Physiology

A total number of 19 species of lizards from 12 genera and four families, 20 species of snakes from 18 genera and seven families and six species of freshwater turtles from six genera and three families were recorded during the survey period. This study represented 10, 15 and 5 new records of lizards, snakes and freshwater turtles. Subsequently this data increased the number of lizards, snakes and freshwater turtles that inhabit Banjaran Bintang from 31 to 41, 30 to 45 and three to eight respectively.

Frog identification based on the vocalization becomes important for
biological research and environmental monitoring. As a result, different types of
feature extractions and classifiers have been employed. Yet, the k-nearest neighbor
(kNN) is one of the popular classifiers and has been applied in various applications.
This paper proposes an improvement of kNN in order to evaluate the
accuracy of frog sound identification. The recorded sounds of 12 frog species
obtained in Malaysia forest have been segmented using short time energy and short
time average zero crossing rate while the features are extracted by mel frequency
cepstrum coefficient. Finally, a proposed classifier based on local means kNN and
fuzzy distance weighting have been employed to identify the frog species.
Comparison of the system performances based on kNN, local means kNN and the
proposed classifier i.e. fuzzy kNN with manual segmentation and automatic
segmentation is evaluated. The results show the proposed classifier outperforms
the baseline classifier with accuracy of 94.67 % and 98.33 % for manual and
automatic segmentation, respectively.

Abstract-In recent years email has become one of the fastest and most economical means of communication. However increase of email users has resulted in the dramatic increase of spam emails during the past few years. Data mining -classification algorithms are used to ...

Identification of frog sound is useful tool and competent in biological research and environmental monitoring. In contrast with traditional methods that not practical due to the time consuming, expensive or detrimental to the animal's welfare, this study proposes an automatic frog call identification system. 750 data species that recorded from Malaysia forest is used as data signals and have been corrupted by lOdB and 20dB noise to determine the performance of accuracy in noisy environment. MFCC parameter is employed as feature extraction. An analysis of signals for different number of MFCCs (8, 12, 15, 20 and 25) is presented and the results are provided using MFCC, Delta Coefficients (�MFCC) and Delta Delta Coefficients (��MFCC). Subsequently, kNN classifier is applied to evaluate the performance in the frog identification system. The results show the accuracy range from 84.67% to 85.78%, 61.33% to 68.89% and 59.33% to 67.33% in clean environment, lOdB and 20dB, respectively.

In this paper an Intelligent Frog Species Identification System (IFSIS) which works as a sensor is developed. It is designed to assist the nonexperts to recognize frog species according to frog bioacoustics signals for environmental monitoring. IFSIS consists of Android devices and a server. Android device is used to record frog call signal and to display the details of the detected frog species once the identification is processed by the server. Meanwhile, feature extraction and identification process of the frog call signal are done on Intel atom board which works as server. The Mel Frequency Cepstrum Coefficient (MFCC) is used as feature extraction technique while the classifier employed is Support Vector Machine (SVM). Experimental results show that the performances of 95.33% has been achieved which proves that IFSIS can be a viable automated tool for recognizing frog species.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the verbal learning and memory performance of postmenopausal women who received tualang honey (Agro Mas) in comparison with women receiving estrogen plus progestin therapy and untreated controls.METHODS: A total of 102 postmenopausal women were recruited and randomly assigned to three groups: tualang honey (20 g/d)[corrected], estrogen plus progestin therapy (Femoston 1/5), and untreated control. Their verbal learning and memory performances were assessed using the Malay version of the Auditory Verbal Learning Test before and after 16 weeks of intervention. Data were analyzed using the repeated-measures analysis of variance, and a P value of less than 0.05 was considered significant.RESULTS: There were significant differences in the mean scores of total learning as well as the mean scores of trials A1, A5, A6, and A7 between the three groups. There were also significant differences in the overall mean scores of total learning and trials A1 and A5 between both estrogen plus progestin therapy and tualang honey groups when compared with the untreated control group. However, significant differences in the mean score for trials A6 and A7 were only observed between the estrogen plus progestin therapy and untreated control groups.CONCLUSIONS: Postmenopausal women who received tualang honey showed improvement in their immediate memory but not in immediate memory after the interference and delayed recall. This is comparable with the improvement seen in women receiving estrogen plus progestin therapy.