Law

In 2016, the National Army Museum has acquired an important 18th century watercolour entitled “An East View of the Great Cataract of Niagara” (1762), by the military artist and surveyor, Captain Thomas Davies. This paper explores why this work is of such significance.

This file is a list of publications and consultancy reports.  Most are available online.  Many are available on a different site: Researchgate. If a particular paper is unavailable, send a request and I will forward a copy if I still have one.

As an increasingly internationalized society, Japan's influence globally is on the rise, especially in the lead-up to the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games. However, as an internationalized country, Japanese society still harbours an 'us' and 'them' attitude, displaying discursive strategies that enable majority views to prevail. A country based on Confucian philosophy and principles, Japan is a well-ordered society where everyone appears to know their place. As is seen in this article, these ideas are reflected in English-language learning materials, where some groups are perceived as less valuable than others, allowing for surreptitious undertones to prevail within such learning resources. The prejudice and bias contained within English education textbooks in Japan, depicting minority groups at the bottom of the totem pole, are discussed, as the success of this nation should not outweigh the discrimination that exists within it. The article notes important educational policy and then provides a historical overview of English education textbooks used in Japan. It follows with a discussion of recent discursive strategies that enable the majority to present negative views about minority out-groups through a more subtle and covert rhetoric within current textbooks.

Background: Empirical research has demonstrated that the quality of an individual's goals play an essential role in future motivations, learning processes, and outcomes. Research has revealed that attitude towards the target language is considered to be one of the most vital factors influencing the course of one's language learning (Hussin, Maarof & D'Cruz). Further still, scholars have suggested that utility value and instrumentality play a crucial role in learner motivation and interest in the subject matter.

Revocación al uso de un mega-barco arrastrero en la reforma australiana de manejo de pesquerías RESUMEN: En respuesta a las intensas campañas de los medios sociales, dirigidas por grupos de conservación internacionales, políticos de tendencia verde y pescadores recreativos, el gobierno australiano impuso una moratoria a las operaciones de un mega-barco arrastrero. Esta moratoria ignora el proceso de manejo pesquero desarrollado de forma independiente por el propio gobierno, modificando la legislación ambiental días previos a que la embarcación comenzara sus actividades de pesca. Actualmente, el gobierno anunció que se haría una revisión exhaustiva de la legislación de manejo de las pesquerías australianas. Si bien la ciencia se utiliza con frecuencia para apoyar la conservación de los conflictos concernientes a los recursos naturales, en este caso, las recomendaciones de manejo basadas en evidencia científica fueron relegadas por protestas vociferantes de grupos de posición y perpetuadas por los medios (particularmente por los medios sociales), culminando finalmente en una decisión política.

There is growing concern over the use of domestic product regulations as technical barriers to trade on the one hand, and the WTO's incursion into domestic regulatory autonomy on the other. The TBTA seeks to balance competing interests -acknowledging but disciplining Members' regulatory control over traded goods. The effectiveness of these disciplines is limited by the exclusion of many modern domestic regulations from the scope of the TBTA; the surest way to prevent abuse of process-based product specifications is to subject them to the TBTA's disciplines. The WTO dispute settlement tribunals have affirmed the importance of the use or adoption of international standards. While Members are still entitled to introduce their own measures in some circumstances, the emphasis on international standards raises the status of standard-setting bodies. Despite their important new role, the composition, accountability, and decision-making procedures have so far escaped the kind of civil society scrutiny to which WTO deliberations are now subject. To achieve the TBTA's harmonization objectives, the development, and use of international standards and their legal recognition within the WTO regime should be revised to safeguard legitimate non-trade regulatory objectives.

There is growing concern over the use of domestic product regulations as technical barriers to trade on the one hand, and the WTO's incursion into domestic regulatory autonomy on the other. The TBTA seeks to balance competing interests -acknowledging but disciplining Members' regulatory control over traded goods. The effectiveness of these disciplines is limited by the exclusion of many modern domestic regulations from the scope of the TBTA; the surest way to prevent abuse of process-based product specifications is to subject them to the TBTA's disciplines. The WTO dispute settlement tribunals have affirmed the importance of the use or adoption of international standards. While Members are still entitled to introduce their own measures in some circumstances, the emphasis on international standards raises the status of standard-setting bodies. Despite their important new role, the composition, accountability, and decision-making procedures have so far escaped the kind of civil society scrutiny to which WTO deliberations are now subject. To achieve the TBTA's harmonization objectives, the development, and use of international standards and their legal recognition within the WTO regime should be revised to safeguard legitimate non-trade regulatory objectives.

There is an increasing interest in the implementation of biometric systems for identifi cation purposes. Biometrics is not new; and has been in use since 1858. Facial, fi ngerprints and iris recognition are the most common biometric systems in use. This paper is about biometric systems deployment in law enforcement. The research involves a comparative study in Australia, Mexico, New Zealand and Spain where national biometric criminal databases are operating with asymmetries among them. The paper highlights Interpol's databases because it represents the best practices of the extent of biometric criminal databases. It concludes that biometric systems pose singular challenges to privacy and data protection rights, particularly biometric criminal databases, not only at national level also at international level.