Pharmacy

A comparative study between the biuret method (standard method for total proteins) and spectrophotometric methods using dyes (Bradford, 3',3'',5', was carried out for the determination of total proteins in blood plasma from rats. Bradford method showed the highest sensitivity for proteins and biuret method showed the lowest. For all the methods, the absorbance for different proteins (BSA, casein, and egg albumin) was measured and Bradford method showed the lowest variation of absorbance. The concentration of total protein obtained by using Bradford method was not statistically different (p>0.05) from concentration of total protein obtained by the biuret method. But in regard to erythrosin-B and TBPEE methods the concentrations of total protein were statistically different (p<0.05). Thus, Bradford method could be used instead of the biuret method for determination of total proteins in blood plasma.

In order to improve the bonding between hydroxyapatite (HAP) particles and poly(L-lactide) (PLLA), and hence to increase mechanical properties of the PLLA/HAP composite as potential bone substitute material, the HAP nano-particles were surface-grafted with PLLA and further blended with PLLA. The structure and properties of the composites were subsequently investigated by the mechanical property testing, the differential scanning calorimeter measurements (DSC), the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the polarized optical microscopy (POM), and the cell culture. The PLLA molecules grafted on the HAP surfaces, as inter-tying molecules, played an important role in improving the adhesive strength between the particles and the polymer matrix. At a low content ($4 wt%) of surface grafted-HAP (g-HAP), the PLLA/g-HAP nano-composites exhibited higher bending strength and impact energy than the pristine PLLA, and at a higher g-HAP content (e.g., 20 wt%), the modulus was remarkably increased. It implied that PLLA could be strengthened as well as toughened by g-HAP nano-particles. The results of biocompatibility test showed that the g-HAP existing in the PLLA composite facilitated both adhesion and proliferation of chondrocytes on the PLLA/g-HAP composite film. r

ISOLASI SENYAWA STEROID/TRITERPENOID DARI EKSTRAK
ETANOL FRAKSI n-HEKSANA TERIPANG
Pearsonothuria graeffei
ABSTRAK
Teripang adalah salah satu komoditas hasil laut yang banyak terdapat di perairan
Indonesia tetapi belum banyak dieksplorasi manfaat kandungannya. Kandungan
metabolit sekunder utama dari teripang adalah steroid/triterpenoid, saponin, dan
glikosida yang memiliki aktivitas biologi yang baik sehingga dapat dikembangkan
dalam berbagai bidang pengobatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui
karakterisasi simplisia dan isolasi steroid/triterpenoid dari teripang.
Pemeriksaan karakteristik simplisia hewan meliputi pemeriksaan makroskopik,
mikroskopik, penetapan kadar air, penetapan kadar sari larut air, penetapan kadar
sari larut etanol, penetapan kadar abu total, dan penetapan kadar abu tidak larut
asam. Pemeriksaan golongan senyawa terhadap serbuk simplisia hewan meliputi
pemeriksaan glikosida, saponin dan steroid/triterpenoid. Ekstraksi dilakukan
dengan metode perkolasi dan fraksinasi dilakukan dengan metode ekstraksi caircair, isolasi senyawa steroid/triterpenoid dilakukan secara kromatografi lapis tipis,
lalu diuji kemurnian isolat menggunakan kromatografi lapis tipis dua arah serta
analisis isolat dengan spektrofotometri UV, IR dan spektrofotometer massa.
Hasil karakteristik simplisia teripang yaitu kadar air 9,47 %, kadar sari larut air
36,56% , kadar sari larut etanol 24,01 % , kadar abu total 28,75 %, dan kadar abu
tidak larut asam 3,66 %. Hasil mikroskopik serbuk simplisia teripang mempunyai
spikula bentuk kancing (buttons), spikula bentuk batang (rods) dari tentakel dan
spikula bentuk meja semu (pseudo-tables) dari dinding tubuh. Hasil pemeriksaan
golongan senyawa kimia simplisia teripang mengandung glikosida, saponin dan
steroid/triterpenoid. Hasil analisis isolat secara kromatografi lapis tipis diperoleh
senyawa golongan steroid/triterpenoid yang memberikan noda berwarna merah
ungu dengan penampak bercak Liebermann-Burchard. Hasil uji kemurnian isolat
secara kromatografi lapis tipis dua arah memberikan noda tunggal yang dapat
dianggap murni. Hasil analisis isolat secara spektrofotometri ultraviolet diperoleh
absorbansi maksimum pada panjang gelombang 202 nm yang menunjukkan
adanya gugus kromofor serta secara spektrofotometri inframerah isolat
menunjukkan adanya gugus O–H, C–H, C=C, –CH3, C=O dan C–O
spektrofotometri massa menunjukkan berat molekul 368,5. Hasil analisis diduga
adalah senyawa 3 alpha, 11 beta, 17, 20 alpha, 21-Pentahydroxypregnane.
Kata kunci: teripang, Pearsonothuria graeffei, isolasi, steroid/triterpenoid

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is the global main cause of morbidity and mortality. AMI describes the process of cell death due to prolonged ischemia identified by the appearance of pathological Q-wave in electrocardiogram (ECG). Myocardial cell death does not occur directly after the onset of myocardial ischemia, however, it occurs more than 6 hours after the onset. Thus, certain cardiac markers, such as cardiac troponin and creatinine kinase-MB (CK-MB) which formed in myocardial cell damage, play a vital role in diagnosing AMI.

AIM: The objective of the study was to evaluate protein expression in NIH 3T3 cells that are treated with virgin coconut oil (VCO) and hydrolysed of virgin coconut oil (HVCO) in vitro. METHODS: Coconut oil used in this study was virgin coconut oil (VCO) and VCO hydrolysed by Rhizomucor miehei (HVCO). NIH 3T3 cells (5x105 cells/well) were seeded in nine wells and incubated for overnight, then divided into three groups. Each group consisted of three wells. Group one without treatment, group two added VCO, and group three added HVCO and then incubated for overnight. One well in each group was added MMP-9, PDGF-BB, and TGF-β1 and incubated one hour. Finally, expressions of MMP-9, PDGF-BB, and TGF-β1 were detected using immunocytochemistry method. RESULTS: The results of the study showed that VCO and HVCO increased protein expressions of MMP-9, PDGF-BB, and TGF-β1. Percentage of MMP-9 expressions treated by VCO increased from 2.89 ± 0.07 to 28.16 ± 0.34, PDGF-BB from 28.11 ± 0.13 to 48.5...

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of virgin coconut oil (VCO) and hydrolyzed VCO (HVCO) on lipid profile and liver enzymes in dyslipidemic rats.Methods: VCO was hydrolyzed using lipase from Rhizomucor miehei (active on sn-1,3 position). Thirty male rats (150–200 g) were induced with 2 ml/kg body weight (BW) egg yolk and lard oil twice a day for 30 days. Rats were divided into six groups which were given with sodium carboxymethylcellulose 0.5%, atorvastatin, VCO (4 and 6 ml/kg BW), and HVCO (4 and 6 ml/kg BW). Lipid profile including total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), and liver enzymes including serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) were measured after 14 days of treatment.Results: The results of this study show that VCO and HVCO improve lipid pro...

Kandungan pada buah bit diketahui mampu menurunkan kolesterol dengan cara menghambat pembentukan asam glutarat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan efek penurunan kolesterol ekstrak dan jus buah bit pada tikus putih. Penelitian ini menggunakan 24 ekor tikus yang dibagi menjadi empat kelompok. Pada penelitian ini tikus diinduksi dengan propiltiourasil (PTU) selama 10 hari lalu masing-masing kelompok diberikan: CMC Na, simvastatin, ekstrak buah bit, dan jus buah bit selama 15 hari. Data penelitian diolah dengan program SPSS menggunakan ANAVA satu-jalur dengan signifikansi 0,05. Kolesterol total sebelum perlakuan pada jus buah bit yaitu 306 mg/dl dan pada ekstrak 311 mg/dl. Kadar kolesterol total setelah perlakuan yaitu 103 mg/dl pada jus dan 148 mg/dl pada ekstrak. Pemberian ekstrak buah bit dan jus buah bit secara signifikan berpengaruh terhadap penurunan kadar kolesterol total. Pemberian ekstrak dan jus buah bit dapat menurunkan kadar kolesterol tikus putih.

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of coconut oil (virgin coconut oil; VCO), corn oil, palm oil, and hydrolyzed VCO (HVCO) on minerals (calcium and magnesium) absorption in rats. Methods: The oils used were corn oil, palm oil, VCO, and HVCO. VCO hydrolysis was done using lipase from Rhizomucor miehei (active on sn-1,3 position). The effect of oils and HVCO on minerals absorption was carried out on 25 male rats, weighing approximately 150-200 g. Rats were housed in air-conditioned room at 22-25°C, under 12-light/dark cycle, fed on basal diet and tap water ad libitum. After 1-week acclimatization, rats were given oils and HVCO for 21 days. The effect of oils on the minerals absorption were determined over the 4-day metabolic balance study. Mineral concentrations in diet, feces, urine, and serum were measured using atomic absorption spectrometry. Minerals absorption are expressed as apparent minerals absorption, apparent minerals absorption rate, and apparent minerals balance. Results: Calcium absorption in rats given with VCO, corn oil, palm oil, and HVCO is 47.09%, 45.46%, 44.48%, and 49.33%, respectively, whereas, magnesium absorption in rats given with VCO, corn oil, palm oil, and HVCO is 34.87%, 32.08%, 29.39%, and 37.11%, respectively. The results of this study show that minerals absorption in rats given with dietary oils is significantly lower than the control group (51.79% for calcium and 42.34% for magnesium). Mineral absorption in rats given with HVCO results in the highest rate of all rats given with the other oils tested. Conclusion: Corn oil and palm oil, which belong to the long chain triglycerides oil, lower calcium, and magnesium absorption more significantly than VCO as a medium chain triglyceride oil does. HVCO results in significantly higher calcium and magnesium absorption compared to non-HVCO.

Infection is one of the world's biggest health problems that cause high morbidity and mortality. It is important to search for new compounds which exert antibiotic activity especially for microorganisms which are already resistant to the known antibiotics. The aim of this work was to investigate the antibacterial effect of enzymatically hydrolyzed virgin coconut oil on some pathogenic bacteria. Virgin coconut oil was hydrolyzed enzymatically using lipase from Rhizomucormiehei.The antibacterial test was conducted by the agar diffusion method using 6 mm paper discs (Oxoid) to observe the zone of inhibition. Tested bacteria were Propionibacterium acne (ATCC 6918), Bacillus subtilis(ATCC 6633), Staphylococcus epidermidis(ATCC 12228)and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA).Non-hydrolyzed virgin coconut oil did not show antibacterial activity on all bacteria tested, while hydrolyzed virgin coconut oil did. Antibacterial activity of hydrolyzed virgin coconut oil was shown to be concentration-dependent. As concentration increased, the zone of inhibition also became larger. Hydrolyzed virgin coconut oil 50% gave inhibition zone of 10.08 mm for P. acne, 10.53 mm for B. subtilis, 12.33 mm for S. epidermidisand 10.20 mm for MRSA. VCO did not show antibacterial properties, while HVCO exerted an antibacterial effect on all tested bacteria in this study including MRSA.

Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic compound that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis. All pharmaceutics in the form of finished goods and raw materials must meet the requirements of Indonesian Pharmacopoeia or other standard books. The objectives of this study were to develop and validate a simple and fast analytic method by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometry that allows for qualitative and quantitative analysis of chloramphenicol levels in capsule preparations. Chloramphenicol levels were determined by FTIR analysis using methanol solvents with 0.1 mm slit in the wavenumber range 4000 cm-1 to 650 cm-1. The specific wavenumbers of chloramphenicol solution in methanol were 1695.9 cm–1, 1526.3 cm–1, and 1351.2 cm–1. Peak height analysis was not significantly different from peak area analysis, and all samples analyzed fulfilled the requirements of the Indonesian Pharmacopoeia, 6th Edition (2020). Analytical validation met requirements for accuracy, precision, linearity,...

The first line drug given for monotherapy for diabetes mellitus type 2 is metformin hydrochloride, which is a biguanide antihyperglycemic drug. The aim of this research was to develop, validate, and apply the Fourier Transform Infrared spectrophotometry method to identify and determine metformin hydrochloride in marketed tablet dosage form. This research included preparation of standard, analysis of samples, and validation of method. The specific wavenumber obtained for qualitative analysis was 1645.68 cm–1 and 1574.8 cm–1. The specific area obtained for quantitative analysis with a single baseline ranged from 1701.53 cm–1 to 1535.66 cm–1. All metformin hydrochloride marketed tablet dosage forms were analyzed and met all of the qualitative and quantitative requirements. The methods met the requirements of method validation for accuracy with a percentage of recovery of 100.22 %, precision with relative standard deviation of 0.48 %, linearity with a correlation coefficient of 0.9992, ...

Latar Belakang: Corona virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) merupakan penyakit menular yang disebabkan oleh sindrom pernapasan akut coronavirus-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 atau SARS-CoV-2). Tantangan pengobatan pasien Covid -19 salah satunya adalah pada pasien dengan komorbid. Pemilihan terapi Covid-19 perlu mempertimbangkan interaksi obat Covid-19 dengan pengobatan penyakit komorbid. Mayoritas penderita penyakit penyerta mengalami polifarmasi, sehingga akan meningkatkan potensi terjadinya interaksi obat. Tujuan: tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk untuk mengetahui interaksi obat dan mencegah terjadinya interaksi obat yang potensial pada pasien Covid-19 dengan komorbid di bangsal Ogan RSUP Dr.Mohammad Hoesin Palembang. Metode: penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional yang dilakukan secara prospektif pada pasien Covid-19 terkonfirmasi dengan Komorbid yang dirawat di bangsal Ogan RSUP Dr. Mohammad Hoesin Palembang periode April-Juni 2021. Analisis interaksi obat...

Ikhtisar siswa harus merujuk ke bagian 1.2.2 untuk penjelasan ekstraseluler polisakarida disintesis oleh bakteri dan peran biologis , dan untuk mengulang melihat. polisakarida ekstraseluler penting bagi kelangsungan hidup sel di habitat alam, meskipun mutan kurang mereka bisa bertahan di laboratorium. mereka yang baik erat terkait dengan dinding sel (kapsular polisakarida) atau ada sebagai lapisan amorf longgar melekat sel (lendir polisakarida) .suatu lampiran polisakarida ekstraselular ke permukaan bakteri bervariasi menurut polisakarida. lendir polisakarida tidak terikat sekali dan siap dirilis.

Pendahuluan: Relaksasi menciptakan mekanisme batin dalam diri seseorang. Kandungan minyak nilam yaitu patchoulol termasuk kedalam golongan seskuiterpen alhokol. Sementara minyak geraniol dan feniletil alkohol sebagai komponen utama minyak mawar. Kombinasi keduanya memiliki efek relaksasi. Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui apakah kombinasi minyak nilam dan minyak mawar dapat memberikan efek terapi relaksasi menggunakan alat Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimental dan menguji tingkat relaksasi pada perbandingan konsentrasi minyak nilam:minyak mawar yaitu 0%:1%, 1%:0%, 1%:1%, 2%:2%, 2%:1%, 2%:0%, 0%:2%, 1%:2. Hasil: Lilin aromaterapi kombinasi minyak nilam dan minyak mawar memberikan efek terapi tenang dan segar. Hasil uji Wilcoxon yaitu tidak terdapat perbedaan signifikan tingkat relaksasi antara F9 dan kontrol positif. Kesimpulan: Lilin aromaterapi dengan kombinasi minyak nilam dan minyak mawar dapat berfungsi sebagai relaksasi dengan aromaterapi ter...

Pendahuluan: Kentang kuning (Solanum tuberosum L.) diketahui mengandung vitamin C dan flavonoid antosianin sebagai sumber antioksidan alami. Kandungan senyawa ini dalam masker clay  dapat mencegah paparan sinar UV sebagai penyebab terbentuknya radikal bebas yang ditandai dengan kulit kerut/keriput, kering, kasar dan bercak hitam. Tujuan: Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah masker clay ekstrak etanol kentang kuning (Solanum tuberosum L.) efektif sebagai anti-aging untuk mencegah penuaan dini pada kulit Metode: Penelitian eksperimental laboratorium  dengan melihat persentase perubahan peningkatan kadar air, pengecilan ukuran pori-pori, peningkatan kehalusan, berkurangnya noda dan berkurangnya keriput. Hasil: Penggunaan masker clay dengan ekstrak kentang 10% selama 4 minggu menunjukkan perubahan kondisi kulit menjadi lebih baik  dengan peningkatan kadar air (45,2%), pori-pori semakin mengecil (8%), peningkatan kehalusan (31,9%),  pengurangan jumlah noda (57,37%) serta keriput ...

Pendahuluan: Masker wajah adalah salah satu kosmetika perawatan kulit yang memiliki banyak kelebihan tergantung pada bahan formulasinya: membersihkan, melembutkan, mengecilkan pori-pori, melembabkan dan menutrisi kulit. Masker diaplikasikan pada wajah berbentuk layer yang relatif tebal dan kemudian dilepaskan setelah beberapa waktu, biasa 15 sampai 30 menit. Kulit pisang kepok mengandung senyawa flavonoid yang berpotensi sebagai antioksidan, sehingga baik diformulasikan menjadi sediaan masker wajah gel peel off.  Tujuan: Untuk membuat formulasi maskergel peel off yang terbuat dari buah  kulit pisang (Musa  paradisiaca L.). Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimental formulasi sediaan masker gel peel off yang terdiri dari komponen diantaranya seperti kulit pisang, Polivinil alkohol, HPMC, Gliserin, Kalium sorbat, Etanol 70%, Aquades dengan kosentrasi 0%, 1%, 3%, 5%. Pembuatan serbuk kulit pisang kepok dengan cara pengupasan, pencucian, pemotongan, pengeringan, dan penghal...

Pendahuluan: Setiap wanita mempunyai kecendrungan serupa, yaitu ingin terlihat cantik dan menyenangkan untuk dipandang sehingga produk kosmetik merupakan kebutuhan mutlak  bagi dirinya. Salah satu produk kosmetika yang sering digunakan khususnya bagi para wanita yaitu lipstik. Tujuan: Membuat sediaan lipstik menggunakan sari buah naga merah dan kunyit sebagai zat warna alami dalam sediaan lipstik dengan konsentrasi buah naga merah 0%, 30%, 40% dan kunyit 0%, 2%, 2%. Dan mengetahui konsentrasi lipstik yang memberikan warna paling banyak disukai. Methode: Penelitian ini dilakukan secara eksperimental, buah naga dan kunyit diblender dan disaring lalu sari dikentalkan, digunakan tiga variasi konsentrasi yaitu sari buah naga 0%, 30%, 40% dan kunyit 0%, 2%, 2%. Pengujian yang dilakukan berupa uji homogenitas, uji pH, uji oles, uji iritasi dan uji Kesukaan. Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa Lipstik dengan konsentrasi warna buah naga merah, 30% dan kunyit 2% menghasilkan warna ungu k...