Tieto on aina ollut kaiken inhimillisen toiminnan peruste. Sen tärkeys yritysten ja myös julkisen... more Tieto on aina ollut kaiken inhimillisen toiminnan peruste. Sen tärkeys yritysten ja myös julkisen sektorin organisaatioiden keskeisenä resurssina on kuitenkin laajasti ymmärretty vasta 1990-luvun lopulta alkaen. Nykyisin tiedon ja sen johtamisen tärkeyttä ei juuri tarvitse perustella. Tarvitsemme välineitä, joiden avulla tietoa eri muodoissaan voidaan johtaa ja kehittää.
Tietojohtaminen on nuori tieteenala, ja sen käsitteet ovat vielä vakiintumattomia. Tieto ja siihen liittyvät ilmiöt ovat monimutkaisia ja abstrakteja. Jotta näitä asioita voidaan kehittää, tarvitaan täsmällisiä käsitteitä, joilla asioista voi puhua ja kirjoittaa. On myös tärkeää, että tietojohtamisen parissa työskentelevät henkilöt hallitsevat tietyt peruskäsitteet. Yksi ja ehkä keskeisin tämän kirjan tavoite onkin luoda ymmärrystä tietojohtamiseen liittyvistä käsitteistä ja siitä, miten ne liittyvät toisiinsa.
Kirja on tarkoitettu tietojohtamisen opintoja yliopistossa tai ammattikorkeakoulussa aloitteleville henkilöille perusoppikirjaksi, sekä myös asiantuntijoille ja johtajille, jotka soveltavat tietojohtamista käytännössä.
International Journal of Strategic Change Management, Mar 20, 2015
76 Int. J. Strategic Change Management, Vol. 3, Nos. 1/2, 2011 ... A knowledge management view to... more 76 Int. J. Strategic Change Management, Vol. 3, Nos. 1/2, 2011 ... A knowledge management view to a strategic change in a high-tech company ... Nina Helander*, Marianne Kukko and Pasi Virtanen ... Department of Business Information Management and Logistics, Tampere ...
CO2 - Ionic Liquids synergies: Reactive capture and conversion of CO2 to chemicals Valerie Etaa, ... more CO2 - Ionic Liquids synergies: Reactive capture and conversion of CO2 to chemicals Valerie Etaa, Pasi Virtanena, Ikenna Anugwoma, Pivi Mki-Arvelaa, Jyri-Pekka Mikkolaa,b aLaboratory of Industrial Chemistry and Reaction Engineering, Process Chemistry Centre, bo Akademi University, Biskopsgatan 8, 20500 Turku/bo, Finland. bTechnical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biological Center, Ume University, SE-90187 Ume. Novel technologies based on the utilization of abundant and non-toxic carbon dioxide (CO2) for the synthesis of materials and chemicals may significantly contribute towards the development of sustainable industrial practices. Naturally, myriad substances are synthesized from CO2 and consumed by humans. The conversion of CO2 to fuels and chemicals is an attractive method of utilizing CO2 from the viewpoint of green chemistry and sustainable development. The use of CO2 in the synthesis of chemicals such as dimethyl carbonate (DMC) or switchable ionic liquids (SILs) ...
The present study investigates wood fractionation through ionic liquid (IL) mediated pretreatment... more The present study investigates wood fractionation through ionic liquid (IL) mediated pretreatment, for obtaining simple fermentable sugars, namely oligo- and monosaccharides, and in particular hexoses (and pentoses). The study focuses on softwood, Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris) and Norway Spruce (Picea abies), exposed to ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (EmimCl). Since both EmimCl and the monosaccharides are water-soluble and dissolve readily in similar solvents, the separation of this hydrophilic IL from sugars is difficult. Moreover, the analytics of monosaccharides released from lignocellulosics with the help of EmimCl is challenging. Sufficiently diluted samples, with low enough EmimCl concentrations, tolerated by GC sugar columns, can be also analyzed by GC. The results obtained suggest that some IL-tolerating HPLC columns can be utilized for a quantitative determination of monosaccharides. However, frequently, these columns have low separation ability for monos...
A series of substituted morpholinium ionic salts and allyl ammonium acetates were prepared. Among... more A series of substituted morpholinium ionic salts and allyl ammonium acetates were prepared. Amongst those, N-allyl-N-methylmorpholinium acetate ([AMMorp][OAc]) was found to dissolve cellulose readily without any pre-processing of native cellulose. At 120°C, [AMMorp][OAc] could dissolve 30wt%, 28wt% and 25wt% of cellulose with degree of polymerization (DPn) - 789, 1644 and 2082 respectively, in 20min. Importantly, SEC analysis indicated that no discernible changes occurred in terms of the degree of polymerization of the different celluloses after regeneration. Furthermore, when comparing the cellulose dissolution capability of these newly synthesized ionic liquids, it is evident that the combination of all three constituents - the morpholinium cation, the existence of an allyl group and choosing the acetate anion are essential for efficient cellulose dissolution. The structure and morphology of the regenerated cellulosic materials were characterized by SEM, XRD, TGA, CP/MAS (13)C NMR and FTIR, respectively.
The challenge in preparation of ionic liquids containing a strong alkaline anion is to identify a... more The challenge in preparation of ionic liquids containing a strong alkaline anion is to identify a suitable cation which can tolerate the harsh conditions induced by the anion. In this study, a commercial quaternary ammonium compound (quat) benzalkonium [ADBA] (alkyldimethylbenzylammonium) was used as a cation in the synthesis of different alkaline ionic liquids. In fact, the precursor, benzalkonium chloride, is a mixture of alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chlorides of various alkyl chain lengths and is commonly used in the formulation of various antiseptic products. The prepared ionic liquids were utilized as Supported Ionic Liquid Catalysts (SILCAs). Typically, a SILCA contains metal nanoparticles, enzymes, or metal complexes in an ionic liquid layer which is immobilized on a solid carrier material such as an active carbon cloth (ACC). The catalysts were applied in the selective hydrogenation of citral to citronellal which is an important perfumery chemical. Interestingly, 70% molar yi...
Scientific Bases for the Preparation of Heterogeneous Catalysts EM Gaigneaux et al. (Editors) 9 2... more Scientific Bases for the Preparation of Heterogeneous Catalysts EM Gaigneaux et al. (Editors) 9 2006 Elsevier BV All rights reserved. Supported Ionic Liquid Catalyst (SILCA) in the Hydrogenation of Citral P~iivi M~iki-Arvela, ~ Jyri-Pekka Mikkola, a Pasi Virtanen, a ...
ABSTRACT Wood extractives such as α-pinene oxide and β-pinene oxide are important renewable chemi... more ABSTRACT Wood extractives such as α-pinene oxide and β-pinene oxide are important renewable chemicals for the synthesis of fine chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and value-added intermediates. In this work, catalytic transformations of biomass derived extractives, isomerization of α,β-pinene oxides were studied over supported ionic liquid catalysts (SILCAs). SILCAs consist of catalytic species (e.g., metal nanoparticles or metal complexes) in a thin layer of ionic liquid which is immobilized on a solid support material (e.g., active carbon cloth). The reaction kinetics of the isomerization reactions over supported ionic liquid catalysts were studied and modeled. Mechanistic kinetic models describing the differences in selectivity and activity of the catalysts containing different ionic liquids were developed, and the models described the reaction rates and product distributions very well.
ABSTRACT The isomerisation of α-pinene oxide to campholenic aldehyde, an expensive ingredient uti... more ABSTRACT The isomerisation of α-pinene oxide to campholenic aldehyde, an expensive ingredient utilized by e.g. flavor industry, was studied over Supported Ionic Liquid Catalysts (SILCAs) consisting of catalytically active species residing in ionic liquid. The ionic liquid, in turn, was immobilized on a solid support material. SILCAs were demonstrated as efficient catalysts for the transformation of α-pinene oxide into campholenic aldehyde, with the product distribution and activity being dependent on the nature of the ionic liquid.
ABSTRACT Hydrogenation is an important and widely applied reaction in chemical industry. Supporte... more ABSTRACT Hydrogenation is an important and widely applied reaction in chemical industry. Supported ionic liquid (IL) type catalysts have shown good performance in various hydrogenation reactions. This chapter introduces a few case studies where supported IL catalysis has been applied in hydrogenation reactions. The case studies highlight the novelty of supported IL catalyst (SILCA) catalysts. Selective hydrogenation of α,ß-unsaturated aldehydes, ketones, and esters, in general, is a versatile pathway to obtain many interesting products that can be used in perfumes, hardening of fats, preparation of pharmaceuticals, and synthesis of organic intermediates. SILCAs have been successfully demonstrated to act as catalysts in chemoselective hydrogenations, and thus an analogous concept has been applied for the synthesis of chiral metal complexes in ILs supported on heterogeneous catalysts.
... Ikenna Anugwom*a, Päivi Mäki-Arvelaa, Pasi Virtanena, Pia Damlind, Rainer Sjöholmc and Jyri-P... more ... Ikenna Anugwom*a, Päivi Mäki-Arvelaa, Pasi Virtanena, Pia Damlind, Rainer Sjöholmc and Jyri-Pekka Mikkola*ab. a Laboratory of Industrial ... 1, L. Phan, D. Chiu, DJ Heldebrant, H. Huttenhower, E. John, L. Xiaowang, P. Pollet, R. Wang, CA Eckert, CL Liotta and PG Jessop, ...
ABSTRACT Supported Ionic Liquid Catalysts (SILCA) designed by immobilization of catalytic species... more ABSTRACT Supported Ionic Liquid Catalysts (SILCA) designed by immobilization of catalytic species residing in an ionic liquid layer, which in turn was immobilized on a solid support, were applied on the selective hydrogenation of citral in a batch reactor and in a continuous reactor. Different ionic liquids with and without addition of acid modificators were studied in terms of the catalyst activity and product selectivity. Consequently, mechanistic kinetic models describing the differences in the activity and selectivity of the catalysts consisting different ionic liquids, were developed. KeywordsCatalysis-Catalyst modification-Selective hydrogenation-Ionic liquid-Multiphase reactions-Supported ionic liquid catalyst (SILCA)
ABSTRACT In this work, ionic liquid (IL) modified H-Beta zeolites were prepared and the physicoch... more ABSTRACT In this work, ionic liquid (IL) modified H-Beta zeolites were prepared and the physicochemical properties of the catalysts were investigated. IL modified zeolites were applied in 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) etherification to tert-butoxymethylfurfural (tBMF) which is a potential (bio)diesel component. The best catalyst, IL-H-Beta-25, yielded at BMF selectivity of 76 % corresponding to a HMF conversion of 46 %.
The use of ionic liquids in catalysis is attracting ever more attention in chemical engineering. ... more The use of ionic liquids in catalysis is attracting ever more attention in chemical engineering. In line with this research we have studied Supported Ionic Liquid Catalysts (SILCAs) which consist of immobilized catalytic species, e.g. transition metal particles residing in an ionic liquid layer immobilized on a solid support. We found out that dissolution of Lewis or Brønsted acids into the ionic liquid layer of SILCA has major effects to the activity as well as the product distribution of the catalyst in citral transformation reactions. In fact, one-pot synthesis of menthols from citral was accomplished. The effects of different amounts of added Lewis and/or Brønsted acids to SILCA (one of them or both) were studied in this work.
ABSTRACT The fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass to its major components is the primary step... more ABSTRACT The fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass to its major components is the primary step towards the conversion of biomass-based biopolymers to commodity chemicals in the integrated biorefinery process. Wood chips encased in a SpinChem® device and attached to the stirrer of a batch autoclave were used together with switchable ionic liquids (SILs) for the selective fractionation of hemicelluloses and lignin. Stirring of the wood chips in the SpinChem® device facilitated the diffusion of SIL into the chips through forced recirculation and at the same time avoiding mechanical fibrillation. The treatment of birch chips (Betula pendula) with SILs comprising 1,8-diazabicyclo-[5.4.0]-undec-7-ene (DBU), monoethanolamine (MEA) and CO2 at 120 °C in a SpinChem® device resulted in the fractionation of 82 wt.% hemicelluloses and 90 wt.% lignin, leaving the cellulose-rich non-dissolved material partially fibrillated and softened. The dissolved hemicelluloses and lignin were selectively precipitated using isopropanol and recovered from the spent SIL.
Tieto on aina ollut kaiken inhimillisen toiminnan peruste. Sen tärkeys yritysten ja myös julkisen... more Tieto on aina ollut kaiken inhimillisen toiminnan peruste. Sen tärkeys yritysten ja myös julkisen sektorin organisaatioiden keskeisenä resurssina on kuitenkin laajasti ymmärretty vasta 1990-luvun lopulta alkaen. Nykyisin tiedon ja sen johtamisen tärkeyttä ei juuri tarvitse perustella. Tarvitsemme välineitä, joiden avulla tietoa eri muodoissaan voidaan johtaa ja kehittää.
Tietojohtaminen on nuori tieteenala, ja sen käsitteet ovat vielä vakiintumattomia. Tieto ja siihen liittyvät ilmiöt ovat monimutkaisia ja abstrakteja. Jotta näitä asioita voidaan kehittää, tarvitaan täsmällisiä käsitteitä, joilla asioista voi puhua ja kirjoittaa. On myös tärkeää, että tietojohtamisen parissa työskentelevät henkilöt hallitsevat tietyt peruskäsitteet. Yksi ja ehkä keskeisin tämän kirjan tavoite onkin luoda ymmärrystä tietojohtamiseen liittyvistä käsitteistä ja siitä, miten ne liittyvät toisiinsa.
Kirja on tarkoitettu tietojohtamisen opintoja yliopistossa tai ammattikorkeakoulussa aloitteleville henkilöille perusoppikirjaksi, sekä myös asiantuntijoille ja johtajille, jotka soveltavat tietojohtamista käytännössä.
International Journal of Strategic Change Management, Mar 20, 2015
76 Int. J. Strategic Change Management, Vol. 3, Nos. 1/2, 2011 ... A knowledge management view to... more 76 Int. J. Strategic Change Management, Vol. 3, Nos. 1/2, 2011 ... A knowledge management view to a strategic change in a high-tech company ... Nina Helander*, Marianne Kukko and Pasi Virtanen ... Department of Business Information Management and Logistics, Tampere ...
CO2 - Ionic Liquids synergies: Reactive capture and conversion of CO2 to chemicals Valerie Etaa, ... more CO2 - Ionic Liquids synergies: Reactive capture and conversion of CO2 to chemicals Valerie Etaa, Pasi Virtanena, Ikenna Anugwoma, Pivi Mki-Arvelaa, Jyri-Pekka Mikkolaa,b aLaboratory of Industrial Chemistry and Reaction Engineering, Process Chemistry Centre, bo Akademi University, Biskopsgatan 8, 20500 Turku/bo, Finland. bTechnical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biological Center, Ume University, SE-90187 Ume. Novel technologies based on the utilization of abundant and non-toxic carbon dioxide (CO2) for the synthesis of materials and chemicals may significantly contribute towards the development of sustainable industrial practices. Naturally, myriad substances are synthesized from CO2 and consumed by humans. The conversion of CO2 to fuels and chemicals is an attractive method of utilizing CO2 from the viewpoint of green chemistry and sustainable development. The use of CO2 in the synthesis of chemicals such as dimethyl carbonate (DMC) or switchable ionic liquids (SILs) ...
The present study investigates wood fractionation through ionic liquid (IL) mediated pretreatment... more The present study investigates wood fractionation through ionic liquid (IL) mediated pretreatment, for obtaining simple fermentable sugars, namely oligo- and monosaccharides, and in particular hexoses (and pentoses). The study focuses on softwood, Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris) and Norway Spruce (Picea abies), exposed to ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (EmimCl). Since both EmimCl and the monosaccharides are water-soluble and dissolve readily in similar solvents, the separation of this hydrophilic IL from sugars is difficult. Moreover, the analytics of monosaccharides released from lignocellulosics with the help of EmimCl is challenging. Sufficiently diluted samples, with low enough EmimCl concentrations, tolerated by GC sugar columns, can be also analyzed by GC. The results obtained suggest that some IL-tolerating HPLC columns can be utilized for a quantitative determination of monosaccharides. However, frequently, these columns have low separation ability for monos...
A series of substituted morpholinium ionic salts and allyl ammonium acetates were prepared. Among... more A series of substituted morpholinium ionic salts and allyl ammonium acetates were prepared. Amongst those, N-allyl-N-methylmorpholinium acetate ([AMMorp][OAc]) was found to dissolve cellulose readily without any pre-processing of native cellulose. At 120°C, [AMMorp][OAc] could dissolve 30wt%, 28wt% and 25wt% of cellulose with degree of polymerization (DPn) - 789, 1644 and 2082 respectively, in 20min. Importantly, SEC analysis indicated that no discernible changes occurred in terms of the degree of polymerization of the different celluloses after regeneration. Furthermore, when comparing the cellulose dissolution capability of these newly synthesized ionic liquids, it is evident that the combination of all three constituents - the morpholinium cation, the existence of an allyl group and choosing the acetate anion are essential for efficient cellulose dissolution. The structure and morphology of the regenerated cellulosic materials were characterized by SEM, XRD, TGA, CP/MAS (13)C NMR and FTIR, respectively.
The challenge in preparation of ionic liquids containing a strong alkaline anion is to identify a... more The challenge in preparation of ionic liquids containing a strong alkaline anion is to identify a suitable cation which can tolerate the harsh conditions induced by the anion. In this study, a commercial quaternary ammonium compound (quat) benzalkonium [ADBA] (alkyldimethylbenzylammonium) was used as a cation in the synthesis of different alkaline ionic liquids. In fact, the precursor, benzalkonium chloride, is a mixture of alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chlorides of various alkyl chain lengths and is commonly used in the formulation of various antiseptic products. The prepared ionic liquids were utilized as Supported Ionic Liquid Catalysts (SILCAs). Typically, a SILCA contains metal nanoparticles, enzymes, or metal complexes in an ionic liquid layer which is immobilized on a solid carrier material such as an active carbon cloth (ACC). The catalysts were applied in the selective hydrogenation of citral to citronellal which is an important perfumery chemical. Interestingly, 70% molar yi...
Scientific Bases for the Preparation of Heterogeneous Catalysts EM Gaigneaux et al. (Editors) 9 2... more Scientific Bases for the Preparation of Heterogeneous Catalysts EM Gaigneaux et al. (Editors) 9 2006 Elsevier BV All rights reserved. Supported Ionic Liquid Catalyst (SILCA) in the Hydrogenation of Citral P~iivi M~iki-Arvela, ~ Jyri-Pekka Mikkola, a Pasi Virtanen, a ...
ABSTRACT Wood extractives such as α-pinene oxide and β-pinene oxide are important renewable chemi... more ABSTRACT Wood extractives such as α-pinene oxide and β-pinene oxide are important renewable chemicals for the synthesis of fine chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and value-added intermediates. In this work, catalytic transformations of biomass derived extractives, isomerization of α,β-pinene oxides were studied over supported ionic liquid catalysts (SILCAs). SILCAs consist of catalytic species (e.g., metal nanoparticles or metal complexes) in a thin layer of ionic liquid which is immobilized on a solid support material (e.g., active carbon cloth). The reaction kinetics of the isomerization reactions over supported ionic liquid catalysts were studied and modeled. Mechanistic kinetic models describing the differences in selectivity and activity of the catalysts containing different ionic liquids were developed, and the models described the reaction rates and product distributions very well.
ABSTRACT The isomerisation of α-pinene oxide to campholenic aldehyde, an expensive ingredient uti... more ABSTRACT The isomerisation of α-pinene oxide to campholenic aldehyde, an expensive ingredient utilized by e.g. flavor industry, was studied over Supported Ionic Liquid Catalysts (SILCAs) consisting of catalytically active species residing in ionic liquid. The ionic liquid, in turn, was immobilized on a solid support material. SILCAs were demonstrated as efficient catalysts for the transformation of α-pinene oxide into campholenic aldehyde, with the product distribution and activity being dependent on the nature of the ionic liquid.
ABSTRACT Hydrogenation is an important and widely applied reaction in chemical industry. Supporte... more ABSTRACT Hydrogenation is an important and widely applied reaction in chemical industry. Supported ionic liquid (IL) type catalysts have shown good performance in various hydrogenation reactions. This chapter introduces a few case studies where supported IL catalysis has been applied in hydrogenation reactions. The case studies highlight the novelty of supported IL catalyst (SILCA) catalysts. Selective hydrogenation of α,ß-unsaturated aldehydes, ketones, and esters, in general, is a versatile pathway to obtain many interesting products that can be used in perfumes, hardening of fats, preparation of pharmaceuticals, and synthesis of organic intermediates. SILCAs have been successfully demonstrated to act as catalysts in chemoselective hydrogenations, and thus an analogous concept has been applied for the synthesis of chiral metal complexes in ILs supported on heterogeneous catalysts.
... Ikenna Anugwom*a, Päivi Mäki-Arvelaa, Pasi Virtanena, Pia Damlind, Rainer Sjöholmc and Jyri-P... more ... Ikenna Anugwom*a, Päivi Mäki-Arvelaa, Pasi Virtanena, Pia Damlind, Rainer Sjöholmc and Jyri-Pekka Mikkola*ab. a Laboratory of Industrial ... 1, L. Phan, D. Chiu, DJ Heldebrant, H. Huttenhower, E. John, L. Xiaowang, P. Pollet, R. Wang, CA Eckert, CL Liotta and PG Jessop, ...
ABSTRACT Supported Ionic Liquid Catalysts (SILCA) designed by immobilization of catalytic species... more ABSTRACT Supported Ionic Liquid Catalysts (SILCA) designed by immobilization of catalytic species residing in an ionic liquid layer, which in turn was immobilized on a solid support, were applied on the selective hydrogenation of citral in a batch reactor and in a continuous reactor. Different ionic liquids with and without addition of acid modificators were studied in terms of the catalyst activity and product selectivity. Consequently, mechanistic kinetic models describing the differences in the activity and selectivity of the catalysts consisting different ionic liquids, were developed. KeywordsCatalysis-Catalyst modification-Selective hydrogenation-Ionic liquid-Multiphase reactions-Supported ionic liquid catalyst (SILCA)
ABSTRACT In this work, ionic liquid (IL) modified H-Beta zeolites were prepared and the physicoch... more ABSTRACT In this work, ionic liquid (IL) modified H-Beta zeolites were prepared and the physicochemical properties of the catalysts were investigated. IL modified zeolites were applied in 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) etherification to tert-butoxymethylfurfural (tBMF) which is a potential (bio)diesel component. The best catalyst, IL-H-Beta-25, yielded at BMF selectivity of 76 % corresponding to a HMF conversion of 46 %.
The use of ionic liquids in catalysis is attracting ever more attention in chemical engineering. ... more The use of ionic liquids in catalysis is attracting ever more attention in chemical engineering. In line with this research we have studied Supported Ionic Liquid Catalysts (SILCAs) which consist of immobilized catalytic species, e.g. transition metal particles residing in an ionic liquid layer immobilized on a solid support. We found out that dissolution of Lewis or Brønsted acids into the ionic liquid layer of SILCA has major effects to the activity as well as the product distribution of the catalyst in citral transformation reactions. In fact, one-pot synthesis of menthols from citral was accomplished. The effects of different amounts of added Lewis and/or Brønsted acids to SILCA (one of them or both) were studied in this work.
ABSTRACT The fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass to its major components is the primary step... more ABSTRACT The fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass to its major components is the primary step towards the conversion of biomass-based biopolymers to commodity chemicals in the integrated biorefinery process. Wood chips encased in a SpinChem® device and attached to the stirrer of a batch autoclave were used together with switchable ionic liquids (SILs) for the selective fractionation of hemicelluloses and lignin. Stirring of the wood chips in the SpinChem® device facilitated the diffusion of SIL into the chips through forced recirculation and at the same time avoiding mechanical fibrillation. The treatment of birch chips (Betula pendula) with SILs comprising 1,8-diazabicyclo-[5.4.0]-undec-7-ene (DBU), monoethanolamine (MEA) and CO2 at 120 °C in a SpinChem® device resulted in the fractionation of 82 wt.% hemicelluloses and 90 wt.% lignin, leaving the cellulose-rich non-dissolved material partially fibrillated and softened. The dissolved hemicelluloses and lignin were selectively precipitated using isopropanol and recovered from the spent SIL.
The state of art from the dissolution of cellulose, lignin and wood using ionic liquids is presen... more The state of art from the dissolution of cellulose, lignin and wood using ionic liquids is presented in this work. The emphasis is put on the relationship between the properties of ionic liquids and the dissolution capacity. The impact of the following solvation parameters, namely Hildebrand solubility parameter and hydrogen bond basicity are related to the dissolution of lignocellulosic material. Good solvents for cellulose are 1-butyl-and 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chlorides as well as 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate, whereas for lignocellulosic material the best solvents are 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate and 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride. In allyl group the ethylene functionality facilitates Binteractions with the aromatic lignin structure. Furthermore, small polarizable anions are also powerful when aiming at dissolution of cellulose. The properties of regenerated cellulose and reconstituted lignin are also given and compared with those of the native materials. Furthermore, the results from the regeneration and reuse of ionic liquids are presented here.
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Books by Pasi Virtanen
tarvitse perustella. Tarvitsemme välineitä, joiden avulla tietoa eri muodoissaan voidaan johtaa ja kehittää.
Tietojohtaminen on nuori tieteenala, ja sen käsitteet ovat vielä
vakiintumattomia. Tieto ja siihen liittyvät ilmiöt ovat monimutkaisia ja abstrakteja. Jotta näitä asioita voidaan kehittää, tarvitaan täsmällisiä käsitteitä, joilla asioista voi puhua ja kirjoittaa. On myös tärkeää, että tietojohtamisen parissa työskentelevät henkilöt hallitsevat tietyt peruskäsitteet. Yksi ja ehkä keskeisin tämän kirjan tavoite onkin luoda ymmärrystä tietojohtamiseen liittyvistä käsitteistä ja siitä, miten ne liittyvät toisiinsa.
Kirja on tarkoitettu tietojohtamisen opintoja yliopistossa tai ammattikorkeakoulussa aloitteleville henkilöille perusoppikirjaksi, sekä myös asiantuntijoille ja johtajille, jotka soveltavat tietojohtamista käytännössä.
Papers by Pasi Virtanen
tarvitse perustella. Tarvitsemme välineitä, joiden avulla tietoa eri muodoissaan voidaan johtaa ja kehittää.
Tietojohtaminen on nuori tieteenala, ja sen käsitteet ovat vielä
vakiintumattomia. Tieto ja siihen liittyvät ilmiöt ovat monimutkaisia ja abstrakteja. Jotta näitä asioita voidaan kehittää, tarvitaan täsmällisiä käsitteitä, joilla asioista voi puhua ja kirjoittaa. On myös tärkeää, että tietojohtamisen parissa työskentelevät henkilöt hallitsevat tietyt peruskäsitteet. Yksi ja ehkä keskeisin tämän kirjan tavoite onkin luoda ymmärrystä tietojohtamiseen liittyvistä käsitteistä ja siitä, miten ne liittyvät toisiinsa.
Kirja on tarkoitettu tietojohtamisen opintoja yliopistossa tai ammattikorkeakoulussa aloitteleville henkilöille perusoppikirjaksi, sekä myös asiantuntijoille ja johtajille, jotka soveltavat tietojohtamista käytännössä.