ObjectiveTo determine whether Bifidobacterium animalis subspecies lactis HN019 (B. lactis HN019) ... more ObjectiveTo determine whether Bifidobacterium animalis subspecies lactis HN019 (B. lactis HN019) can reduce the sequelae of experimental periodontitis (EP) in rats modulating systemic parameters.BackgroundThis study evaluated the effects of probiotic therapy (PROB) in the prevention of local and systemic damage resulting from EP.MethodsForty‐eight rats were allocated into four groups: C (control), PROB, EP, and EP‐PROB. PROB (1 × 1010 CFU/mL) administration lasted 8 weeks and PE was induced on the 7th week by placing ligature on the animals' lower first molars. All animals were euthanized in the 9th week of the experiment. Biomolecular analyses, RT‐PCR, and histomorphometric analyses were performed. The data obtained were analyzed statistically (ANOVA, Tukey, p < .05).ResultsThe EP group had higher dyslipidemia when compared to the C group, as well as higher levels of insulin resistance, proteinuria levels, percentages of systolic blood pressure, percentage of fatty hepatocyt...
Additional file 1:. Figure S1. High-fiber diet do not prevent airway inflammation in B6 mice. (A)... more Additional file 1:. Figure S1. High-fiber diet do not prevent airway inflammation in B6 mice. (A) Schematic representation of the OVA-inducing airway inflammation protocol and High-fiber diet in C57BL/6 mice. (B) Measurement of airway responsiveness (AHR) as assessed by Newtonian airway resistance (Rn) to increasing doses of methacholine in Control diet (CD) and High-fiber diet (HFD) of naive and OVA groups (n=4-5). (C) Total and differential (Eos: eosinophils; Neut: neutrophils; Mono: mononuclear) number of cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BALF) of OVA/Control Diet and OVA/High-fiber Diet groups (n=3-5 mice per group); (D) Concentrations (pg/ml) of interleukin (IL)-4 and interferon (INF)-γ in the BALF of OVA/Control Diet and OVA/High-fiber Diet groups (n=4-5); (E) Total amount of OVA-specific IgE in the serum of OVA/Control Diet and OVA/High-fiber Diet groups (n=5); (F) Representative PAS-stained bronchial structure of OVA/Control Diet and OVA/High-fiber Diet groups, scale bar ...
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
Probiotics may be considered as an additional strategy to achieve a balanced microbiome in period... more Probiotics may be considered as an additional strategy to achieve a balanced microbiome in periodontitis. However, the mechanisms underlying the use of probiotics in the prevention or control of periodontitis are still not fully elucidated. This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the effect of two commercially available strains of lactobacilli on gingival epithelial cells (GECs) challenged by Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. OBA-9 GECs were infected with A. actinomycetemcomitans strain JP2 at an MOI of 1:100 and/or co-infected with Lactobacillus acidophilus La5 (La5) or Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus Lr32 (Lr32) at an MOI of 1:10 for 2 and 24 h. The number of adherent/internalized bacteria to GECs was determined by qPCR. Production of inflammatory mediators (CXCL-8, IL-1β, GM-CSF, and IL-10) by GECs was determined by ELISA, and the expression of genes encoding cell receptors and involved in apoptosis was determined by RT-qPCR. Apoptosis was also analyzed by Annexin V staining. The...
<p>“-” means that transcription of genes and/or pathway activation were diminished by BRP. ... more <p>“-” means that transcription of genes and/or pathway activation were diminished by BRP. “+” that transcription of genes and/or pathway activation were increased by BRP. LPS-activated macrophages are polarized in M1, but BRP treatment promoted an altered M1 phenotype. BRP led to inhibition of genes related to Toll-like receptor (<i>Cd14</i>, <i>Elk1</i>, <i>Pik3cg</i>, <i>Tirap</i> and <i>Tlr4</i>). The resulting attenuation of TLR-mediated signaling led to the inhibition of NFκB, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) and PI3K/AKT pathways. Thus BRP decreased the production of cytokines and nitric oxide, involved in the inflammatory process. Adapted from Qiagen’s website (<a href="https://www.qiagen.com/br/shop/genes-and-pathways/pathway-central/?q=" target="_blank">https://www.qiagen.com/br/shop/genes-and-pathways/pathway-central/?q=</a>).</p
<p><b>Control + LPS: cells treated only with LPS and DMSO. Control: cells treated wit... more <p><b>Control + LPS: cells treated only with LPS and DMSO. Control: cells treated with DMSO. BRP: cells treated only with BRP.</b> (*) Indicates cytokine levels below the detection limit. Same letters mean no statistical difference while different letters mean statistically significant difference between the two bars by analysis of variance (One-Way ANOVA, p <0.05).</p
Although previous studies suggested an anti-inflammatory property of Brazilian red propolis (BRP)... more Although previous studies suggested an anti-inflammatory property of Brazilian red propolis (BRP), the mechanisms involved in the anti-inflammatory effects of BRP and its activity on macrophages were still not elucidated. This study aimed to evaluate whether BRP attenu-ates the inflammatory effect of LPS on macrophages and to investigate its underlying mech-anisms. BRP was added to RAW 264.7 murine macrophages after activation with LPS. NO production, cell viability, cytokines profile were evaluated. Activation of inflammatory signal-ing pathways and macrophage polarization were determined by RT-qPCR andWestern blot. BRP at 50 μg/ml inhibited NO production by 78 % without affecting cell viability. Cd80 and Cd86 were upregulated whereasmrc1 was down regulated by BRP indicating macro-phage polarization at M1. BRP attenuated the production of pro-inflammatory mediators IL-12, GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-1β in cell supernatants although levels of TNF- α and IL-6 were slightly increased after BRP ...
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of strict supragingival biofilm control on... more The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of strict supragingival biofilm control on serum inflammatory markers and on periodontal clinical parameters in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with chronic severe periodontitis. Twenty-four individuals with T2DM and periodontitis were randomly allocated to two treatment groups. The supragingival therapy group (ST, n = 12) received supragingival scaling, whereas the intensive therapy group (IT, n = 12) underwent supra- and subgingival scaling, as well as root planing. Patients from both groups received professional oral hygiene instructions every month. Data regarding visible plaque index (VPI), gingival bleeding index (GBI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), serum levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-17A, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were ...
D iabetes has been associated with periodontitis, but the mechanisms through which periodontal di... more D iabetes has been associated with periodontitis, but the mechanisms through which periodontal diseases affect the metabolic control remain unclear. Objective: This VWXG\ DLPHG WR HYDOXDWH VHUXP OHYHOV RI LQÀDPPDWRU\ PDUNHUV ,/ ,/ DQG PRQRF\WH chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), in type 2 diabetic patients in the presence of chronic periodontitis. Material and Methods: Forty two individuals were enrolled in this study DQG DVVLJQHG WR RQH RI ¿YH JURXSV GLDEHWHV PHOOLWXV ZLWK LQDGHTXDWH JO\FHPLF FRQWURO DQG SHULRGRQWLWLV '0,3 Q GLDEHWHV PHOOLWXV ZLWK DGHTXDWH JO\FHPLF FRQWURO DQG SHULRGRQWLWLV '0$3 Q GLDEHWHV PHOOLWXV ZLWKRXW SHULRGRQWLWLV '0 Q SHULRGRQWLWLV ZLWKRXW GLDEHWHV 3 Q DQG QHLWKHU GLDEHWHV QRU SHULRGRQWLWLV + Q Periodontal clinical examination included visible plaque index (PL), gingival bleeding index (GB), probing depth (PD), attachment level (AL) and bleeding on probing (BP). Glycemic control was evaluated by serum concentration of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c).
A genetic locus for a cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) was identified in a polymorphic region of... more A genetic locus for a cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) was identified in a polymorphic region of the chromosome of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, a predominant oral pathogen. The locus was comprised of three open reading frames (ORFs) that had significant amino acid sequence similarity and more than 90% sequence identity to the cdtABC genes of some pathogenic Escherichia coli strains and Haemophilus ducreyi, respectively. Sonic extracts from recombinant E. coli, containing the A. actinomycetemcomitans ORFs, caused the distension and killing of Chinese hamster ovary cells characteristic of a CDT. Monoclonal antibodies made reactive with the CdtA, CdtB, and CdtC proteins of H. ducreyi recognized the corresponding gene products from the recombinant strain. CDT-like activities were no longer expressed by the recombinant strain when an ⍀Kan-2 interposon was inserted into the cdtA and cdtB genes. Expression of the CDT-like activities in A. actinomycetemcomitans was strain specific. Naturally occurring expression-negative strains had large deletions within the region of the cdt locus. The cdtABC genes were flanked by an ORF (virulence plasmid protein), a partial ORF (integrase), and DNA sequences (bacteriophage integration site) characteristic of virulenceassociated regions. These results provide evidence for a functional CDT in a human oral pathogen.
Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease induced by a dysbiotic oral microbiome. Probiotics of th... more Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease induced by a dysbiotic oral microbiome. Probiotics of the genus Bifidobacterium may restore the symbiotic microbiome and modulate the immune response, leading to periodontitis control. We evaluated the effect of two strains of Bifidobacterium able to inhibit Porphyromonas gingivalis interaction with host cells and biofilm formation, but with distinct immunomodulatory properties, in a mice periodontitis model. Experimental periodontitis (P+) was induced in C57Bl/6 mice by a microbial consortium of human oral organisms. B. bifidum 1622A [B+ (1622)] and B. breve 1101A [B+ (1101)] were orally inoculated for 45 days. Alveolar bone loss and inflammatory response in gingival tissues were determined. The microbial consortium induced alveolar bone loss in positive control (P + B-), as demonstrated by microtomography analysis, although P. gingivalis was undetected in oral biofilms at the end of the experimental period. TNF-α and IL-10 serum levels, and...
The phenotypes of allergic airway diseases are influenced by the interplay between host genetics ... more The phenotypes of allergic airway diseases are influenced by the interplay between host genetics and the gut microbiota, which may be modulated by probiotics. We investigated the probiotic effects on allergic inflammation in A/J and C57BL/6 mice. C57BL/6 mice had increased gut microbiota diversity compared to A/J mice at baseline. Acetate producer probiotics differentially modulated and altered the genus abundance of specific bacteria, such as Akkermansia and Allistipes, in mouse strains. We induced airway inflammation followed by probiotic treatment and found that only A/J mice exhibited decreased inflammation, and the beneficial effects of probiotics in A/J mice were partially due to acetate production. To understand the relevance of microbial composition colonization in the development of allergic diseases, we implanted female C57BL/6 mice with A/J embryos to naturally modulate the microbial composition of A/J mice, which increased gut microbiota diversity and reduced eosinophili...
Probiotics are live microorganisms that confer benefits to the host health. The infection rate of... more Probiotics are live microorganisms that confer benefits to the host health. The infection rate of potentially pathogenic organisms such as Candida albicans, the most common agent associated with mucosal candidiasis, can be reduced by probiotics. However, the mechanisms by which the probiotics interfere with the immune system are largely unknown. We evaluated the effect of probiotic bacteria on C. albicans challenged human macrophages. Macrophages were pretreated with lactobacilli alone (Lactobacillus rhamnosus LR32, Lactobacillus casei L324m, or Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM) or associated with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS), followed by the challenge with C. albicans or LPS in a co-culture assay. The expression of pattern-recognition receptors genes (CLE7A, TLR2, and TLR4) was determined by RT-qPCR, and dectin-1 reduced levels were confirmed by flow cytometry. The cytokine profile was determined by ELISA using the macrophage cell supernatant. Overall probiotic lactobacilli downregulated the transcription of CLEC7A (p < 0.05), resulting in the decreased expression of dectin-1 on probiotic pretreated macrophages. The tested Lactobacillus species down-regulated TLR4, and increased TLR2 mRNA levels in macrophages challenged with C. albicans. The cytokines profile of macrophages challenged with C. albicans or LPS were altered by the probiotics, which generally led to increased levels of IL-10 and IL-1β, and reduction of IL-12 production by macrophages (p < 0.05). Our data suggest that probiotic lactobacilli impair the recognition of PAMPs by macrophages, and alter the production of pro/anti-inflammatory cytokines, thus modulating inflammation.
ObjectiveTo determine whether Bifidobacterium animalis subspecies lactis HN019 (B. lactis HN019) ... more ObjectiveTo determine whether Bifidobacterium animalis subspecies lactis HN019 (B. lactis HN019) can reduce the sequelae of experimental periodontitis (EP) in rats modulating systemic parameters.BackgroundThis study evaluated the effects of probiotic therapy (PROB) in the prevention of local and systemic damage resulting from EP.MethodsForty‐eight rats were allocated into four groups: C (control), PROB, EP, and EP‐PROB. PROB (1 × 1010 CFU/mL) administration lasted 8 weeks and PE was induced on the 7th week by placing ligature on the animals' lower first molars. All animals were euthanized in the 9th week of the experiment. Biomolecular analyses, RT‐PCR, and histomorphometric analyses were performed. The data obtained were analyzed statistically (ANOVA, Tukey, p < .05).ResultsThe EP group had higher dyslipidemia when compared to the C group, as well as higher levels of insulin resistance, proteinuria levels, percentages of systolic blood pressure, percentage of fatty hepatocyt...
Additional file 1:. Figure S1. High-fiber diet do not prevent airway inflammation in B6 mice. (A)... more Additional file 1:. Figure S1. High-fiber diet do not prevent airway inflammation in B6 mice. (A) Schematic representation of the OVA-inducing airway inflammation protocol and High-fiber diet in C57BL/6 mice. (B) Measurement of airway responsiveness (AHR) as assessed by Newtonian airway resistance (Rn) to increasing doses of methacholine in Control diet (CD) and High-fiber diet (HFD) of naive and OVA groups (n=4-5). (C) Total and differential (Eos: eosinophils; Neut: neutrophils; Mono: mononuclear) number of cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BALF) of OVA/Control Diet and OVA/High-fiber Diet groups (n=3-5 mice per group); (D) Concentrations (pg/ml) of interleukin (IL)-4 and interferon (INF)-γ in the BALF of OVA/Control Diet and OVA/High-fiber Diet groups (n=4-5); (E) Total amount of OVA-specific IgE in the serum of OVA/Control Diet and OVA/High-fiber Diet groups (n=5); (F) Representative PAS-stained bronchial structure of OVA/Control Diet and OVA/High-fiber Diet groups, scale bar ...
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
Probiotics may be considered as an additional strategy to achieve a balanced microbiome in period... more Probiotics may be considered as an additional strategy to achieve a balanced microbiome in periodontitis. However, the mechanisms underlying the use of probiotics in the prevention or control of periodontitis are still not fully elucidated. This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the effect of two commercially available strains of lactobacilli on gingival epithelial cells (GECs) challenged by Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. OBA-9 GECs were infected with A. actinomycetemcomitans strain JP2 at an MOI of 1:100 and/or co-infected with Lactobacillus acidophilus La5 (La5) or Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus Lr32 (Lr32) at an MOI of 1:10 for 2 and 24 h. The number of adherent/internalized bacteria to GECs was determined by qPCR. Production of inflammatory mediators (CXCL-8, IL-1β, GM-CSF, and IL-10) by GECs was determined by ELISA, and the expression of genes encoding cell receptors and involved in apoptosis was determined by RT-qPCR. Apoptosis was also analyzed by Annexin V staining. The...
<p>“-” means that transcription of genes and/or pathway activation were diminished by BRP. ... more <p>“-” means that transcription of genes and/or pathway activation were diminished by BRP. “+” that transcription of genes and/or pathway activation were increased by BRP. LPS-activated macrophages are polarized in M1, but BRP treatment promoted an altered M1 phenotype. BRP led to inhibition of genes related to Toll-like receptor (<i>Cd14</i>, <i>Elk1</i>, <i>Pik3cg</i>, <i>Tirap</i> and <i>Tlr4</i>). The resulting attenuation of TLR-mediated signaling led to the inhibition of NFκB, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) and PI3K/AKT pathways. Thus BRP decreased the production of cytokines and nitric oxide, involved in the inflammatory process. Adapted from Qiagen’s website (<a href="https://www.qiagen.com/br/shop/genes-and-pathways/pathway-central/?q=" target="_blank">https://www.qiagen.com/br/shop/genes-and-pathways/pathway-central/?q=</a>).</p
<p><b>Control + LPS: cells treated only with LPS and DMSO. Control: cells treated wit... more <p><b>Control + LPS: cells treated only with LPS and DMSO. Control: cells treated with DMSO. BRP: cells treated only with BRP.</b> (*) Indicates cytokine levels below the detection limit. Same letters mean no statistical difference while different letters mean statistically significant difference between the two bars by analysis of variance (One-Way ANOVA, p <0.05).</p
Although previous studies suggested an anti-inflammatory property of Brazilian red propolis (BRP)... more Although previous studies suggested an anti-inflammatory property of Brazilian red propolis (BRP), the mechanisms involved in the anti-inflammatory effects of BRP and its activity on macrophages were still not elucidated. This study aimed to evaluate whether BRP attenu-ates the inflammatory effect of LPS on macrophages and to investigate its underlying mech-anisms. BRP was added to RAW 264.7 murine macrophages after activation with LPS. NO production, cell viability, cytokines profile were evaluated. Activation of inflammatory signal-ing pathways and macrophage polarization were determined by RT-qPCR andWestern blot. BRP at 50 μg/ml inhibited NO production by 78 % without affecting cell viability. Cd80 and Cd86 were upregulated whereasmrc1 was down regulated by BRP indicating macro-phage polarization at M1. BRP attenuated the production of pro-inflammatory mediators IL-12, GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-1β in cell supernatants although levels of TNF- α and IL-6 were slightly increased after BRP ...
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of strict supragingival biofilm control on... more The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of strict supragingival biofilm control on serum inflammatory markers and on periodontal clinical parameters in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with chronic severe periodontitis. Twenty-four individuals with T2DM and periodontitis were randomly allocated to two treatment groups. The supragingival therapy group (ST, n = 12) received supragingival scaling, whereas the intensive therapy group (IT, n = 12) underwent supra- and subgingival scaling, as well as root planing. Patients from both groups received professional oral hygiene instructions every month. Data regarding visible plaque index (VPI), gingival bleeding index (GBI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), serum levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-17A, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were ...
D iabetes has been associated with periodontitis, but the mechanisms through which periodontal di... more D iabetes has been associated with periodontitis, but the mechanisms through which periodontal diseases affect the metabolic control remain unclear. Objective: This VWXG\ DLPHG WR HYDOXDWH VHUXP OHYHOV RI LQÀDPPDWRU\ PDUNHUV ,/ ,/ DQG PRQRF\WH chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), in type 2 diabetic patients in the presence of chronic periodontitis. Material and Methods: Forty two individuals were enrolled in this study DQG DVVLJQHG WR RQH RI ¿YH JURXSV GLDEHWHV PHOOLWXV ZLWK LQDGHTXDWH JO\FHPLF FRQWURO DQG SHULRGRQWLWLV '0,3 Q GLDEHWHV PHOOLWXV ZLWK DGHTXDWH JO\FHPLF FRQWURO DQG SHULRGRQWLWLV '0$3 Q GLDEHWHV PHOOLWXV ZLWKRXW SHULRGRQWLWLV '0 Q SHULRGRQWLWLV ZLWKRXW GLDEHWHV 3 Q DQG QHLWKHU GLDEHWHV QRU SHULRGRQWLWLV + Q Periodontal clinical examination included visible plaque index (PL), gingival bleeding index (GB), probing depth (PD), attachment level (AL) and bleeding on probing (BP). Glycemic control was evaluated by serum concentration of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c).
A genetic locus for a cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) was identified in a polymorphic region of... more A genetic locus for a cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) was identified in a polymorphic region of the chromosome of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, a predominant oral pathogen. The locus was comprised of three open reading frames (ORFs) that had significant amino acid sequence similarity and more than 90% sequence identity to the cdtABC genes of some pathogenic Escherichia coli strains and Haemophilus ducreyi, respectively. Sonic extracts from recombinant E. coli, containing the A. actinomycetemcomitans ORFs, caused the distension and killing of Chinese hamster ovary cells characteristic of a CDT. Monoclonal antibodies made reactive with the CdtA, CdtB, and CdtC proteins of H. ducreyi recognized the corresponding gene products from the recombinant strain. CDT-like activities were no longer expressed by the recombinant strain when an ⍀Kan-2 interposon was inserted into the cdtA and cdtB genes. Expression of the CDT-like activities in A. actinomycetemcomitans was strain specific. Naturally occurring expression-negative strains had large deletions within the region of the cdt locus. The cdtABC genes were flanked by an ORF (virulence plasmid protein), a partial ORF (integrase), and DNA sequences (bacteriophage integration site) characteristic of virulenceassociated regions. These results provide evidence for a functional CDT in a human oral pathogen.
Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease induced by a dysbiotic oral microbiome. Probiotics of th... more Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease induced by a dysbiotic oral microbiome. Probiotics of the genus Bifidobacterium may restore the symbiotic microbiome and modulate the immune response, leading to periodontitis control. We evaluated the effect of two strains of Bifidobacterium able to inhibit Porphyromonas gingivalis interaction with host cells and biofilm formation, but with distinct immunomodulatory properties, in a mice periodontitis model. Experimental periodontitis (P+) was induced in C57Bl/6 mice by a microbial consortium of human oral organisms. B. bifidum 1622A [B+ (1622)] and B. breve 1101A [B+ (1101)] were orally inoculated for 45 days. Alveolar bone loss and inflammatory response in gingival tissues were determined. The microbial consortium induced alveolar bone loss in positive control (P + B-), as demonstrated by microtomography analysis, although P. gingivalis was undetected in oral biofilms at the end of the experimental period. TNF-α and IL-10 serum levels, and...
The phenotypes of allergic airway diseases are influenced by the interplay between host genetics ... more The phenotypes of allergic airway diseases are influenced by the interplay between host genetics and the gut microbiota, which may be modulated by probiotics. We investigated the probiotic effects on allergic inflammation in A/J and C57BL/6 mice. C57BL/6 mice had increased gut microbiota diversity compared to A/J mice at baseline. Acetate producer probiotics differentially modulated and altered the genus abundance of specific bacteria, such as Akkermansia and Allistipes, in mouse strains. We induced airway inflammation followed by probiotic treatment and found that only A/J mice exhibited decreased inflammation, and the beneficial effects of probiotics in A/J mice were partially due to acetate production. To understand the relevance of microbial composition colonization in the development of allergic diseases, we implanted female C57BL/6 mice with A/J embryos to naturally modulate the microbial composition of A/J mice, which increased gut microbiota diversity and reduced eosinophili...
Probiotics are live microorganisms that confer benefits to the host health. The infection rate of... more Probiotics are live microorganisms that confer benefits to the host health. The infection rate of potentially pathogenic organisms such as Candida albicans, the most common agent associated with mucosal candidiasis, can be reduced by probiotics. However, the mechanisms by which the probiotics interfere with the immune system are largely unknown. We evaluated the effect of probiotic bacteria on C. albicans challenged human macrophages. Macrophages were pretreated with lactobacilli alone (Lactobacillus rhamnosus LR32, Lactobacillus casei L324m, or Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM) or associated with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS), followed by the challenge with C. albicans or LPS in a co-culture assay. The expression of pattern-recognition receptors genes (CLE7A, TLR2, and TLR4) was determined by RT-qPCR, and dectin-1 reduced levels were confirmed by flow cytometry. The cytokine profile was determined by ELISA using the macrophage cell supernatant. Overall probiotic lactobacilli downregulated the transcription of CLEC7A (p < 0.05), resulting in the decreased expression of dectin-1 on probiotic pretreated macrophages. The tested Lactobacillus species down-regulated TLR4, and increased TLR2 mRNA levels in macrophages challenged with C. albicans. The cytokines profile of macrophages challenged with C. albicans or LPS were altered by the probiotics, which generally led to increased levels of IL-10 and IL-1β, and reduction of IL-12 production by macrophages (p < 0.05). Our data suggest that probiotic lactobacilli impair the recognition of PAMPs by macrophages, and alter the production of pro/anti-inflammatory cytokines, thus modulating inflammation.
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