Kopeerimine ja printimine lubatudhttp://www.ester.ee/record=b2073058*es
The purpose of the current paper is to investigate empirically the effect of social capital on in... more The purpose of the current paper is to investigate empirically the effect of social capital on investments as a key production factor. Theoretically, investments are expected to be higher in societies where there is more social capital between economic agents. Based on the data from World Values Survey, ten components of social capital are considered as factors of investments. Although the regression results are rather mixed, it can be generalised that components related to trust and norms dominate as predictors of overall investment activity, while networks have some effect only for foreign investments. Additionally, it appeared that the relationship between social capital and investments is similar in democratic Western European countries and Central and Eastern European countries with communist background
The purpose of the current paper is to investigate the possible relationship between fiscal disci... more The purpose of the current paper is to investigate the possible relationship between fiscal discipline and social capital in EU member states during the last economic crisis and recovery, along with the assessment of the initial welfare effects of fiscal stimulus measures. Preliminary results show that institutional trust and general trust as social capital indicators associate positively with the extent of fiscal stimulus, while governance indicators show negative correlations. However, the significance of these results is relatively low and the subject needs thus further investigation. Further, it appeared that fiscal stimulus had weak positive effect on short-term recovery of GDP and employment, but not on medium-term GDP growth potential.
Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 2020
Purpose The present paper aims to identify a set of cognitive and contextual characteristics that... more Purpose The present paper aims to identify a set of cognitive and contextual characteristics that explain entrepreneurial intentions, actions and venture creation, thereby covering three successive stages of becoming an entrepreneur. Design/methodology/approach The analysis is based on entrepreneurship data from a self-reported online survey (n = 1,492) gathered among the Estonian population in 2017. The authors use an exploratory factor analysis to reduce initial survey responses about the external environment into latent factors. Linear regression models are applied to predict the determinants of entrepreneurial intention and actions, whereas the logit model is applied to find out the determinants of being or not being an entrepreneur. Findings Younger people, respondents with vocational education and the unemployed have a higher intention to start up. Men are more active than women in the second stage of taking real action, whereas middle-aged respondents and managers are less ac...
This study investigates the dynamics and the determinants of social capital in Europe. The measur... more This study investigates the dynamics and the determinants of social capital in Europe. The measures of social capital were composed on the basis of the EVS data with the help of confirmatory factor analysis. Altogether, four factors of social capital were extracted: general trust, institutional trust, formal networks and social norms. Changes in the levels of social capital components over the period 1990-2008 were calculated for 14 Western-European (WE) countries and for 10 new member states (NMS) from Central and Eastern Europe. The analysis of the determinants of social capital in year 2008 covered 20 Western-European countries, 10 new member states and additionally 15 neighbouring countries (NC). Comparison of the levels of social capital showed that in case of all social capital components, the levels were lower in NMS as compared to WE. In less developed NC-s institutional trust and social norms appeared to be stronger than in NMS, but lower than in WE. During 1990-2008, the average level of social capital decreased in NMS and increased in WE. However, the experiences of individual countries were rather diverse concerning the changes in different components of social capital, so no strong generalisations can be made on the basis of country groups. Among the determinants of individual-level social capital, socio-demographic and cultural-psychological factors were distinguished. Results of the regression analysis showed that most influential factors of social capital appeared to be education and satisfaction with democracy. Social capital also associates positively with age, income, and children, while there was negative relationship between social capital, town size and individualism. Finally, dummies for NMS and WE were significant predictors of lower levels of norms and networks, confirming that there are differences between country groups.
Purpose — The purpose of this chapter is to assess empirically the levels of trust across the wor... more Purpose — The purpose of this chapter is to assess empirically the levels of trust across the world and to explore possible differences in the levels of trust among different groups of respondents.Design/methodology/approach — We analyze the individual-level data from 81 countries around the world using latest available European Values Study (EVS) and World Values Survey (WVS) datasets (most data refer to the year 2008). Methodologically, we compose three trust indicators using confirmatory factor analysis and then compare the level of trust in different groups. After that we calculate country-level means of trust indicators and use these as inputs in cluster analysis.Findings — The results of our empirical analysis show that the level of trust among supervisors do not differ significantly from the overall level of trust in a society, supporting the hypothesis that honesty and trust tend to be contagious. Still, there are statistically significant differences in trust levels between almost all explored population groups which were composed on the basis of previous theoretical and empirical literature.Limitations — Our analysis covered only selected socio-economic determinants of trust. It would be reasonable to add some contextual or systemic factors at the level of nation (like GDP per capita, quality of formal institutions, society’s polarization, or others) into further analysis.Originality/value — Our analysis distinguishes between three different types of trust which are studied both at individual and national level. Also, differences between age groups and educational groups, men and women, religious and non-religious persons are examined. Finally, we compare the levels of trust of those supervising someone with the average trust levels in the society as a whole.
Innovation Systems in Small Catching-Up Economies, 2011
This exploratory study investigates how innovative activities are related to human and social cap... more This exploratory study investigates how innovative activities are related to human and social capital in the context of catching-up countries facing both latecomer advantages and path dependency. Data on 30 European countries are analyzed, including ten transition ...
This paper investigates how different dimensions of social capital and institutional quality are ... more This paper investigates how different dimensions of social capital and institutional quality are related to innovation activity and its utilisation. For reasons of data availability, previous studies have included mainly patenting data. This study complements the previous studies by analysing smaller sample, but including more indicators of innovation. Data for 29 European countries are analysed. As an alternative to usual analysing methods, cluster analysis is used to overcome the problem of small sample. First, cluster analysis is conducted to examine the similarities and differences in various aspects of innovation activity and utilisation of innovations. Next, the social capital and institutional quality are considered as possible factors of innovation next to the R&D and human capital. The findings supported the idea that different dimensions of social capital have a different impact on innovation activity; the results concerning the utilisation of innovations were mixed.
The concept of social capital as an important determinant of economic development is attracting i... more The concept of social capital as an important determinant of economic development is attracting increasing attention among development economists. The present paper analyses the impact of macro-level social capital on economic development in 34 European countries. Macro-level social capital comprises different aspects of institutional quality and is closely related to the income distribution and social cohesion. We used principal component analysis to group initially selected social determinants of economic development into three components (human and social capital, income equality, and redistribution), which altogether described 64.4% of the variation of the initial variables. Following regression analysis proved that all these components have a positive effect on economic development, measured by human development index.
University of Tartu-Faculty of Economics and Business …, 2005
... Inimkapitali ja sotsiaalse kapitali olulisimaks erinevuseks on as-jaolu, et haridus ja tervis... more ... Inimkapitali ja sotsiaalse kapitali olulisimaks erinevuseks on as-jaolu, et haridus ja tervis inimkapitali kandjatena kuuluvad konk-reetsele indiviidile ning nende omandamine ei sõltu teistest isiku-test, kuid sotsiaalse kapitali omandamine saab toimuda ainult inimeste grupis ...
Social and institutional determinants of economic development are attracting increasing attention... more Social and institutional determinants of economic development are attracting increasing attention among development economists. The present paper analyses the impact of macro-level social capital and related social factors on economic development in 34 European countries. Macro-level social capital comprises different aspects of institutional quality and is closely related to income distribution and social cohesion. We used principal component analysis to group initially selected social determinants of economic development into three components (human and social capital, income equality, and redistribution), which altogether describe 64.4% of the variation in initial variables. The following regression analysis proved that all these components have a positive effect on economic development, measured by the human development index.
Kopeerimine ja printimine lubatudhttp://www.ester.ee/record=b2073058*es
The purpose of the current paper is to investigate empirically the effect of social capital on in... more The purpose of the current paper is to investigate empirically the effect of social capital on investments as a key production factor. Theoretically, investments are expected to be higher in societies where there is more social capital between economic agents. Based on the data from World Values Survey, ten components of social capital are considered as factors of investments. Although the regression results are rather mixed, it can be generalised that components related to trust and norms dominate as predictors of overall investment activity, while networks have some effect only for foreign investments. Additionally, it appeared that the relationship between social capital and investments is similar in democratic Western European countries and Central and Eastern European countries with communist background
The purpose of the current paper is to investigate the possible relationship between fiscal disci... more The purpose of the current paper is to investigate the possible relationship between fiscal discipline and social capital in EU member states during the last economic crisis and recovery, along with the assessment of the initial welfare effects of fiscal stimulus measures. Preliminary results show that institutional trust and general trust as social capital indicators associate positively with the extent of fiscal stimulus, while governance indicators show negative correlations. However, the significance of these results is relatively low and the subject needs thus further investigation. Further, it appeared that fiscal stimulus had weak positive effect on short-term recovery of GDP and employment, but not on medium-term GDP growth potential.
Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 2020
Purpose The present paper aims to identify a set of cognitive and contextual characteristics that... more Purpose The present paper aims to identify a set of cognitive and contextual characteristics that explain entrepreneurial intentions, actions and venture creation, thereby covering three successive stages of becoming an entrepreneur. Design/methodology/approach The analysis is based on entrepreneurship data from a self-reported online survey (n = 1,492) gathered among the Estonian population in 2017. The authors use an exploratory factor analysis to reduce initial survey responses about the external environment into latent factors. Linear regression models are applied to predict the determinants of entrepreneurial intention and actions, whereas the logit model is applied to find out the determinants of being or not being an entrepreneur. Findings Younger people, respondents with vocational education and the unemployed have a higher intention to start up. Men are more active than women in the second stage of taking real action, whereas middle-aged respondents and managers are less ac...
This study investigates the dynamics and the determinants of social capital in Europe. The measur... more This study investigates the dynamics and the determinants of social capital in Europe. The measures of social capital were composed on the basis of the EVS data with the help of confirmatory factor analysis. Altogether, four factors of social capital were extracted: general trust, institutional trust, formal networks and social norms. Changes in the levels of social capital components over the period 1990-2008 were calculated for 14 Western-European (WE) countries and for 10 new member states (NMS) from Central and Eastern Europe. The analysis of the determinants of social capital in year 2008 covered 20 Western-European countries, 10 new member states and additionally 15 neighbouring countries (NC). Comparison of the levels of social capital showed that in case of all social capital components, the levels were lower in NMS as compared to WE. In less developed NC-s institutional trust and social norms appeared to be stronger than in NMS, but lower than in WE. During 1990-2008, the average level of social capital decreased in NMS and increased in WE. However, the experiences of individual countries were rather diverse concerning the changes in different components of social capital, so no strong generalisations can be made on the basis of country groups. Among the determinants of individual-level social capital, socio-demographic and cultural-psychological factors were distinguished. Results of the regression analysis showed that most influential factors of social capital appeared to be education and satisfaction with democracy. Social capital also associates positively with age, income, and children, while there was negative relationship between social capital, town size and individualism. Finally, dummies for NMS and WE were significant predictors of lower levels of norms and networks, confirming that there are differences between country groups.
Purpose — The purpose of this chapter is to assess empirically the levels of trust across the wor... more Purpose — The purpose of this chapter is to assess empirically the levels of trust across the world and to explore possible differences in the levels of trust among different groups of respondents.Design/methodology/approach — We analyze the individual-level data from 81 countries around the world using latest available European Values Study (EVS) and World Values Survey (WVS) datasets (most data refer to the year 2008). Methodologically, we compose three trust indicators using confirmatory factor analysis and then compare the level of trust in different groups. After that we calculate country-level means of trust indicators and use these as inputs in cluster analysis.Findings — The results of our empirical analysis show that the level of trust among supervisors do not differ significantly from the overall level of trust in a society, supporting the hypothesis that honesty and trust tend to be contagious. Still, there are statistically significant differences in trust levels between almost all explored population groups which were composed on the basis of previous theoretical and empirical literature.Limitations — Our analysis covered only selected socio-economic determinants of trust. It would be reasonable to add some contextual or systemic factors at the level of nation (like GDP per capita, quality of formal institutions, society’s polarization, or others) into further analysis.Originality/value — Our analysis distinguishes between three different types of trust which are studied both at individual and national level. Also, differences between age groups and educational groups, men and women, religious and non-religious persons are examined. Finally, we compare the levels of trust of those supervising someone with the average trust levels in the society as a whole.
Innovation Systems in Small Catching-Up Economies, 2011
This exploratory study investigates how innovative activities are related to human and social cap... more This exploratory study investigates how innovative activities are related to human and social capital in the context of catching-up countries facing both latecomer advantages and path dependency. Data on 30 European countries are analyzed, including ten transition ...
This paper investigates how different dimensions of social capital and institutional quality are ... more This paper investigates how different dimensions of social capital and institutional quality are related to innovation activity and its utilisation. For reasons of data availability, previous studies have included mainly patenting data. This study complements the previous studies by analysing smaller sample, but including more indicators of innovation. Data for 29 European countries are analysed. As an alternative to usual analysing methods, cluster analysis is used to overcome the problem of small sample. First, cluster analysis is conducted to examine the similarities and differences in various aspects of innovation activity and utilisation of innovations. Next, the social capital and institutional quality are considered as possible factors of innovation next to the R&D and human capital. The findings supported the idea that different dimensions of social capital have a different impact on innovation activity; the results concerning the utilisation of innovations were mixed.
The concept of social capital as an important determinant of economic development is attracting i... more The concept of social capital as an important determinant of economic development is attracting increasing attention among development economists. The present paper analyses the impact of macro-level social capital on economic development in 34 European countries. Macro-level social capital comprises different aspects of institutional quality and is closely related to the income distribution and social cohesion. We used principal component analysis to group initially selected social determinants of economic development into three components (human and social capital, income equality, and redistribution), which altogether described 64.4% of the variation of the initial variables. Following regression analysis proved that all these components have a positive effect on economic development, measured by human development index.
University of Tartu-Faculty of Economics and Business …, 2005
... Inimkapitali ja sotsiaalse kapitali olulisimaks erinevuseks on as-jaolu, et haridus ja tervis... more ... Inimkapitali ja sotsiaalse kapitali olulisimaks erinevuseks on as-jaolu, et haridus ja tervis inimkapitali kandjatena kuuluvad konk-reetsele indiviidile ning nende omandamine ei sõltu teistest isiku-test, kuid sotsiaalse kapitali omandamine saab toimuda ainult inimeste grupis ...
Social and institutional determinants of economic development are attracting increasing attention... more Social and institutional determinants of economic development are attracting increasing attention among development economists. The present paper analyses the impact of macro-level social capital and related social factors on economic development in 34 European countries. Macro-level social capital comprises different aspects of institutional quality and is closely related to income distribution and social cohesion. We used principal component analysis to group initially selected social determinants of economic development into three components (human and social capital, income equality, and redistribution), which altogether describe 64.4% of the variation in initial variables. The following regression analysis proved that all these components have a positive effect on economic development, measured by the human development index.
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