. Accurate, portable, and inexpensive point-of-care testing is required to better identify cases and manage the current and future outbreaks of ZIKV, including optimization of preventive approaches and the identification of more effective risk reduction strategies. In addition, much more work needs to be done to produce an effective vaccine. Given the rapid geographic spread of ZIKV in recent years, a coordinated local, regional, and global effort is needed to generate sufficient resources and political traction to effectively halt and contain further expansion of the current outbreak.
Global health is the health of populations in a global context and transcends the perspectives an... more Global health is the health of populations in a global context and transcends the perspectives and concerns of individual nations. In 2012, half a million people were infected with the drug resistant TB, also known as multi-drug resistant-TB (MDR-TB). However, it is estimated that less than a quarter of the actual cases were properly diagnosed. The drug resistant Tuberculosis is confirmed in 37 countries including the developing and G8 countries. MDR-TB, has been recognized as a potentially catastrophic challenge to global public health since it is contagious and carry grave consequences of those who are affected. In 2001 the World Health Assembly’s resolution “Global Health Security: epidemic alert and response” linked the health security concept to a global strategy for prevention of movement of communicable diseases across national borders. The biggest challenge is how to ensure that the new medicines are widely available at affordable prices to improve treatment success rates. The total economic burden of TB between 2006 and 2015 for the twenty-two high burden countries is estimated to be about $3.4 trillion. To address this global security challenge, which costs a lot for the high burden countries, there must be a simplified TB treatment market that will allow for better and more affordable medicines, thereby transforming the lives of those still affected by the disease in a great way. To ensure the global health security, the global community must work together with a commitment to buildup sustainable response not limiting to outbreak containment but must strengthen health systems.
The main objective of this paper is to discuss and bring out the consequences of introducing the ... more The main objective of this paper is to discuss and bring out the consequences of introducing the mandatory HIV testing strategy in some countries and also highlight the advantages of undergoing HIV testing.
Purpose: To assess the knowledge related to contact lens wear and their care among the female stu... more Purpose: To assess the knowledge related to contact lens wear and their care among the female students. Methods: A structured questionnaire covering aspects on wearers' attitude, knowledge related to lens care, hygiene of hands and lens cases was introduced in which about 50 female contact lens wearers participated in this study. By doing multi-variate testing, the factors like demography, hygiene, behaviors and attitude to aftercare visits were analyzed among lens wearers and significant findings are reported. Conclusion: Poor hand hygiene, inadequate lens care and not remembering when to come back for aftercare visits are the common non-compliant behaviors in lens wearers where proper health education plays a major role in improving compliance.
HIV/AIDS has claimed millions of lives in the global workforce and continues to remain a threat t... more HIV/AIDS has claimed millions of lives in the global workforce and continues to remain a threat to many businesses. An estimated 36.5 million of working people are living with HIV; the global workforce has lost 28 million people from AIDS since the beginning of the epidemic. In the absence of access to treatment, this number could grow to 74 million by 2015. The epidemic continues to affect the working population through absenteeism, sickness and death. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is an obligation that corporates have towards their employees, community and society. A review and documentation of one such CSR by Johnson & Johnson (a multinational company) for HIV/AIDS in Africa is presented here. Johnson & Johnson Company is involved in numerous projects around the world to combat the HIV/AIDS epidemic. The company is working to fight the spread of the disease and improve the quality of life for those living with the illness through various donations of its products and sponsorship of local programs. This case study also highlights different categories of CSR activities such as Cause Promotion, Cause related Marketing, Corporate Philanthropy, Corporate Social Marketing, Corporate Volunteering and Socially responsible business practices, which are discussed with specific examples from different countries in Africa.
Conclusions: CSR of any business encompasses the economic, legal, ethical & discretionary expectation placed on the organization by society at a given point of time. CSR is therefore the obligation that corporations have towards their stakeholders and society in general which horizons beyond what is prescribed by law or union contracts. Johnson & Johnson has a proved history of being committed to caring for people and a good example of a company with a long history of citizenship and sustainability.
The main objective of this paper is to discuss and debate the introduction of Mandatory HIV testi... more The main objective of this paper is to discuss and debate the introduction of Mandatory HIV testing strategy and the unforeseen effects like violation of human rights, increased stigma & discrimination. The paper also elaborates on pros & cons of this testing strategy and the rationality in choosing this strategy among pregnant women & premarital.
The countries of Gulf Cooperation Council have enacted national laws and policies mandating premarital testing. Provinces of China, Ethiopia and Democratic Republic of Congo and five Indian states have introduced or passed similar laws or regulations. A mandatory approach to testing and treatment has the potential to significantly reduce perinatal transmission of HIV and defend the view that mandatory testing is morally required if a number of conditions can be met. Mandatory premarital HIV testing is definitely not the effective and acceptable choice by everyone as the approach is opposing to the rights based approach. With a possible or probable disclosure of status of HIV result, the women may has to suffer discrimination not just in terms of health services but also in her day to day activities of life in the community apart from violation.
Conclusions: There are large benefits to individuals, women, children and society as early detection and treatment of HIV has been proven to be a successful way to improve not only the survival but also the quality of life of HIV positive patients. Mandatory testing overrides an individual's right to make decisions about their body and thereby violates their right to informed consent & right to confidentiality. Mandatory PHT may not be a good policy if it is employed by governments for the sake of testing.
The theme for World Health Day campaign for this year 2015 is “Food safety: from farm to plate, m... more The theme for World Health Day campaign for this year 2015 is “Food safety: from farm to plate, make food safe”. The day focuses on demonstrating the importance of food safety along the whole length of the food chain in a globalized world, from production and transport, to preparation and consumption. Everyone needs food and needs it every day either plant sources or animal sources or both. The food we eat must be nutritious and safe but we often ignore or overlook the issue of food safety. Many cases of food borne diseases either acute poisoning or chronic exposure are largely under reported. In this globalized world, though the food chain extends over thousands of miles from different continents, an error or contamination in one country can affect the health of consumers on the other part of the world. To ensure full impact, these actions must build on principles of government stewardship, engagement of civil society.
According to UN, access to a safe and secure food supply is a basic human right. Food safety and food security are interrelated concepts which have an impact on the health outcomes and quality of human lives. As per Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), Food security is a situation that exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. Based on the definition of Food security, four food security dimensions can be identified: food availability, economic and physical access to food, food utilization and stability over time. Apart from that food security is also affected by Poverty and Climate change.
This article discusses about the role of food safety and its interconnectedness with Food securit... more This article discusses about the role of food safety and its interconnectedness with Food security. It also highlights the role of climate change and its impact on nutritional security which is one of the components of the broader human security. It also addresses the burning issue of this decade namely climate change which has a great impact on human lives especially on food production and health status are addressed from the research studies globally. The challenge of food security is to assure that all people have access to enough food to lead productive lives, but a large part of food security is assuring the food is safe from a chemical, physical or biological aspect on which the WHO has prioritized for this year theme. There is an urgent need for strengthening the existing food policies to incorporate the importance of food safety which is ignored most of the times, improving the food governance so that gender issues are addressed, public private partnerships are strengthened, encouraging the farming occupation & community organizations for food production and finally improving access to the end users.
Tuberculosis (TB) is second only to HIV/AIDS as the
greatest killer worldwide due to ... more Tuberculosis (TB) is second only to HIV/AIDS as the
greatest killer worldwide due to a single infectious
agent. As per 2013 statistics, 9 million people fell ill
with TB and 1.5 million died from the disease. Over
95% of TB deaths occur in low- and middle-income
countries, and it is among the top 5 causes of death
for women aged 15 to 44. According to WHO, the
largest number of new TB cases is contributed by the
South-East Asia region with highest number of cases
globally.
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Papers by Vijay Kumar Chattu MD, MPH
How to cite this article: Chattu VK. Politics of Ebola and the critical role of global health diplomacy for the CARICOM.J Family Med Prim Care 2017;6:463-467 How to cite this URL: Chattu VK. Politics of Ebola and the critical role of global health diplomacy for the CARICOM. J Family Med Prim Care [serial online] 2017 [cited 2017 Dec 29 ];6:463-467
How to cite this article: Chattu VK. The rise of global health diplomacy: An interdisciplinary concept linking health and international relations.Indian J Public Health 2017;61:134136
Conclusions: CSR of any business encompasses the economic, legal, ethical & discretionary expectation placed on the organization by society at a given point of time. CSR is therefore the obligation that corporations have towards their stakeholders and society in general which horizons beyond what is prescribed by law or union contracts. Johnson & Johnson has a proved history of being committed to caring for people and a good example of a company with a long history of citizenship and sustainability.
The countries of Gulf Cooperation Council have enacted national laws and policies mandating premarital testing. Provinces of China, Ethiopia and Democratic Republic of Congo and five Indian states have introduced or passed similar laws or regulations. A mandatory approach to testing and treatment has the potential to significantly reduce perinatal transmission of HIV and defend the view that mandatory testing is morally required if a number of conditions can be met. Mandatory premarital HIV testing is definitely not the effective and acceptable choice by everyone as the approach is opposing to the rights based approach. With a possible or probable disclosure of status of HIV result, the women may has to suffer discrimination not just in terms of health services but also in her day to day activities of life in the community apart from violation.
Conclusions: There are large benefits to individuals, women, children and society as early detection and treatment of HIV has been proven to be a successful way to improve not only the survival but also the quality of life of HIV positive patients. Mandatory testing overrides an individual's right to make decisions about their body and thereby violates their right to informed consent & right to confidentiality. Mandatory PHT may not be a good policy if it is employed by governments for the sake of testing.
According to UN, access to a safe and secure food supply is a basic human right. Food safety and food security are interrelated concepts which have an impact on the health outcomes and quality of human lives. As per Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), Food security is a situation that exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. Based on the definition of Food security, four food security dimensions can be identified: food availability, economic and physical access to food, food utilization and stability over time. Apart from that food security is also affected by Poverty and Climate change.
greatest killer worldwide due to a single infectious
agent. As per 2013 statistics, 9 million people fell ill
with TB and 1.5 million died from the disease. Over
95% of TB deaths occur in low- and middle-income
countries, and it is among the top 5 causes of death
for women aged 15 to 44. According to WHO, the
largest number of new TB cases is contributed by the
South-East Asia region with highest number of cases
globally.
How to cite this article: Chattu VK. Politics of Ebola and the critical role of global health diplomacy for the CARICOM.J Family Med Prim Care 2017;6:463-467 How to cite this URL: Chattu VK. Politics of Ebola and the critical role of global health diplomacy for the CARICOM. J Family Med Prim Care [serial online] 2017 [cited 2017 Dec 29 ];6:463-467
How to cite this article: Chattu VK. The rise of global health diplomacy: An interdisciplinary concept linking health and international relations.Indian J Public Health 2017;61:134136
Conclusions: CSR of any business encompasses the economic, legal, ethical & discretionary expectation placed on the organization by society at a given point of time. CSR is therefore the obligation that corporations have towards their stakeholders and society in general which horizons beyond what is prescribed by law or union contracts. Johnson & Johnson has a proved history of being committed to caring for people and a good example of a company with a long history of citizenship and sustainability.
The countries of Gulf Cooperation Council have enacted national laws and policies mandating premarital testing. Provinces of China, Ethiopia and Democratic Republic of Congo and five Indian states have introduced or passed similar laws or regulations. A mandatory approach to testing and treatment has the potential to significantly reduce perinatal transmission of HIV and defend the view that mandatory testing is morally required if a number of conditions can be met. Mandatory premarital HIV testing is definitely not the effective and acceptable choice by everyone as the approach is opposing to the rights based approach. With a possible or probable disclosure of status of HIV result, the women may has to suffer discrimination not just in terms of health services but also in her day to day activities of life in the community apart from violation.
Conclusions: There are large benefits to individuals, women, children and society as early detection and treatment of HIV has been proven to be a successful way to improve not only the survival but also the quality of life of HIV positive patients. Mandatory testing overrides an individual's right to make decisions about their body and thereby violates their right to informed consent & right to confidentiality. Mandatory PHT may not be a good policy if it is employed by governments for the sake of testing.
According to UN, access to a safe and secure food supply is a basic human right. Food safety and food security are interrelated concepts which have an impact on the health outcomes and quality of human lives. As per Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), Food security is a situation that exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. Based on the definition of Food security, four food security dimensions can be identified: food availability, economic and physical access to food, food utilization and stability over time. Apart from that food security is also affected by Poverty and Climate change.
greatest killer worldwide due to a single infectious
agent. As per 2013 statistics, 9 million people fell ill
with TB and 1.5 million died from the disease. Over
95% of TB deaths occur in low- and middle-income
countries, and it is among the top 5 causes of death
for women aged 15 to 44. According to WHO, the
largest number of new TB cases is contributed by the
South-East Asia region with highest number of cases
globally.