Концепции конфликта и согласия в Российской общественной мысли и практике (XVIII–XX вв.)
Концепции конфликта и согласия в российской общественной мысли и практике (XVIII-XX вв.) / [отв. ... more Концепции конфликта и согласия в российской общественной мысли и практике (XVIII-XX вв.) / [отв. ред. Дж. М. Уайт] ; Министерство науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации, Уральский федеральный университет.-Екатеринбург : Изд-во Урал. ун-та, 2020.-290 + X с. + [16 с. ил.].-200 экз.-ISBN 978-5-7996-3111-6.-Текст : непосредственный. ISBN 978-5-7996-3111-6 В монографии представлены результаты междисциплинарного социогуманитарного исследования подходов к феномену конфликта и поиску путей достижения общественного согласия. Книга разделена на четыре основных тематических блока: международные отношения, религия, социум и общественная мысль. В рамках первого обсуждаются теории войны и мира раннесоветского периода, а также идеологические кампании советской прессы. В рамках второго проведен анализ конфессиональных конфликтов и концепций религиозного согласия и соборности. Социальная проблематика раскрывается через отношения между крестьянами и помещиками в период правления Александра I и феномен революционного мученичества в 1905 г. Четвертый блок исследован на примере концепций конфликта варварства и цивилизации, а также современных дискуссий о толерантности. Для специалистов-историков и философов. УДК 316.48 ББК С561.3 На обложке: И. К. Айвазовский. Девятый вал. 1850. Холст, масло. Государственный Русский музей Издание подготовлено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда, проект № 18-18-00216 «Концепции конфликта и согласия в российской общественной мысли в контексте европейских подходов (XVIII-XX вв.
Dr. James White’s new book, Unity in Faith?: Edinoverie, Russian Orthodoxy, and Old Belief, 1800-1918 (Indiana University Press, 2020) discusses the Russian Orthodox/Old Believer schism. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the Russian government decided, largely for reasons of state, to bring the schismatic Old Believers back into the Orthodox fold. This desire resulted in the creation of edinoverie (“unity in faith”), and a set of institutions that attempted to allow Old Believers to practice their pre-1650’s rituals, while increasingly subjecting them to the authority of the church, and by extension, the state. Dr. White’s book is a history of this edinoverie. Along the way, readers learn a great deal about the relationship between the Russian church and the state, and about the inner logics of a major religious schisms, whose lessons apply to Russian history and beyond. Religious history is often neglected in the history of late imperial Russia, and this book also helps to rectify that imbalance.
Interview with the Old Believers Podcast: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vRJ4LUDtzKI&t=1s
J. M. White: A Bridge to the Schism. Edinoverie, Russian Orthodoxy, and the Ritual Formation of Confessions, 1800-1918 (Ph.D thesis, European University Institute, 2014)
Following the Russian Revolution in February 1917 and the collapse of the imperial diocese of Rig... more Following the Russian Revolution in February 1917 and the collapse of the imperial diocese of Riga, the Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church sought to establish a new parish order for its ethnically and linguistically diverse communities. The order was based on reform plans devised in the empire’s last decades and adapted to the political and financial realities of the secular Estonian Republic. By placing an unprecedented amount of control into the hands of the laity, the new parish regulations overturned the imperial focus on central ecclesiastical organs. In the article, we seek to explain these reforms in terms of their origins and contemporary context before moving on to how they worked in practice, considering issues such as finances, administration, and relationships between parish organs and ecclesiastics. This we do through the case studies of Kergu, Alajõe, and Räpina parishes.
This article examines the dreams of Jakob Vaarask (1862-1936), an
Estonian Orthodox teacher and p... more This article examines the dreams of Jakob Vaarask (1862-1936), an Estonian Orthodox teacher and priest who, from 1889 to 1926, lived and worked on the island of Vormsi, for much of that period part of the Russian Empire’s Estland province. I intend to show that dreams, rather than random and purely individual manifestations of the subconscious, can be used as historical sources, in Vaarask’s case demonstrating the extent to which political propaganda and social hierarchies were internalised by individuals in the late Russian Empire.
This article examines the construction of an Orthodox community on the
isle of Vormsi on the west... more This article examines the construction of an Orthodox community on the isle of Vormsi on the western coast of the Russian Empire’s Estland Province through the approaches of national indifference and confessional ambiguity. Vormsi, a locale overwhelmingly populated by mobile Swedish-speakers, posed particular challenges to the Orthodox clergy both during and after conversion in 1886, especially in terms of language and the evangelical legacy left by a charismatic Swedish preacher. The article analyzes the efforts by a mixed team of Russo-Estonian clergy to claim Vormsi as a space of Orthodoxy and to connect it to the Russian Empire.
Over the summer of 1866, the majority of the Swedish-speaking population on the Baltic island of ... more Over the summer of 1866, the majority of the Swedish-speaking population on the Baltic island of Ruhnu (then part of the Russian Empire's Livland province) sought conversion from Lutheranism to Russian Orthodoxy. Despite interest from the Russian secular and ecclesiastical authorities, however, the conversions did not take place. The islanders used the threat of conversion to leverage concessions from the Lutheran consistory: once achieved, the community lost any interest in pursuing Orthodoxy further. The following article analyses largely unknown sources from both Estonian and Swedish archives to show how the island's social structure and peculiar geographical position conditioned its inhabitants' religious choices, thereby providing insight into a previously unstudied instance of peasant agency in the Russian Empire and contributing to studies of that polity's environmental, ethnic, and confessional diversity.
This article considers the foundation of four Orthodox monasteries and convents in Riga diocese i... more This article considers the foundation of four Orthodox monasteries and convents in Riga diocese in the late nineteenth century and how these conceptually and physically transformed diocesan space through borderland rhetoric and the creation of internal and external religious and social networks. Analyzing the foundation of these institutions, their demographic profiles, their role in social outreach, and their function as loci of Orthodox religiosity in the region, it is argued that the monasteries helped turn Riga diocese from a backwater of the Church into a borderland bastion of both the faith and Russian nationality, which was given impetus by dual (and often intersecting) processes of russification and eparchial institutionalization. Despite some achievements by 1914, the First World War effectively ended the roles of the monasteries in this process, as the imperial framework of both their rhetoric and their networks collapsed under the pressure of German invasion.
This article examines discussions of freedom of conscience and other religious liberties in the O... more This article examines discussions of freedom of conscience and other religious liberties in the Orthodox ecclesiastical press between the Great Reforms of the 1860s and the first Russian Revolution in 1905. Avoiding highly influential and well-known religious thinkers, this piece instead focuses on forgotten ordained and lay writers who used their positions in the Church's hierarchy and educational establishments to reach a wide audience. At the heart of their views was a paradox: while frequently defining Christ as freedom and rejecting coercion in religious matters, these churchmen assailed freedom of conscience as morally dangerous and socially destructive. To explain this paradox and reveal why freedom of conscience allegedly posed such a threat, the article situates the writers in the institutional, intellectual, and political contexts of both the Church and the Russian Empire. Examining this is useful not only because it provides an example of how Russian Orthodox churchmen theologically justified the status quo of the empire's religious policy but also because it demonstrates how members of a state church perceived the shift of religion away from collective confessional ascription towards the individual, private sphere.
In this article, the author presents a review of the English-language research on religious minor... more In this article, the author presents a review of the English-language research on religious minorities in the Russian Empire released after 1991. In the period before 1991, this subject was relatively under-studied. On the one hand, this was due to the inaccessibility of Russian archives to foreign academics; on the other, western historians were often more interested in researching the political and economic questions of Russian history. This situation fundamentally changed with the growth in the popularity of the history of culture and the new imperial history in the 1980s and the opening of the archives after the fall of the Soviet Union. Especially important was the innovative historian Gregory Freeze. The review is divided into four parts. First of all, the review examines the general works (those by Paul Werth and a range of other specialists) on this theme: these are dedicated to questions of the classification
and conceptualisation of religious issues in the Russian Empire. Next, works dedicated to the non-Orthodox Christian confessions are considered. These consist of research on Catholicism (J. Dunn, M. Dobilov, R. Blobaum, and others), Lutheranism (G.
Freeze), the Uniates (B. Skinner), and the Armenian Gregorian Church (O. Enud). Academic works on the non-Christian faiths are the subject of the next section: these faiths include Judaism (B. Nathans, E. Avrutin, and others), Islam (R. Cruise, E. Davis, E.
Kane), Buddhism (Hindley, Murray, and Sablin), polytheism (P. Werth, A. Znamenski, and A. Kolosova). Finally, the last section discusses the history of religious sects in the Russian Church (R. Robson, I. Paert, S. Zhuk, and many others). At the basis of the
analysis of this collection of academic literature, one can conclude that today work on religious minorities is developing dynamically. In recent years, numerous pieces have been published in English, including monographs, scholarly articles, and doctoral dissertations. The fundamental themes of these works are the relationship between religious minorities, the official Church, and the imperial state; the influence of legislative limitations and privileges on individual and community life; the changing nature of religious faith and rituals; the role of religious minorities in state, confession, and empire building; and the shifting character of religious toleration. However, significant lacunae remain. For example, there is a sharp need for more words on the main Christian confessions, especially Lutheranism and the Armenian Gregorian Church. Equally, comparative and transnational studies would be highly advantageous.
This article examines the life and thought of Andrei (Ukhtomskii), a prominent Orthodox churchman... more This article examines the life and thought of Andrei (Ukhtomskii), a prominent Orthodox churchman in late imperial and early Soviet Russia. A proponent of ecclesiastical reform, Andrei believed that the Church was unable to instil piety because of an overly close relationship with the state. Basing his opinions on Slavophile philosophy, Andrei campaigned for the restoration of the Russian patriarchate and parish reform that would grant the laity increased autonomy. As a missionary among non-Russian populations, he rejected linguistic Russification. After 1905, these beliefs led him to clash with the right and Rasputin. After the February Revolution of 1917, the Provisional Government appointed Andrei to a leading position in the Holy Synod. However, during the collapse of the Church's hierarchy in the 1920s, he grew weary of the prevalent inertia and in 1925 attempted to singlehandedly resolve the centuries-old Old Believer schism. This was rejected by the Moscow Patriarchate, leading Andrei to create his own catacomb church. This article concludes that Andrei should be seen as a church politician undone by the contradictions inherent both in his own position and that of the Church.
Бурханизм, веротерпимость и Русская православная церковь на Алтае (1904-1914 гг.) Аннотация. В ст... more Бурханизм, веротерпимость и Русская православная церковь на Алтае (1904-1914 гг.) Аннотация. В статье рассматривается рост популярности бурханизма среди коренного населения Алтая и реакция на эти процессы Русской православной церкви в 1904-1914 гг. Бурханизм был реформистским движением, направленным на очищение местного шаманизма от элементов, связанных с культом мёртвых. Появление бурханизма вызвало жесткую реакцию со стороны русских поселенцев, поддержанную местными церковными деятелями. Такая Ключевые слова: бурханизм; Русская православная церковь; Алтай; Макарий (Глухарев); православная миссия; веротерпимость Burkhanism, Toleration and the Russian Orthodox Church in the Altai (1904-1914)
Концепции конфликта и согласия в Российской общественной мысли и практике (XVIII–XX вв.)
Концепции конфликта и согласия в российской общественной мысли и практике (XVIII-XX вв.) / [отв. ... more Концепции конфликта и согласия в российской общественной мысли и практике (XVIII-XX вв.) / [отв. ред. Дж. М. Уайт] ; Министерство науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации, Уральский федеральный университет.-Екатеринбург : Изд-во Урал. ун-та, 2020.-290 + X с. + [16 с. ил.].-200 экз.-ISBN 978-5-7996-3111-6.-Текст : непосредственный. ISBN 978-5-7996-3111-6 В монографии представлены результаты междисциплинарного социогуманитарного исследования подходов к феномену конфликта и поиску путей достижения общественного согласия. Книга разделена на четыре основных тематических блока: международные отношения, религия, социум и общественная мысль. В рамках первого обсуждаются теории войны и мира раннесоветского периода, а также идеологические кампании советской прессы. В рамках второго проведен анализ конфессиональных конфликтов и концепций религиозного согласия и соборности. Социальная проблематика раскрывается через отношения между крестьянами и помещиками в период правления Александра I и феномен революционного мученичества в 1905 г. Четвертый блок исследован на примере концепций конфликта варварства и цивилизации, а также современных дискуссий о толерантности. Для специалистов-историков и философов. УДК 316.48 ББК С561.3 На обложке: И. К. Айвазовский. Девятый вал. 1850. Холст, масло. Государственный Русский музей Издание подготовлено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда, проект № 18-18-00216 «Концепции конфликта и согласия в российской общественной мысли в контексте европейских подходов (XVIII-XX вв.
Dr. James White’s new book, Unity in Faith?: Edinoverie, Russian Orthodoxy, and Old Belief, 1800-1918 (Indiana University Press, 2020) discusses the Russian Orthodox/Old Believer schism. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the Russian government decided, largely for reasons of state, to bring the schismatic Old Believers back into the Orthodox fold. This desire resulted in the creation of edinoverie (“unity in faith”), and a set of institutions that attempted to allow Old Believers to practice their pre-1650’s rituals, while increasingly subjecting them to the authority of the church, and by extension, the state. Dr. White’s book is a history of this edinoverie. Along the way, readers learn a great deal about the relationship between the Russian church and the state, and about the inner logics of a major religious schisms, whose lessons apply to Russian history and beyond. Religious history is often neglected in the history of late imperial Russia, and this book also helps to rectify that imbalance.
Interview with the Old Believers Podcast: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vRJ4LUDtzKI&t=1s
J. M. White: A Bridge to the Schism. Edinoverie, Russian Orthodoxy, and the Ritual Formation of Confessions, 1800-1918 (Ph.D thesis, European University Institute, 2014)
Following the Russian Revolution in February 1917 and the collapse of the imperial diocese of Rig... more Following the Russian Revolution in February 1917 and the collapse of the imperial diocese of Riga, the Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church sought to establish a new parish order for its ethnically and linguistically diverse communities. The order was based on reform plans devised in the empire’s last decades and adapted to the political and financial realities of the secular Estonian Republic. By placing an unprecedented amount of control into the hands of the laity, the new parish regulations overturned the imperial focus on central ecclesiastical organs. In the article, we seek to explain these reforms in terms of their origins and contemporary context before moving on to how they worked in practice, considering issues such as finances, administration, and relationships between parish organs and ecclesiastics. This we do through the case studies of Kergu, Alajõe, and Räpina parishes.
This article examines the dreams of Jakob Vaarask (1862-1936), an
Estonian Orthodox teacher and p... more This article examines the dreams of Jakob Vaarask (1862-1936), an Estonian Orthodox teacher and priest who, from 1889 to 1926, lived and worked on the island of Vormsi, for much of that period part of the Russian Empire’s Estland province. I intend to show that dreams, rather than random and purely individual manifestations of the subconscious, can be used as historical sources, in Vaarask’s case demonstrating the extent to which political propaganda and social hierarchies were internalised by individuals in the late Russian Empire.
This article examines the construction of an Orthodox community on the
isle of Vormsi on the west... more This article examines the construction of an Orthodox community on the isle of Vormsi on the western coast of the Russian Empire’s Estland Province through the approaches of national indifference and confessional ambiguity. Vormsi, a locale overwhelmingly populated by mobile Swedish-speakers, posed particular challenges to the Orthodox clergy both during and after conversion in 1886, especially in terms of language and the evangelical legacy left by a charismatic Swedish preacher. The article analyzes the efforts by a mixed team of Russo-Estonian clergy to claim Vormsi as a space of Orthodoxy and to connect it to the Russian Empire.
Over the summer of 1866, the majority of the Swedish-speaking population on the Baltic island of ... more Over the summer of 1866, the majority of the Swedish-speaking population on the Baltic island of Ruhnu (then part of the Russian Empire's Livland province) sought conversion from Lutheranism to Russian Orthodoxy. Despite interest from the Russian secular and ecclesiastical authorities, however, the conversions did not take place. The islanders used the threat of conversion to leverage concessions from the Lutheran consistory: once achieved, the community lost any interest in pursuing Orthodoxy further. The following article analyses largely unknown sources from both Estonian and Swedish archives to show how the island's social structure and peculiar geographical position conditioned its inhabitants' religious choices, thereby providing insight into a previously unstudied instance of peasant agency in the Russian Empire and contributing to studies of that polity's environmental, ethnic, and confessional diversity.
This article considers the foundation of four Orthodox monasteries and convents in Riga diocese i... more This article considers the foundation of four Orthodox monasteries and convents in Riga diocese in the late nineteenth century and how these conceptually and physically transformed diocesan space through borderland rhetoric and the creation of internal and external religious and social networks. Analyzing the foundation of these institutions, their demographic profiles, their role in social outreach, and their function as loci of Orthodox religiosity in the region, it is argued that the monasteries helped turn Riga diocese from a backwater of the Church into a borderland bastion of both the faith and Russian nationality, which was given impetus by dual (and often intersecting) processes of russification and eparchial institutionalization. Despite some achievements by 1914, the First World War effectively ended the roles of the monasteries in this process, as the imperial framework of both their rhetoric and their networks collapsed under the pressure of German invasion.
This article examines discussions of freedom of conscience and other religious liberties in the O... more This article examines discussions of freedom of conscience and other religious liberties in the Orthodox ecclesiastical press between the Great Reforms of the 1860s and the first Russian Revolution in 1905. Avoiding highly influential and well-known religious thinkers, this piece instead focuses on forgotten ordained and lay writers who used their positions in the Church's hierarchy and educational establishments to reach a wide audience. At the heart of their views was a paradox: while frequently defining Christ as freedom and rejecting coercion in religious matters, these churchmen assailed freedom of conscience as morally dangerous and socially destructive. To explain this paradox and reveal why freedom of conscience allegedly posed such a threat, the article situates the writers in the institutional, intellectual, and political contexts of both the Church and the Russian Empire. Examining this is useful not only because it provides an example of how Russian Orthodox churchmen theologically justified the status quo of the empire's religious policy but also because it demonstrates how members of a state church perceived the shift of religion away from collective confessional ascription towards the individual, private sphere.
In this article, the author presents a review of the English-language research on religious minor... more In this article, the author presents a review of the English-language research on religious minorities in the Russian Empire released after 1991. In the period before 1991, this subject was relatively under-studied. On the one hand, this was due to the inaccessibility of Russian archives to foreign academics; on the other, western historians were often more interested in researching the political and economic questions of Russian history. This situation fundamentally changed with the growth in the popularity of the history of culture and the new imperial history in the 1980s and the opening of the archives after the fall of the Soviet Union. Especially important was the innovative historian Gregory Freeze. The review is divided into four parts. First of all, the review examines the general works (those by Paul Werth and a range of other specialists) on this theme: these are dedicated to questions of the classification
and conceptualisation of religious issues in the Russian Empire. Next, works dedicated to the non-Orthodox Christian confessions are considered. These consist of research on Catholicism (J. Dunn, M. Dobilov, R. Blobaum, and others), Lutheranism (G.
Freeze), the Uniates (B. Skinner), and the Armenian Gregorian Church (O. Enud). Academic works on the non-Christian faiths are the subject of the next section: these faiths include Judaism (B. Nathans, E. Avrutin, and others), Islam (R. Cruise, E. Davis, E.
Kane), Buddhism (Hindley, Murray, and Sablin), polytheism (P. Werth, A. Znamenski, and A. Kolosova). Finally, the last section discusses the history of religious sects in the Russian Church (R. Robson, I. Paert, S. Zhuk, and many others). At the basis of the
analysis of this collection of academic literature, one can conclude that today work on religious minorities is developing dynamically. In recent years, numerous pieces have been published in English, including monographs, scholarly articles, and doctoral dissertations. The fundamental themes of these works are the relationship between religious minorities, the official Church, and the imperial state; the influence of legislative limitations and privileges on individual and community life; the changing nature of religious faith and rituals; the role of religious minorities in state, confession, and empire building; and the shifting character of religious toleration. However, significant lacunae remain. For example, there is a sharp need for more words on the main Christian confessions, especially Lutheranism and the Armenian Gregorian Church. Equally, comparative and transnational studies would be highly advantageous.
This article examines the life and thought of Andrei (Ukhtomskii), a prominent Orthodox churchman... more This article examines the life and thought of Andrei (Ukhtomskii), a prominent Orthodox churchman in late imperial and early Soviet Russia. A proponent of ecclesiastical reform, Andrei believed that the Church was unable to instil piety because of an overly close relationship with the state. Basing his opinions on Slavophile philosophy, Andrei campaigned for the restoration of the Russian patriarchate and parish reform that would grant the laity increased autonomy. As a missionary among non-Russian populations, he rejected linguistic Russification. After 1905, these beliefs led him to clash with the right and Rasputin. After the February Revolution of 1917, the Provisional Government appointed Andrei to a leading position in the Holy Synod. However, during the collapse of the Church's hierarchy in the 1920s, he grew weary of the prevalent inertia and in 1925 attempted to singlehandedly resolve the centuries-old Old Believer schism. This was rejected by the Moscow Patriarchate, leading Andrei to create his own catacomb church. This article concludes that Andrei should be seen as a church politician undone by the contradictions inherent both in his own position and that of the Church.
Бурханизм, веротерпимость и Русская православная церковь на Алтае (1904-1914 гг.) Аннотация. В ст... more Бурханизм, веротерпимость и Русская православная церковь на Алтае (1904-1914 гг.) Аннотация. В статье рассматривается рост популярности бурханизма среди коренного населения Алтая и реакция на эти процессы Русской православной церкви в 1904-1914 гг. Бурханизм был реформистским движением, направленным на очищение местного шаманизма от элементов, связанных с культом мёртвых. Появление бурханизма вызвало жесткую реакцию со стороны русских поселенцев, поддержанную местными церковными деятелями. Такая Ключевые слова: бурханизм; Русская православная церковь; Алтай; Макарий (Глухарев); православная миссия; веротерпимость Burkhanism, Toleration and the Russian Orthodox Church in the Altai (1904-1914)
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this p... more The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The Orthodox Church in post-Soviet Russia is currently tackling numerous issues. Some of these ar... more The Orthodox Church in post-Soviet Russia is currently tackling numerous issues. Some of these are modern, like the institution’s relationship with nationalism, while others are centuries-old, like the Old Believer schism. Some have argued that there is one potential solution to both problems: the restoration of edinoverie, a uniate movement founded in 1800 to bring the Old Believers into the Church. In this article, we consider all of the most recent works on this subject to demonstrate how a particular historical narrative has been sanctified by ecclesiastic writers to justify edinoverie’s revival. At the same time, its legacy is being utilised by a few nationalist or neo-traditionalist figures to restore a distinctively Russian character to Orthodoxy that can inoculate the country against irreligiosity and globalisation. Finally, we consider the failure to offer a convincing scholarly alternative to these narratives, a problem which is only now being rectified by young Russian academics.
This article will analyze edinoverie reform in the early twentieth century. Edinoverie was a unia... more This article will analyze edinoverie reform in the early twentieth century. Edinoverie was a uniate movement that joined former Old Believer schismatics to the Orthodox Church. Its unique position between the Church and the schism led to a feeling of insecurity and alienation from the ecclesiastical administration among the edinovertsy: in 1905, this culminated in an attempt to reform the bases of edinoverie. A party of edinovertsy led by Father Simeon Shleev proposed an alternative vision of Orthodoxy wherein edinoverie's Old Believer legacy would be used to rejuvenate the Church and even Russia itself. However, like some of the other ecclesiastical reform movements with which Shleev's party was connected, edinoverie reform failed to come to fruition because of the hostile atmosphere of Church politics between 1905 and 1918 and the long-standing problems within edinoverie itself.
Keywords Russian Orthodoxy – edinoverie-Old Belief – Church reform
Video lectures given at the University of Tartu, February-June 2020. History of Russian Orthodoxy... more Video lectures given at the University of Tartu, February-June 2020. History of Russian Orthodoxy, 1721-1918
All parishes, cathedrals, and monasteries in Riga diocese (most of modern Estonia and Latvia) in ... more All parishes, cathedrals, and monasteries in Riga diocese (most of modern Estonia and Latvia) in 1911-12. Each point contains information and pictures.
Founded in 1892, the Pühtitsa convent held a miracle-working icon of the Assumption of the Virgin... more Founded in 1892, the Pühtitsa convent held a miracle-working icon of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary. This was a valuable spiritual and economic asset, drawing in crowds of thousands on the feast day of the Assumption (15 August). In the early 20th century, the convent also sent the icon on an annual tour around other towns and villages in the eastern part of Estland province. In this interactive map, we follow the icon's tour around Estland in 1907.
From 1900, the miracle-working Iakobshtadt icon of the Mother of God was annually dispatched by r... more From 1900, the miracle-working Iakobshtadt icon of the Mother of God was annually dispatched by rail to the Spaso-Preobrazhenskaia hermitage near Mitau (Jelgava), attracting hundreds of pilgrims to accompany it on its journey. In this interactive map, we follow one such pilgrim, Father Ellii Verkoustinskii, as he and his parishioners travel from Dvinsk (Daugavpils) between 18 and 22 May 1912.
From the establishment of the Riga diocese in 1836, Orthodoxy in the Baltic has a long and stori... more From the establishment of the Riga diocese in 1836, Orthodoxy in the Baltic has a long and storied history as a site of confessional tension, a unique laboratory of church reform, and the origin of new and distinctive forms of Orthodox religiosity. This site will offer a range of resources helping members of the public, students and academics to learn about and research this fascinating chapter in European religious history.
The reviewer considers Filipp Nikitin's new book on Colonal Vasilii A. Pashkov, a Russian Evangel... more The reviewer considers Filipp Nikitin's new book on Colonal Vasilii A. Pashkov, a Russian Evangelical leader in the 1870s and 1880s. A rich Russian aristocrat and landowner, Pashkov was an unlikely missionary, but his conversion at the hands of the British Lord Radstock in 1874 led to a lifetime of preaching and charity among both social elites and the lowest members of society. Although initially not in conflict with the Russian Orthodox Church, Pashkov's increasing prominence and his efforts to unite Russia's various Evangelical movements led to his exile in 1884, where he remained for the rest of his life. The reviewer compliments Nikitin's comprehensive use of archival sources, drawn from a huge number of collections in Russia and abroad. This makes his book a significant contribution to the historiography, much of which is fragmented or out of date. The author's decision to release previously unpublished documents in the book's appendix is an excellent contribution. However, the reviewer points out that Nikitin quotes too much from and relies too heavily on source material, which drowns out his authorial voice: it is argued that the author should spend more time analysing the sources rather than just quoting them. The reviewer also suggests bringing in more contextualisation and consulting some of the recent conceptual approaches to religious biography.
The reviewer examines a recent anthology on the transformations of the ante-murale myth in the bo... more The reviewer examines a recent anthology on the transformations of the ante-murale myth in the borderlands of Eastern Europe during the age of nationalism. Edited by Lilya Berezhnaya and Heide Kein-Kircher, the volume contains thirteen essays by fourteen international authors. After briefly defining the antemurale myth, its most famous version (the antemurale christianitatis), and the ongoing relevance of the subject, the reviewer discusses the structure of the book and the content of the essays. Praise is offered to the wide number of cases analysed, the decision to open the collection with a contextual essay on the fifteenth-century history of the myth and to close it with discussions about the modern situation, the collective and individual strength of the essays, and the inclusion of numerous pieces discussing the material dimension of the myth and its spread (alongside more traditional evaluations of its discursive formulation). Criticism is largely directed at the peculiar structuring of Parts II and III, which produces a rather confused impression on the reader. On the whole, however, the book is heartily recommended, along with the hope that future scholarship will apply its approach to other geographical areas.
This review examines Edyta M. Bojanowska's new book on Ivan Goncharov's voyage to Japan and his s... more This review examines Edyta M. Bojanowska's new book on Ivan Goncharov's voyage to Japan and his subsequent travelogue, The Frigate Pallada. In 1852, Goncharov set sail for Japan from St Petersburg in the hope of opening up the reclusive Asian nation for Russian trade. Along the way, he visited London, the Cape colony in South Africa, and numerous ports in Southeast Asia. After visiting China, Japan, and Korea, he landed in Ayan, from whence he travelled back to the imperial capital over land. The account he wrote about his experiences became an instant classic, although the lack of good translations means that it is virtually unknown in the English-speaking world. In her work, Bojanowska examines both The Frigate Pallada as a text and the history of Russia's expedition to Japan. Strongly criticising the Soviet philological tradition which saw Goncharov's work as an anti-colonial text, she argues that the famous Russian writer sought to justify the expansion of Russian and other European empires in Africa, Asia, and Siberia. Nonetheless, Goncharov's book reflects peculiarly Russian traditions of understanding empire and colonialism: equally, she posits, his work does not (and cannot) present a cohesive system of thought, but a 'kaleidoscopic' series of impressions that sometimes contradict The Frigate Pallada's general themes.
Wars: Modern Scriptural Translation and Cultural Authority, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge... more Wars: Modern Scriptural Translation and Cultural Authority, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2013; 395 pp., 10 b/w illus.; 97811070321118, £77.00 (hbk); 9781316600924, £23.99 (pbk)
Рецензия на кн.: Палкин А. С. Единоверие в середине XVIII -начале XX века: общероссийский контекс... more Рецензия на кн.: Палкин А. С. Единоверие в середине XVIII -начале XX века: общероссийский контекст и региональная специфика. -Екатеринбург: Издательство Уральского университета, 2016. -338 с. (Б-ка журнала QUAESTIO ROSSICA) [Palkin A. S. Edinoverie from the middle of the 18 th to the beginning of the 20 th centuries: national context and regional specifics. Ekaterinburg, 2016. 338 p.] 1
Old Believers, Modern Times
In one of the most dramatic events in 17th-century European history,... more Old Believers, Modern Times
In one of the most dramatic events in 17th-century European history, Russian Orthodoxy split into two groups: one, the Old Believers, stood in defence of ancient Russian rituals and customs that the other, the official Orthodox Church, sought to reform and correct. Persecuted by church and state, the Old Believers fled in all directions. Some ended up in the Baltic, especially on the shores of Lake Peipsi, while others ran deep into the Russian interior, taking refuge in the Ural mountains. Over the course of centuries, these Old Believer groups, split in twain by distance but united by devotion to holy tradition, interacted with the societies around them, thereby evolving in distinct and dynamic ways. In the Baltic, Old Believer groups have played a considerable role in the religious landscape of the region; in the Urals, they not only had a tremendous effect on urban life and industrialisation, but also left a huge legacy of ornate manuscripts. These texts are today housed by the Laboratory of Archaeographical Studies at Ural Federal University (UrFU), making it one of the world’s premier centres of Old Believer research.
For the first time ever, the University of Tartu and UrFU have come together to hold a joint conference that will unite the academics and believers representing these two distant relatives in the family of Old Belief. Organised by Dr Irina Paert (Tartu), Dr Irina Pochinskaia (UrFU), and Dr James White (Tartu/UrFU), the conference (“Old Belief in Russia and Abroad: Current Issues in Research”) will host participants from Russia, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, and elsewhere to discuss the historical and modern issues of Old Belief. On the one hand, the conference will feature scholarly papers on a wide number of subjects, ranging from the views of the early 20th-century British adventurer Stephen Graham to the beauties of Old Believer manuscript ornamentation, from the fractious debates held in late 19th-century Old Believer councils to the family structures of Old Believers in the 21st century. On the other, the representatives of Old Believer communities in Estonia and Latvia will come together to discuss the questions that have confronted and continue to confront Old Belief in the modern world.
To be held from 24 to 26 May, the conference will take place in the main building of the University of Tartu: papers will be given in Russian and English. All interested in listening and asking questions are welcome. If you have any enquiries, please email Dr Paert at [email protected].
This conference is being held with the financial support of the University of Tartu, grant PHVUS 18916.
The History Network is an international social group aimed at increasing interaction between acad... more The History Network is an international social group aimed at increasing interaction between academics and the general public by convening social gatherings, museum trips, book readings, informal symposia and a whole host of other activities.
We currently have branches in Berlin and Birmingham (UK) with a combined membership of 160 people (as of 14.01.15). We are seeking to expand both our membership base and number of branches.
This article will look at the Siberian-Ural Industrial and Scientific Exhibition, which was held ... more This article will look at the Siberian-Ural Industrial and Scientific Exhibition, which was held in Ekaterinburg in 1887. Drawing in over 80,000 visitors and with exhibitions from six different countries, the exhibition was formed in order to advertise the economic potential of Russia's Siberian colony. At the heart of the project was cooperation between central government/civic institutions and the emerging civil society of post-urban reform Ekaterinburg, the 'capital of the Urals'. This article will be completed shortly and submitted for publication.
From the reign of Peter the Great to the collapse of the Russian empire, church and state acted i... more From the reign of Peter the Great to the collapse of the Russian empire, church and state acted in tandem to seize and redistribute the religious property of those minority groups frequently denied legal protection. The purpose was to provoke conversions to Orthodoxy, Russia’s official faith, thereby limiting the problems associated with governing a religiously heterogeneous state and defending the position of the Church. The principal victims were the Old Believers (schismatics who had broken from the Church in the mid-seventeenth century over liturgical reforms), the Catholic Uniates, and heterodox sects like the Baptists. The Old Believers alone made 10-20% of the Russian population at any time between 1700 and 1917: in the course of nearly two centuries, tens of thousands of books, icons, liturgical items, chapels, and even entire monastery complexes were appropriated from them, thereby buttressing the economic position of the Orthodox Church. The scale and longevity of confiscations meant they had considerable social, economic, institutional, and legal consequences for religious minorities, confessionally mixed communities, the Orthodox Church, and for concepts of ownership.
The project will argue that property confiscation was not simply a purely negative policy but rather a practice that altered patterns of social behaviour, shaped communities, affected institutional structures and prerogatives, and provided a sounding ground for new ideas about the relationship between the state and the subject. Studying confiscation thus sheds new light on issues of confessional plurality, toleration, the dynamics of religious communities, and legal-philosophical discourses of individual rights. It will contribute to continuing attempts to conceptualise the nature of the multi-confessional Russian empire.
This article will attempt to uncover the ways in which two established churches dealt with the pr... more This article will attempt to uncover the ways in which two established churches dealt with the problem of liturgical plurality and how the association of one particular ritual form with national identity complicated such approaches. In particular, the article will compare and constrast Edinoverie in the case of Russian Orthodoxy and Ritualism in the case of Anglicanism.
This article will examine the intellectual and political biographies of Ioann Verkhovskii, Simeon... more This article will examine the intellectual and political biographies of Ioann Verkhovskii, Simeon Shleev and Andrei (Ukhtomskii) in order to analyse their attempts revitalise Russian Orthodoxy through the rehabilitation of Old Believer rituals and traditions.
The reviewer examines a recent anthology on the transformations of the antemurale myth in the bor... more The reviewer examines a recent anthology on the transformations of the antemurale myth in the borderlands of Eastern Europe during the age of nationalism. Edited by Lilya Berezhnaya and Heide Kein-Kircher, the volume contains thirteen essays by fourteen international authors. After briefly defining the antemurale myth, its most famous version (the antemurale christianitatis), and the ongoing relevance of the subject, the reviewer discusses the structure of the book and the content of the essays. Praise is offered to the wide number of cases analysed, the decision to open the collection with a contextual essay on the fifteenth-century history of the myth and to close it with discussions about the modern situation, the collective and individual strength of the essays, and the inclusion of numerous pieces discussing the material dimension of the myth and its spread (alongside more traditional evaluations of its discursive formulation). Criticism is largely directed at the peculiar structuring of Parts II and III, which produces a rather confused impression on the reader. On the whole, however, the book is heartily recommended, along with the hope that future scholarship will apply its approach to other geographical areas.
The reviewer examines a recent anthology on the transformations of the antemurale myth in the bor... more The reviewer examines a recent anthology on the transformations of the antemurale myth in the borderlands of Eastern Europe during the age of nationalism. Edited by Lilya Berezhnaya and Heide Kein-Kircher, the volume contains thirteen essays by fourteen international authors. After briefly defining the antemurale myth, its most famous version (the antemurale christianitatis), and the ongoing relevance of the subject, the reviewer discusses the structure of the book and the content of the essays. Praise is offered to the wide number of cases analysed, the decision to open the collection with a contextual essay on the fifteenth-century history of the myth and to close it with discussions about the modern situation, the collective and individual strength of the essays, and the inclusion of numerous pieces discussing the material dimension of the myth and its spread (alongside more traditional evaluations of its discursive formulation). Criticism is largely directed at the peculiar structuring of Parts II and III, which produces a rather confused impression on the reader. On the whole, however, the book is heartily recommended, along with the hope that future scholarship will apply its approach to other geographical areas.
Автор анализирует недавно изданную антологию, посвященную трансформации antemurale («бастионного») мифа, который бытовал на пограничных территориях Восточной Европы в период национализма. Книга опубликована Лилией Бережной и Хайде Кайн-Кирхером. Труд содержит 13 эссе, написанных 14 авторами. После краткого объяснения, чем является antemurale миф, в том числе в его наиболее распространенной концепции antemurale christianitatis (лат. «бастион христианства»), и комментария причин неугасаемой актуальности данной темы дается представление о содержании как данной работы в целом, так и ее отдельных эссе. В основном статьи оценены довольно высоко благодаря сюжетам, которые раскрываются в рецензируемых исследованиях. Кроме того, автор подчеркивает особую структуру данного издания, которая начинается с эссе о мифе и его появлении в XV в., а заканчивается дискуссией о современном состоянии изучения предмета, рассуждениями над слабыми и сильными сторонами каждого из эссе с привлечением дополнительного материала о создании мифа и его распространении (наряду с упоминанием более традиционного влияния дискурсивных формулировок). Критика в основном направлена на отдельные части (II и III), которые могут вызвать смешанные чувства у читателей. Тем не менее, автор рекомендует книгу с надеждой, что она окажется полезной будущим исследованиям, посвященным другим географическим регионам.
Uploads
Books by James White
Dr. James White’s new book, Unity in Faith?: Edinoverie, Russian Orthodoxy, and Old Belief, 1800-1918 (Indiana University Press, 2020) discusses the Russian Orthodox/Old Believer schism. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the Russian government decided, largely for reasons of state, to bring the schismatic Old Believers back into the Orthodox fold. This desire resulted in the creation of edinoverie (“unity in faith”), and a set of institutions that attempted to allow Old Believers to practice their pre-1650’s rituals, while increasingly subjecting them to the authority of the church, and by extension, the state. Dr. White’s book is a history of this edinoverie. Along the way, readers learn a great deal about the relationship between the Russian church and the state, and about the inner logics of a major religious schisms, whose lessons apply to Russian history and beyond. Religious history is often neglected in the history of late imperial Russia, and this book also helps to rectify that imbalance.
Thesis by James White
Articles by James White
the secular Estonian Republic. By placing an unprecedented amount of control into the hands of the laity, the new parish regulations overturned the imperial focus on central ecclesiastical organs. In the article, we seek to explain these reforms in terms of their origins and contemporary
context before moving on to how they worked in practice, considering issues such as finances, administration, and relationships between parish organs and ecclesiastics. This we do through the case studies of Kergu, Alajõe, and Räpina parishes.
Estonian Orthodox teacher and priest who, from 1889 to 1926, lived
and worked on the island of Vormsi, for much of that period part of
the Russian Empire’s Estland province. I intend to show that dreams,
rather than random and purely individual manifestations of the
subconscious, can be used as historical sources, in Vaarask’s case
demonstrating the extent to which political propaganda and social
hierarchies were internalised by individuals in the late Russian
Empire.
isle of Vormsi on the western coast of the Russian Empire’s Estland Province through the approaches of national indifference and confessional ambiguity. Vormsi, a locale overwhelmingly populated by mobile Swedish-speakers, posed particular challenges to the Orthodox clergy both during and after conversion in 1886, especially in terms of language and the evangelical legacy left by a charismatic Swedish preacher. The article analyzes the efforts by a mixed team of Russo-Estonian clergy to claim Vormsi as a space of Orthodoxy and to connect it to the Russian Empire.
and conceptualisation of religious issues in the Russian Empire. Next, works dedicated to the non-Orthodox Christian confessions are considered. These consist of research on Catholicism (J. Dunn, M. Dobilov, R. Blobaum, and others), Lutheranism (G.
Freeze), the Uniates (B. Skinner), and the Armenian Gregorian Church (O. Enud). Academic works on the non-Christian faiths are the subject of the next section: these faiths include Judaism (B. Nathans, E. Avrutin, and others), Islam (R. Cruise, E. Davis, E.
Kane), Buddhism (Hindley, Murray, and Sablin), polytheism (P. Werth, A. Znamenski, and A. Kolosova). Finally, the last section discusses the history of religious sects in the Russian Church (R. Robson, I. Paert, S. Zhuk, and many others). At the basis of the
analysis of this collection of academic literature, one can conclude that today work on religious minorities is developing dynamically. In recent years, numerous pieces have been published in English, including monographs, scholarly articles, and doctoral dissertations. The fundamental themes of these works are the relationship between religious minorities, the official Church, and the imperial state; the influence of legislative limitations and privileges on individual and community life; the changing nature of religious faith and rituals; the role of religious minorities in state, confession, and empire building; and the shifting character of religious toleration. However, significant lacunae remain. For example, there is a sharp need for more words on the main Christian confessions, especially Lutheranism and the Armenian Gregorian Church. Equally, comparative and transnational studies would be highly advantageous.
Dr. James White’s new book, Unity in Faith?: Edinoverie, Russian Orthodoxy, and Old Belief, 1800-1918 (Indiana University Press, 2020) discusses the Russian Orthodox/Old Believer schism. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the Russian government decided, largely for reasons of state, to bring the schismatic Old Believers back into the Orthodox fold. This desire resulted in the creation of edinoverie (“unity in faith”), and a set of institutions that attempted to allow Old Believers to practice their pre-1650’s rituals, while increasingly subjecting them to the authority of the church, and by extension, the state. Dr. White’s book is a history of this edinoverie. Along the way, readers learn a great deal about the relationship between the Russian church and the state, and about the inner logics of a major religious schisms, whose lessons apply to Russian history and beyond. Religious history is often neglected in the history of late imperial Russia, and this book also helps to rectify that imbalance.
the secular Estonian Republic. By placing an unprecedented amount of control into the hands of the laity, the new parish regulations overturned the imperial focus on central ecclesiastical organs. In the article, we seek to explain these reforms in terms of their origins and contemporary
context before moving on to how they worked in practice, considering issues such as finances, administration, and relationships between parish organs and ecclesiastics. This we do through the case studies of Kergu, Alajõe, and Räpina parishes.
Estonian Orthodox teacher and priest who, from 1889 to 1926, lived
and worked on the island of Vormsi, for much of that period part of
the Russian Empire’s Estland province. I intend to show that dreams,
rather than random and purely individual manifestations of the
subconscious, can be used as historical sources, in Vaarask’s case
demonstrating the extent to which political propaganda and social
hierarchies were internalised by individuals in the late Russian
Empire.
isle of Vormsi on the western coast of the Russian Empire’s Estland Province through the approaches of national indifference and confessional ambiguity. Vormsi, a locale overwhelmingly populated by mobile Swedish-speakers, posed particular challenges to the Orthodox clergy both during and after conversion in 1886, especially in terms of language and the evangelical legacy left by a charismatic Swedish preacher. The article analyzes the efforts by a mixed team of Russo-Estonian clergy to claim Vormsi as a space of Orthodoxy and to connect it to the Russian Empire.
and conceptualisation of religious issues in the Russian Empire. Next, works dedicated to the non-Orthodox Christian confessions are considered. These consist of research on Catholicism (J. Dunn, M. Dobilov, R. Blobaum, and others), Lutheranism (G.
Freeze), the Uniates (B. Skinner), and the Armenian Gregorian Church (O. Enud). Academic works on the non-Christian faiths are the subject of the next section: these faiths include Judaism (B. Nathans, E. Avrutin, and others), Islam (R. Cruise, E. Davis, E.
Kane), Buddhism (Hindley, Murray, and Sablin), polytheism (P. Werth, A. Znamenski, and A. Kolosova). Finally, the last section discusses the history of religious sects in the Russian Church (R. Robson, I. Paert, S. Zhuk, and many others). At the basis of the
analysis of this collection of academic literature, one can conclude that today work on religious minorities is developing dynamically. In recent years, numerous pieces have been published in English, including monographs, scholarly articles, and doctoral dissertations. The fundamental themes of these works are the relationship between religious minorities, the official Church, and the imperial state; the influence of legislative limitations and privileges on individual and community life; the changing nature of religious faith and rituals; the role of religious minorities in state, confession, and empire building; and the shifting character of religious toleration. However, significant lacunae remain. For example, there is a sharp need for more words on the main Christian confessions, especially Lutheranism and the Armenian Gregorian Church. Equally, comparative and transnational studies would be highly advantageous.
Keywords Russian Orthodoxy – edinoverie-Old Belief – Church reform
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLEdTKsq-dX2p42aZUYCFO1XVRZVDeNqiw
In one of the most dramatic events in 17th-century European history, Russian Orthodoxy split into two groups: one, the Old Believers, stood in defence of ancient Russian rituals and customs that the other, the official Orthodox Church, sought to reform and correct. Persecuted by church and state, the Old Believers fled in all directions. Some ended up in the Baltic, especially on the shores of Lake Peipsi, while others ran deep into the Russian interior, taking refuge in the Ural mountains. Over the course of centuries, these Old Believer groups, split in twain by distance but united by devotion to holy tradition, interacted with the societies around them, thereby evolving in distinct and dynamic ways. In the Baltic, Old Believer groups have played a considerable role in the religious landscape of the region; in the Urals, they not only had a tremendous effect on urban life and industrialisation, but also left a huge legacy of ornate manuscripts. These texts are today housed by the Laboratory of Archaeographical Studies at Ural Federal University (UrFU), making it one of the world’s premier centres of Old Believer research.
For the first time ever, the University of Tartu and UrFU have come together to hold a joint conference that will unite the academics and believers representing these two distant relatives in the family of Old Belief. Organised by Dr Irina Paert (Tartu), Dr Irina Pochinskaia (UrFU), and Dr James White (Tartu/UrFU), the conference (“Old Belief in Russia and Abroad: Current Issues in Research”) will host participants from Russia, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, and elsewhere to discuss the historical and modern issues of Old Belief. On the one hand, the conference will feature scholarly papers on a wide number of subjects, ranging from the views of the early 20th-century British adventurer Stephen Graham to the beauties of Old Believer manuscript ornamentation, from the fractious debates held in late 19th-century Old Believer councils to the family structures of Old Believers in the 21st century. On the other, the representatives of Old Believer communities in Estonia and Latvia will come together to discuss the questions that have confronted and continue to confront Old Belief in the modern world.
To be held from 24 to 26 May, the conference will take place in the main building of the University of Tartu: papers will be given in Russian and English. All interested in listening and asking questions are welcome. If you have any enquiries, please email Dr Paert at [email protected].
This conference is being held with the financial support of the University of Tartu, grant PHVUS 18916.
We currently have branches in Berlin and Birmingham (UK) with a combined membership of 160 people (as of 14.01.15). We are seeking to expand both our membership base and number of branches.
The project will argue that property confiscation was not simply a purely negative policy but rather a practice that altered patterns of social behaviour, shaped communities, affected institutional structures and prerogatives, and provided a sounding ground for new ideas about the relationship between the state and the subject. Studying confiscation thus sheds new light on issues of confessional plurality, toleration, the dynamics of religious communities, and legal-philosophical discourses of individual rights. It will contribute to continuing attempts to conceptualise the nature of the multi-confessional Russian empire.
Автор анализирует недавно изданную антологию, посвященную трансформации antemurale («бастионного») мифа, который бытовал на пограничных территориях Восточной Европы в период национализма. Книга опубликована Лилией Бережной и Хайде Кайн-Кирхером. Труд содержит 13 эссе, написанных 14 авторами. После краткого объяснения, чем является antemurale миф, в том числе в его наиболее распространенной концепции antemurale christianitatis (лат. «бастион христианства»), и комментария причин неугасаемой актуальности данной темы дается представление о содержании как данной работы в целом, так и ее отдельных эссе. В основном статьи оценены довольно высоко благодаря сюжетам, которые раскрываются в рецензируемых исследованиях. Кроме того, автор подчеркивает особую структуру данного издания, которая начинается с эссе о мифе и его появлении в XV в., а заканчивается дискуссией о современном состоянии изучения предмета, рассуждениями над слабыми и сильными сторонами каждого из эссе с привлечением дополнительного материала о создании мифа и его распространении (наряду с упоминанием более традиционного влияния дискурсивных формулировок). Критика в основном направлена на отдельные части (II и III), которые могут вызвать смешанные чувства у читателей. Тем не менее, автор рекомендует книгу с надеждой, что она окажется полезной будущим исследованиям, посвященным другим географическим регионам.