Aim: The aim of our study is to elaborate a new cement based on Portland cement (PC), Modified Po... more Aim: The aim of our study is to elaborate a new cement based on Portland cement (PC), Modified Portland Cement (MPC) with modified chemical and physical properties that allow easier clinical manipulation and faster setting time than MTA® and then to evaluate its cytotoxicity in vitro and its biocompatibility in vivo in comparison with MTA® . Materials and Methods: Elaboration of MPC: Portland cement powder slenderly grinded to homogenize the particles, mixed with a radiopaque element and a setting time accelerator. A comparative in vitro study (MTS test) of the toxic effect of MTA® and MPC with culture isolated from the calvaria of 18-day-old fetal Swiss OF1 mice are done. A comparative in vivo study of the biocompatibility of MTA® and MPC: Under general anaesthesia, three holes (2.5 mm) were made in both the left and right femurs of six White New Zealand rabbits. In the first hole MPC is placed, in the second MTA® and the third one is left empty (negative control group). Three weeks after implantation, two rabbits are sacrificed, then two other rabbits over six weeks and the last two after twelve weeks. The neck of the femur is trimmed and prepared for undecalcified histological studies. Mann-Whitney test was used to analyze the results. Results: The cell viability test according to the morphological observations suggested the biocompatibility of the two biomaterials tested. The in vivo test showed similar biocompatibility between MTA® and MPC. Bone healing and minimal inflammatory response adjacent to MTA® and MPC implants were observed at all experimental periods (3, 6 and 12 weeks), suggesting that both materials are well tolerated. Conclusion: This pilot comparative study of MTA® and MPC showed no or very limited toxic effects of both cements in vitro and similar biocompatibility in vivo. However, additional in vivo and clinical studies should be done on MPC before it can be introduced in our clinical practice.
Objectives The aim of this in vitro study was to assess the dentinal tubule penetration of three ... more Objectives The aim of this in vitro study was to assess the dentinal tubule penetration of three different sealers, AH Plus, BC Sealer and a novel tricalcium silicate sealer (NTS). Materials and methods Ninety-six human maxillary central incisors were divided into three experimental groups (n = 32) and were filled with gutta-percha using a single-cone technique in conjunction with one of the three sealers: AH Plus, BC Sealer or NTS. The roots in each group were cross-sectioned at 1 and 5 mm from the root apex, and the surfaces were examined under confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The sealer penetration depths were measured at their maximum depths and at four circumferential depths (12, 3, 6 and 9 o'clock) and were evaluated using ImageJ software (ImageJ, NIH). Results The maximum and mean penetration depths were significantly higher at 5 mm compared to 1 mm from the apex in the AH Plus (p < 0.001), BC Sealer (p < 0.001) and NTS groups (p < 0.001). No significant difference was observed between the groups at 1 mm for both parameters. The maximum and mean penetration depths were significantly lower at 5 mm for AH Plus compared with the other two groups (p = 0.012). Conclusions Within the study limitations, the BC Sealer and NTS demonstrated better tubule penetration results than the AH Plus sealer. Clinical relevance Although no study has confirmed a relationship between the penetration depth of root canal sealers and the prevention of apical periodontitis, dentinal tubule sealer penetration may improve obturation quality.
Introduction: The purposes of this study were to evaluate the influence of the insertion depth of... more Introduction: The purposes of this study were to evaluate the influence of the insertion depth of an ultrasonically oscillating file on the ability to remove dentin debris from simulated canal irregularities in an extracted tooth model of a straight root canal and its influence on the flow of irrigant in both straight and curved canals. Methods: A tooth model with artificial depressions in one canal wall at 0.5, 2, 4 and 6 mm from working length was used. Ultrasonic activated irrigation was performed with the file inserted 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 mm short of working length. Dye penetration and high-speed recordings of the flow in straight and curved canals showed the static and dynamic behavior of the flow during ultrasonic activation. Results: Overall cleaning efficacy decreased with increasing distance between the file and the apex, with the depressions next to the file and within 3 mm in front of the file being the cleanest. The flow observed from the visualization experiments matched this distance, suggesting a direct relation between flow and cleaning. The observed flow depth increased with increasing power setting; the curvature of the root canal had no influence on the flow depth. High-speed imaging showed a start-up phase with deeper fluid activation than in the steady phase afterwards. Conclusion: The ultrasonically oscillating file could remove dentin debris up to 3 mm in front of the file tip, coinciding with the extent of the observed flow. The root canal curvature had no influence on the irrigant flow.
Article type : Original Scientific Article Evaluation of two shaping systems and two sonic irriga... more Article type : Original Scientific Article Evaluation of two shaping systems and two sonic irrigation devices in removing root canal filling material from distal roots of mandibular molars assessed by micro CT
The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the flat-designed surface in improving the r... more The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the flat-designed surface in improving the resistance to cyclic fatigue by comparing heat-treated F-One (Fanta Dental, Shanghai, China) nickel-titanium (NiTi) rotary instruments and similar prototypes, differing only by the absence of the flat side. The null hypothesis was that there were no differences between the two tested instruments in terms of cyclic fatigue lifespan. A total of 40 new NiTi instruments (20 F-One and 20 prototypes) were tested in the present study. The instruments were rotated with the same speed (500 rpm) and torque (2 N) using an endodontic motor (Elements Motor, Kerr, Orange, CA, USA) in the same stainless steel, artificial canal (90 • angle of curvature and 5 mm radius). A Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test was performed to assess the differences in terms of time to fracture and the length of the fractured segment between the flat-and non-flat-sided instruments. Significance was set at p = 0.05. The differences in terms of time to fracture between non-flat and flat were statistically significant (p < 0.001). In addition, the differences in terms of fractured segment length were statistically significant (p = 0.034). The results of this study highlight the importance of flat-sided design in increasing the cyclic fatigue lifespan of NiTi rotary instruments.
International Arab Journal of Dentistry, Jun 1, 2018
This study was conducted to compare apical transportation and centering ability to the major fora... more This study was conducted to compare apical transportation and centering ability to the major foramen after instrumentation and overinstrumentation with M-wire Reciproc ® 25 and WaveOne ® primary in severely curved canals of extracted teeth. Thirty mesiobuccal root canals of extracted mandibular and maxillary molars, with a major foramen width less than size 20 and angles of curvatures between 20o and 40o, were prepared with M-wire Reciproc ® 25 or WaveOne ® primary to the foramen and 1 mm beyond the foramen. Digital images of the apical foramen before and after instrumentation and overinstrumentation were taken with a digital camera (Olympus, E330, DC 7.4V) coupled with a microscope (Olympus, CX41, E330, Japan). Each image taken after the instrumentation of the foramen was superimposed on the preliminary image using a CS3 extended Adobe Photoshop program (San Jose, CA, USA). Apical transportation and centering ability were calculated using an AutoCAD program (Autodesk, Software, USA) in the direction of maximum curvature. Repeated measured analyses of variance followed by univariate analyses were conducted. No significant difference was observed after the use of M-wire Reciproc ® 25 or WaveOne ® primary to the working length (P > 0.05). The M-wire Reciproc ® 25 had a higher mean value for transportation and a lower mean value for centering ability (P 0.05). Le M-wire Reciproc ® 25 avait une valeur moyenne plus elevee que le WaveOne® primary pour le transport apical et une valeur moyenne plus faible pour le centrage canalaire (p <0.05), lorsqu’ils sont utilises 1 mm au-dela du foramen. L’utilisation au foramen du M-wire Reciproc ® 25 ou du WaveOne® primary ne presentait aucun danger. Apres surinstrumentation, M-wire Reciproc ® 25 a produit un transport plus eleve du foramen apical que WaveOne® primary.
The objective of this study is to study the influence of final canal taper on the sealing ability... more The objective of this study is to study the influence of final canal taper on the sealing ability of Real Seal 1 by using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). Fifty-four single-rooted teeth were instrumented to apical size of 40 taper 4, 6, and 8. The teeth were divided into three groups. All teeth were filled with Real Seal 1 (RS1; SybronEndo, Orange, CA, USA). Roots were then scanned with mico-CT, and volume measurements of voids in the apical third and in sections at 1, 3, and 5 mm from the apex were calculated in the obturated roots using specialized CT software. Measurements were analyzed statistically by using ANOVA followed by Bonferroni multiple comparison correction. Data analysis showed that 0.08% and 0.06% apical tapered RS1 obturations provided better results than 0.04% tapered samples. The present study showed that none of the root canals filled teeth were gap free. Mean percentages of voids were significantly higher with Real Seal 1 taper 0.04% (P = 0.05).There was no significant difference with 0.06 and 0.08 final taper. For Real Seal 1 technique 0.06 and 0.08 tapered preparations seem to be more optimal. At 1 mm, final taper 0.08 showed less voids and gaps than the two other final tapers. In our daily practice, enlarging the apical third (last 3 mm) of root canals to an 8% taper is necessary to achieve a better sealing ability and thus long-term success for our root canal obturations.
Aim To characterize a novel mechanically mixed mineral trioxide aggregate product (MM-MTA; MicroM... more Aim To characterize a novel mechanically mixed mineral trioxide aggregate product (MM-MTA; MicroMega, Besançon, France) and to investigate the physical and chemical properties in comparison to ProRoot MTA (Dentsply, Tulsa Dental, Johnson City, TN, USA) and MTA Angelus (Angelus, Londrina, Brazil. Methodology The three materials were mixed according to manufacturer's instructions. Specimens 10 mm in diameter and 2 mm high were prepared and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis after 1 day and 28 days storage in physiological solution. Calcium ion leaching in solution and pH of the elution was also assessed. Furthermore the setting time, radiopacity and material porosity were investigated. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests. Results All the MTAs tested were composed primarily of tricalcium silicate and bismuth oxide. In addition MM-MTA exhibited additional peaks for chlorine evident in the EDS analysis; calcium carbonate was present in the set material detected by XRD. Calcium hydroxide was present in the set ProRoot MTA and MTA Angelus. Calcium ion leaching and alkalization of the storage solution was demonstrated in all the materials. Both MM-MTA and MTA Angelus had a shorter setting time when compared to ProRoot MTA (P < 0.001). ProRoot MTA exhibited larger pores and more porosity than MTA Angelus and MM-MTA. All the materials exhibited radiopacity greater than the 3 mm aluminium thickness specified in ISO 6876 (2012). Conclusions MM-MTA, ProRoot MTA and MTA Angelus.are composed of Portland cement and bismuth oxide. In addition MM-MTA contains calcium carbonate and a chloride accelerator. These Accepted Article This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. additives affect the material hydration and the properties of the set material. The properties of MM-MTA are a result of a combination of factors namely the particular cement mineralogy, radiopacifier loading, effective water-cement ratio and mechanical mixing.
Objectives: The aims of this study were to investigate the anatomy of the maxillary and mandibula... more Objectives: The aims of this study were to investigate the anatomy of the maxillary and mandibular premolars among a sample of the Lebanese population and to explore their incidence by sex and the symmetry between the left and right sides. Materials and Methods: This retrospective analysis of 250 CBCT images revealed 960 maxillary and 972 mandibular premolars. Roots, canals, and morphology types were recorded. Vertucci's classi cation was used to categorize the canal morphologies. Fisher's exact and chi-square tests (P≤.05) were applied. Results: The majority of maxillary rst premolars had two roots (85.3%) with two canals (91.3%). Most of the maxillary second premolars showed one root (79.8%). Two-root canals (53.55%) were more common than one canal (44.2%). The three-root, three-canal morphology was rarely spotted in the maxillary rst (0.4%) and second premolars (2.3%). The one-root and one-canal morphologies were most frequently located in the mandibular rst (99.2%, 84.5%) and second premolars (100%, 88.6%), and two canals being less common (15.5%, 11.4%). The total prevalence of premolars with a complex root canal morphology was 62.4%, found in types II, III, and V to VIII. Men had signi cantly more roots and root canals in their maxillary rst premolars than women (P≤.05). No signi cant differences were observed between the contralateral premolars (P>.05). Conclusions: Premolars displayed wide variations in root and root canal morphology and symmetry between the contralateral premolars. Clinical Relevance: CBCT scans showed the morphological complexity and bilateral symmetry of the premolars in a sample of the Lebanese population. Clinicians and researchers should consider these ndings.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
Aim: Flare-ups following a root canal treatment are still a major problem both to the patient and... more Aim: Flare-ups following a root canal treatment are still a major problem both to the patient and to the clinician. Its definition, etiology, incidence, and risk factors have been the subject of long-standing debate. We conducted this study to investigate the incidence of flare-ups after a singlevisit treatment and to identify the factors associated with the flare-up index (FUI). Materials and methods: All patients treated by postgraduate residents in endodontic specialty at Saint Joseph University of Beirut from June 2018 to January 2019 were invited to participate in the study. After a routine root canal treatment, patients were given a questionnaire to fill after 24 hours-48 hours-7 days, covering a postoperative assessment of symptoms using the visual analogue scale (VAS) and FUI. Patients who experienced a severe postoperative pain and/or swelling were identified and categorized as having a flare-up. Results: A total of 423 patients (age: 39.76 ± 12.428 years) were included in the study. The incidence of flare-up was 1.9%. The mean FUI was 5.94 ± 5.646 and was highly correlated with the VAS score (p < 0.001). The factors that significantly influenced the occurrence of flare-ups were: pulpal diagnosis (p < 0.001), preoperative drug intake (p < 0.001), preoperative symptoms (>24 hours) before treatment (p < 0.001), and tooth type (p = 0.013). Conclusion: FUI should be used in further studies to confirm our results since it is a valid quantitative method to assess this clinical phenomenon. Clinical relevance: Endodontists should take into consideration the diagnosis and the history of preoperative symptoms since it plays an important role in predicting the occurrence of flare-ups and the success of the treatment.
The aim of this study was to compare shaping abilities of Protaper Gold® (PTG) and 2Shape® (TS) b... more The aim of this study was to compare shaping abilities of Protaper Gold® (PTG) and 2Shape® (TS) by using a new automatic process and micro‐computed tomography (Micro‐CT). 32 first mandibular molars with two separate mesial canals were selected. Only mesial roots were prepared with PTG and TS. Pre‐ and post‐operative scans were performed using Micro‐CT to provide volumes with a voxel size of 20 μm. Volumes, non‐instrumented area, amount of transportation and centering ability in coronal, middle and apical third shaping time and procedural errors were recorded. TS and PTG increased the endodontic volume of 2.98 mm3 (±1.56) and 3.21 mm3 (±1.78) respectively with no statistical difference (p = .168) and no procedural errors. No significant difference was found concerning canal transportation among groups but only within the same group PTG (p value < .001) and TS (p value < .001). The mean centering ratio was significantly different only between the section levels for PTG (p value < .001) and TS (p value = .01); it was significantly reduced in the cervical third. The percentage of untouched canal walls ranged between 29.78% (±15.145) and 36.60% (±11.968) respectively for PTG and TS with no statistical difference among groups (p value = .168). TS and PTG with post machining heat treatment were able to produce centered preparations with no significant difference or procedural errors. TS system provided a shorter preparation time than PTG files.
Objective:The objective of this ex vivo study was to evaluate canal transportation and centring a... more Objective:The objective of this ex vivo study was to evaluate canal transportation and centring ability of Reciproc and Reciproc blue systems in curved root canals with or without prior use of PathFile rotary system (PF) using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT).Methods:One hundred and twenty curved root canals from maxillary and mandibular premolars were selected. Canals were divided randomly into 4 groups (n=30): Reciproc 25 (R25), (PF+R25), Reciproc Blue 25 (RB25), (PF+RB 25). Specimens were scanned before and after root canal preparation. Using CBCT, root canal transportation and centring ability was assessed by measuring the shortest distance from the edge of uninstrumented canal to the periphery of the root (mesial and distal) before and after preparation. Data were analysed using a one-way analysis of variance and Tukey test. The p value was set at 0.05.Results:Less transportation and better centring ability occurred when PF was used before R25 or RB25 (P<0.0001). There was no significant difference between R25 and RB25 groups.Conclusion:Using PF before R25 and RB25 resulted in less root canal transportation and better centring ability. The specific thermo-mechanical treatment of RB25 did not provide better results when compared to R25.
The aims of this in vitro study were to evaluate debris and smear layer elimination capability o ... more The aims of this in vitro study were to evaluate debris and smear layer elimination capability o effectiveness of 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) after calcium hydroxide removal from the root canal and to determine if ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and citric acid have any additional effects on debris and smear layer removal. Methods and Materials: All irrigation regimens are associated with ultrasonics. Thirty-six pulpless single-rooted teeth were divided into three groups on the basis of the irrigation regimen, namely 5.25% NaOCl alone, 5.25% NaOCl with 17% EDTA pH 7 (NaOCl-EDTA), and 5.25% NaOCl with 50% citric acid (NaOCl-CA). All root canals were instrumented with the Protaper ® rotary system (Dentsply-Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) using a crowndown approach. The apical foramen of each tooth was enlarged to a size 30 with a 0.09 taper. After longitudinal sectioning, the dentin walls were microphotographed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at a 1500X magnification. Using a grid and a 5-step scale these microphotographs were scored by three investigators in order to evaluate debris and smear layer residuals. Data were statistically evaluated using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. Results: In the coronal third the lowest score obtained with NaOCl-CA was similar to NaOCl-EDTA. When using NaOCl-EDTA, mean debris scores were similar to the control group (NaOCl) and lower than NaOCl-CA in the middle and apical thirds. Regarding the mean smear layer score, NaOCl-CA was the lowest in the coronal, middle, and apical thirds with a statistically significant difference (p< 0.001).
We assessed the efficiency of two shaping file systems and two passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI... more We assessed the efficiency of two shaping file systems and two passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) devices for removing filling material during retreatment. The mesial canals from 44 extracted mandibular molars were prepared and obturated. The teeth were randomly divided into two groups, and then one group was retreated with Reciproc R25 (VDW, Munich, Germany) (n = 44) and the other group was retreated with 2Shape (TS, Micro Mega, Besançon, France) (n = 44). A micro-computed tomography (CT) scan was taken before and after the retreatment to assess the volume of the filling material remnants. The teeth were then randomly divided into four groups to test two different PUI devices: Irrisafe (Satelec Acteon Group, Merignac, France) and Endo Ultra (Vista Dental Products, Racine, WI, USA). The teeth in Group A were retreated with 2Shape to test the Endo Ultra (n = 22) device, the teeth in Group B were retreated with 2Shape in order to test the Irrisafe (n = 22) device, the teeth in Group C were retreated with Reciproc to test the Endo Ultra (n = 22) device, and Group D was retreated with Reciproc to test the Irrisafe (n = 22) device. A third micro-CT scan was taken after the retreatment to test the PUIs. The percentage of Gutta-Percha (GP) and sealer removed was 94.75% for TS2 (p < 0.001) and 89.3% for R25 (p < 0.001). The PUI significantly enhanced the removal of the filling material by 0.76% for Group A (p < 0.001), 1.47% for Group B (p < 0.001), 2.61% for Group C (p < 0.001), and by 1.66% for Group D (p < 0.001). 2Shape was more effective at removing the GP and sealer during retreatment (p = 0.018). The supplementary approach with PUI significantly improved filling material removal, with no statistical difference between the four groups (p = 0.106).
The aim of the study was to measure the percentage of volume of voids and gaps in the apical thir... more The aim of the study was to measure the percentage of volume of voids and gaps in the apical third of root canals obturated with two techniques using micro-computed tomography. Fifty-four single-rooted teeth were collected and root canal-prepared. The roots were randomly allocated into two groups; each group was obturated by using thermoplasticized technique with a different material (gutta-percha and Topseal for Thermafil, Resilon and RealSeal for RealSeal 1). Roots were then scanned, and volume measurements for voids and gaps in the obturated roots were carried out using specialized CT software. Percentage of gaps and voids was calculated. The present study showed that none of the root canal-filled teeth was gap free. Student t test was conducted. No significant difference was found between Thermafil and RealSeal 1 concerning percentage of voids in the apical third (P &amp;amp;gt; 0.05). Both materials showed statistically significant difference between the levels where 1 mm showed the highest volume of voids (P &amp;amp;lt; 0.05). Both carrier-based techniques allowed a good sealing ability in root canals but none of the materials was gap free. Statistically significant difference between the levels was found and 1 mm showed the highest volume of voids. This study shows the efficiency of carrier-based obturation systems in filling root canals hermetically. It compares new adhesive endodontic materials with the traditional gold standard gutta-percha. Results show the good sealing ability of both techniques making them appropriate to use in daily endodontic obturations.
Introduction: The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare canal transportation of curve... more Introduction: The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare canal transportation of curved root canals by using 3 nickel-titanium systems: Reciproc, WaveOne, and Twisted Files Adaptive (TF). Methods: Twenty-four extracted human mandibular molars with 2 separate mesial canals and severe angle of curvature were selected. Individual canals were divided randomly to 1 of the 3 experimental groups: Reciproc group, reciprocating instrumentation with Reciproc R25; WaveOne group, reciprocating instrumentation with the Primary WaveOne file; and TF Adaptive group, Adaptive Rotary Motion with the TF files. Each group consisted of 16 root canals. Specimens were scanned before and after root canal preparation with an isotropic resolution of 20 mm by using micro-computed tomography. The degree of canal transportation, in addition to instruments' centering ability, was recorded. Results: Less transportation occurred with TF Adaptive rotary instruments (P < .0001). The mean degree of canal transportation in the apical third was significantly lower with TF Adaptive group (P < .0001). No significant difference was found between Reciproc and WaveOne systems (P = 1.000). Mean centering ratio was the highest statistically with TF Adaptive (P < .0001), followed by WaveOne, and was minimal with Reciproc (P < .05). Conclusions: The TF Adaptive system was found to have less canal transportation and better centering ability when compared with the reciprocating groups.
ÉtudE hiStoloGiquE in ViVo dE la rÉaction du tiSSu pulpairE aprÈS coiffaGE pulpairE dirEct avEc l... more ÉtudE hiStoloGiquE in ViVo dE la rÉaction du tiSSu pulpairE aprÈS coiffaGE pulpairE dirEct avEc lE cimEnt dE portland modifiÉ Résumé Le coiffage pulpaire direct permet de recouvrir l'exposition pulpaire afin de maintenir sa vitalité. Son succès dépend principalement de la capacité du matériau utilisé à amorcer la réparation du tissu pulpaire et la formation de pont dentinaire. Le MTA (agrégat minéral de trioxyde) est un matériau biocompatible qui permet la croissance, la prolifération et la différenciation des cellules souches régénératrices du complexe pulpaire. Toutefois, malgré ses caractéristiques d'étanchéité, de biocompatibilité et son caractère hydrophile, la manipulation du MTA n'est pas facile (état sableux) et son temps de prise est très long (4h). Un nouveau matériau, le ciment de Portland modifié (CPM), a été élaboré dernièrement; il possède les mêmes caractéristiques du MTA, en plus d'une manipulation plus aisée (consistance pâteuse) et d'un temps de prise plus court. L'objectif de cette étude est de comparer, histologiquement, la réaction du tissu pulpaire après coiffage direct des molaires maxillaires de rats, en utilisant le CPM ou le MTA. Mots-clés : coiffage pulpaire-vitalité pulpaire-ciment.
International Arab Journal of Dentistry, Jun 13, 2013
Comparaison in vitro de trois systèmes d'irrigation EndoVac, RinsEndo et Seringue pour l'éliminat... more Comparaison in vitro de trois systèmes d'irrigation EndoVac, RinsEndo et Seringue pour l'élimination des débris intracanalaires Résumé La complexité anatomique du système canalaire a tendance à réduire l'action solvante et désinfectante de l'hypochlorite de sodium (NaOCl) surtout dans la zone apicale du canal radiculaire. Plusieurs moyens d'irrigation ont été utilisés au cours de la dernière décennie. Parmi les trois systèmes testés dans cette étude, le RinsEndo a montré les résultats les plus satisfaisants quant à l'élimination des débris dentinaires au niveau du tiers apical.
An experimental comparison of the Root ZX apex locator with the real measurement of the root cana... more An experimental comparison of the Root ZX apex locator with the real measurement of the root canal length was carried out using a saline gel to simulate the periodontium. Lengths were taken when the needle reached the 0.5 mark and the Apex mark on the meter. These measurements were then compared with a calculated reference length representing the real length of the root canal. Reliability was assessed using Student&#39;s t-test. Precision was assessed using the mean and standard deviation of differences. The Root ZX gave measurements within a range of 0.5 mm in 84.72% of the cases. The intra-operator and inter-operator variabilities were not statistically significant (P &gt; 0.05). The Root ZX is not capable of detecting the &#39;0.5 mm from the foramen&#39; position and thus, should only be used to detect the foramen (major diameter).
Aim: The aim of our study is to elaborate a new cement based on Portland cement (PC), Modified Po... more Aim: The aim of our study is to elaborate a new cement based on Portland cement (PC), Modified Portland Cement (MPC) with modified chemical and physical properties that allow easier clinical manipulation and faster setting time than MTA® and then to evaluate its cytotoxicity in vitro and its biocompatibility in vivo in comparison with MTA® . Materials and Methods: Elaboration of MPC: Portland cement powder slenderly grinded to homogenize the particles, mixed with a radiopaque element and a setting time accelerator. A comparative in vitro study (MTS test) of the toxic effect of MTA® and MPC with culture isolated from the calvaria of 18-day-old fetal Swiss OF1 mice are done. A comparative in vivo study of the biocompatibility of MTA® and MPC: Under general anaesthesia, three holes (2.5 mm) were made in both the left and right femurs of six White New Zealand rabbits. In the first hole MPC is placed, in the second MTA® and the third one is left empty (negative control group). Three weeks after implantation, two rabbits are sacrificed, then two other rabbits over six weeks and the last two after twelve weeks. The neck of the femur is trimmed and prepared for undecalcified histological studies. Mann-Whitney test was used to analyze the results. Results: The cell viability test according to the morphological observations suggested the biocompatibility of the two biomaterials tested. The in vivo test showed similar biocompatibility between MTA® and MPC. Bone healing and minimal inflammatory response adjacent to MTA® and MPC implants were observed at all experimental periods (3, 6 and 12 weeks), suggesting that both materials are well tolerated. Conclusion: This pilot comparative study of MTA® and MPC showed no or very limited toxic effects of both cements in vitro and similar biocompatibility in vivo. However, additional in vivo and clinical studies should be done on MPC before it can be introduced in our clinical practice.
Objectives The aim of this in vitro study was to assess the dentinal tubule penetration of three ... more Objectives The aim of this in vitro study was to assess the dentinal tubule penetration of three different sealers, AH Plus, BC Sealer and a novel tricalcium silicate sealer (NTS). Materials and methods Ninety-six human maxillary central incisors were divided into three experimental groups (n = 32) and were filled with gutta-percha using a single-cone technique in conjunction with one of the three sealers: AH Plus, BC Sealer or NTS. The roots in each group were cross-sectioned at 1 and 5 mm from the root apex, and the surfaces were examined under confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The sealer penetration depths were measured at their maximum depths and at four circumferential depths (12, 3, 6 and 9 o'clock) and were evaluated using ImageJ software (ImageJ, NIH). Results The maximum and mean penetration depths were significantly higher at 5 mm compared to 1 mm from the apex in the AH Plus (p < 0.001), BC Sealer (p < 0.001) and NTS groups (p < 0.001). No significant difference was observed between the groups at 1 mm for both parameters. The maximum and mean penetration depths were significantly lower at 5 mm for AH Plus compared with the other two groups (p = 0.012). Conclusions Within the study limitations, the BC Sealer and NTS demonstrated better tubule penetration results than the AH Plus sealer. Clinical relevance Although no study has confirmed a relationship between the penetration depth of root canal sealers and the prevention of apical periodontitis, dentinal tubule sealer penetration may improve obturation quality.
Introduction: The purposes of this study were to evaluate the influence of the insertion depth of... more Introduction: The purposes of this study were to evaluate the influence of the insertion depth of an ultrasonically oscillating file on the ability to remove dentin debris from simulated canal irregularities in an extracted tooth model of a straight root canal and its influence on the flow of irrigant in both straight and curved canals. Methods: A tooth model with artificial depressions in one canal wall at 0.5, 2, 4 and 6 mm from working length was used. Ultrasonic activated irrigation was performed with the file inserted 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 mm short of working length. Dye penetration and high-speed recordings of the flow in straight and curved canals showed the static and dynamic behavior of the flow during ultrasonic activation. Results: Overall cleaning efficacy decreased with increasing distance between the file and the apex, with the depressions next to the file and within 3 mm in front of the file being the cleanest. The flow observed from the visualization experiments matched this distance, suggesting a direct relation between flow and cleaning. The observed flow depth increased with increasing power setting; the curvature of the root canal had no influence on the flow depth. High-speed imaging showed a start-up phase with deeper fluid activation than in the steady phase afterwards. Conclusion: The ultrasonically oscillating file could remove dentin debris up to 3 mm in front of the file tip, coinciding with the extent of the observed flow. The root canal curvature had no influence on the irrigant flow.
Article type : Original Scientific Article Evaluation of two shaping systems and two sonic irriga... more Article type : Original Scientific Article Evaluation of two shaping systems and two sonic irrigation devices in removing root canal filling material from distal roots of mandibular molars assessed by micro CT
The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the flat-designed surface in improving the r... more The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the flat-designed surface in improving the resistance to cyclic fatigue by comparing heat-treated F-One (Fanta Dental, Shanghai, China) nickel-titanium (NiTi) rotary instruments and similar prototypes, differing only by the absence of the flat side. The null hypothesis was that there were no differences between the two tested instruments in terms of cyclic fatigue lifespan. A total of 40 new NiTi instruments (20 F-One and 20 prototypes) were tested in the present study. The instruments were rotated with the same speed (500 rpm) and torque (2 N) using an endodontic motor (Elements Motor, Kerr, Orange, CA, USA) in the same stainless steel, artificial canal (90 • angle of curvature and 5 mm radius). A Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test was performed to assess the differences in terms of time to fracture and the length of the fractured segment between the flat-and non-flat-sided instruments. Significance was set at p = 0.05. The differences in terms of time to fracture between non-flat and flat were statistically significant (p < 0.001). In addition, the differences in terms of fractured segment length were statistically significant (p = 0.034). The results of this study highlight the importance of flat-sided design in increasing the cyclic fatigue lifespan of NiTi rotary instruments.
International Arab Journal of Dentistry, Jun 1, 2018
This study was conducted to compare apical transportation and centering ability to the major fora... more This study was conducted to compare apical transportation and centering ability to the major foramen after instrumentation and overinstrumentation with M-wire Reciproc ® 25 and WaveOne ® primary in severely curved canals of extracted teeth. Thirty mesiobuccal root canals of extracted mandibular and maxillary molars, with a major foramen width less than size 20 and angles of curvatures between 20o and 40o, were prepared with M-wire Reciproc ® 25 or WaveOne ® primary to the foramen and 1 mm beyond the foramen. Digital images of the apical foramen before and after instrumentation and overinstrumentation were taken with a digital camera (Olympus, E330, DC 7.4V) coupled with a microscope (Olympus, CX41, E330, Japan). Each image taken after the instrumentation of the foramen was superimposed on the preliminary image using a CS3 extended Adobe Photoshop program (San Jose, CA, USA). Apical transportation and centering ability were calculated using an AutoCAD program (Autodesk, Software, USA) in the direction of maximum curvature. Repeated measured analyses of variance followed by univariate analyses were conducted. No significant difference was observed after the use of M-wire Reciproc ® 25 or WaveOne ® primary to the working length (P > 0.05). The M-wire Reciproc ® 25 had a higher mean value for transportation and a lower mean value for centering ability (P 0.05). Le M-wire Reciproc ® 25 avait une valeur moyenne plus elevee que le WaveOne® primary pour le transport apical et une valeur moyenne plus faible pour le centrage canalaire (p <0.05), lorsqu’ils sont utilises 1 mm au-dela du foramen. L’utilisation au foramen du M-wire Reciproc ® 25 ou du WaveOne® primary ne presentait aucun danger. Apres surinstrumentation, M-wire Reciproc ® 25 a produit un transport plus eleve du foramen apical que WaveOne® primary.
The objective of this study is to study the influence of final canal taper on the sealing ability... more The objective of this study is to study the influence of final canal taper on the sealing ability of Real Seal 1 by using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). Fifty-four single-rooted teeth were instrumented to apical size of 40 taper 4, 6, and 8. The teeth were divided into three groups. All teeth were filled with Real Seal 1 (RS1; SybronEndo, Orange, CA, USA). Roots were then scanned with mico-CT, and volume measurements of voids in the apical third and in sections at 1, 3, and 5 mm from the apex were calculated in the obturated roots using specialized CT software. Measurements were analyzed statistically by using ANOVA followed by Bonferroni multiple comparison correction. Data analysis showed that 0.08% and 0.06% apical tapered RS1 obturations provided better results than 0.04% tapered samples. The present study showed that none of the root canals filled teeth were gap free. Mean percentages of voids were significantly higher with Real Seal 1 taper 0.04% (P = 0.05).There was no significant difference with 0.06 and 0.08 final taper. For Real Seal 1 technique 0.06 and 0.08 tapered preparations seem to be more optimal. At 1 mm, final taper 0.08 showed less voids and gaps than the two other final tapers. In our daily practice, enlarging the apical third (last 3 mm) of root canals to an 8% taper is necessary to achieve a better sealing ability and thus long-term success for our root canal obturations.
Aim To characterize a novel mechanically mixed mineral trioxide aggregate product (MM-MTA; MicroM... more Aim To characterize a novel mechanically mixed mineral trioxide aggregate product (MM-MTA; MicroMega, Besançon, France) and to investigate the physical and chemical properties in comparison to ProRoot MTA (Dentsply, Tulsa Dental, Johnson City, TN, USA) and MTA Angelus (Angelus, Londrina, Brazil. Methodology The three materials were mixed according to manufacturer's instructions. Specimens 10 mm in diameter and 2 mm high were prepared and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis after 1 day and 28 days storage in physiological solution. Calcium ion leaching in solution and pH of the elution was also assessed. Furthermore the setting time, radiopacity and material porosity were investigated. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests. Results All the MTAs tested were composed primarily of tricalcium silicate and bismuth oxide. In addition MM-MTA exhibited additional peaks for chlorine evident in the EDS analysis; calcium carbonate was present in the set material detected by XRD. Calcium hydroxide was present in the set ProRoot MTA and MTA Angelus. Calcium ion leaching and alkalization of the storage solution was demonstrated in all the materials. Both MM-MTA and MTA Angelus had a shorter setting time when compared to ProRoot MTA (P < 0.001). ProRoot MTA exhibited larger pores and more porosity than MTA Angelus and MM-MTA. All the materials exhibited radiopacity greater than the 3 mm aluminium thickness specified in ISO 6876 (2012). Conclusions MM-MTA, ProRoot MTA and MTA Angelus.are composed of Portland cement and bismuth oxide. In addition MM-MTA contains calcium carbonate and a chloride accelerator. These Accepted Article This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. additives affect the material hydration and the properties of the set material. The properties of MM-MTA are a result of a combination of factors namely the particular cement mineralogy, radiopacifier loading, effective water-cement ratio and mechanical mixing.
Objectives: The aims of this study were to investigate the anatomy of the maxillary and mandibula... more Objectives: The aims of this study were to investigate the anatomy of the maxillary and mandibular premolars among a sample of the Lebanese population and to explore their incidence by sex and the symmetry between the left and right sides. Materials and Methods: This retrospective analysis of 250 CBCT images revealed 960 maxillary and 972 mandibular premolars. Roots, canals, and morphology types were recorded. Vertucci's classi cation was used to categorize the canal morphologies. Fisher's exact and chi-square tests (P≤.05) were applied. Results: The majority of maxillary rst premolars had two roots (85.3%) with two canals (91.3%). Most of the maxillary second premolars showed one root (79.8%). Two-root canals (53.55%) were more common than one canal (44.2%). The three-root, three-canal morphology was rarely spotted in the maxillary rst (0.4%) and second premolars (2.3%). The one-root and one-canal morphologies were most frequently located in the mandibular rst (99.2%, 84.5%) and second premolars (100%, 88.6%), and two canals being less common (15.5%, 11.4%). The total prevalence of premolars with a complex root canal morphology was 62.4%, found in types II, III, and V to VIII. Men had signi cantly more roots and root canals in their maxillary rst premolars than women (P≤.05). No signi cant differences were observed between the contralateral premolars (P>.05). Conclusions: Premolars displayed wide variations in root and root canal morphology and symmetry between the contralateral premolars. Clinical Relevance: CBCT scans showed the morphological complexity and bilateral symmetry of the premolars in a sample of the Lebanese population. Clinicians and researchers should consider these ndings.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
Aim: Flare-ups following a root canal treatment are still a major problem both to the patient and... more Aim: Flare-ups following a root canal treatment are still a major problem both to the patient and to the clinician. Its definition, etiology, incidence, and risk factors have been the subject of long-standing debate. We conducted this study to investigate the incidence of flare-ups after a singlevisit treatment and to identify the factors associated with the flare-up index (FUI). Materials and methods: All patients treated by postgraduate residents in endodontic specialty at Saint Joseph University of Beirut from June 2018 to January 2019 were invited to participate in the study. After a routine root canal treatment, patients were given a questionnaire to fill after 24 hours-48 hours-7 days, covering a postoperative assessment of symptoms using the visual analogue scale (VAS) and FUI. Patients who experienced a severe postoperative pain and/or swelling were identified and categorized as having a flare-up. Results: A total of 423 patients (age: 39.76 ± 12.428 years) were included in the study. The incidence of flare-up was 1.9%. The mean FUI was 5.94 ± 5.646 and was highly correlated with the VAS score (p < 0.001). The factors that significantly influenced the occurrence of flare-ups were: pulpal diagnosis (p < 0.001), preoperative drug intake (p < 0.001), preoperative symptoms (>24 hours) before treatment (p < 0.001), and tooth type (p = 0.013). Conclusion: FUI should be used in further studies to confirm our results since it is a valid quantitative method to assess this clinical phenomenon. Clinical relevance: Endodontists should take into consideration the diagnosis and the history of preoperative symptoms since it plays an important role in predicting the occurrence of flare-ups and the success of the treatment.
The aim of this study was to compare shaping abilities of Protaper Gold® (PTG) and 2Shape® (TS) b... more The aim of this study was to compare shaping abilities of Protaper Gold® (PTG) and 2Shape® (TS) by using a new automatic process and micro‐computed tomography (Micro‐CT). 32 first mandibular molars with two separate mesial canals were selected. Only mesial roots were prepared with PTG and TS. Pre‐ and post‐operative scans were performed using Micro‐CT to provide volumes with a voxel size of 20 μm. Volumes, non‐instrumented area, amount of transportation and centering ability in coronal, middle and apical third shaping time and procedural errors were recorded. TS and PTG increased the endodontic volume of 2.98 mm3 (±1.56) and 3.21 mm3 (±1.78) respectively with no statistical difference (p = .168) and no procedural errors. No significant difference was found concerning canal transportation among groups but only within the same group PTG (p value < .001) and TS (p value < .001). The mean centering ratio was significantly different only between the section levels for PTG (p value < .001) and TS (p value = .01); it was significantly reduced in the cervical third. The percentage of untouched canal walls ranged between 29.78% (±15.145) and 36.60% (±11.968) respectively for PTG and TS with no statistical difference among groups (p value = .168). TS and PTG with post machining heat treatment were able to produce centered preparations with no significant difference or procedural errors. TS system provided a shorter preparation time than PTG files.
Objective:The objective of this ex vivo study was to evaluate canal transportation and centring a... more Objective:The objective of this ex vivo study was to evaluate canal transportation and centring ability of Reciproc and Reciproc blue systems in curved root canals with or without prior use of PathFile rotary system (PF) using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT).Methods:One hundred and twenty curved root canals from maxillary and mandibular premolars were selected. Canals were divided randomly into 4 groups (n=30): Reciproc 25 (R25), (PF+R25), Reciproc Blue 25 (RB25), (PF+RB 25). Specimens were scanned before and after root canal preparation. Using CBCT, root canal transportation and centring ability was assessed by measuring the shortest distance from the edge of uninstrumented canal to the periphery of the root (mesial and distal) before and after preparation. Data were analysed using a one-way analysis of variance and Tukey test. The p value was set at 0.05.Results:Less transportation and better centring ability occurred when PF was used before R25 or RB25 (P<0.0001). There was no significant difference between R25 and RB25 groups.Conclusion:Using PF before R25 and RB25 resulted in less root canal transportation and better centring ability. The specific thermo-mechanical treatment of RB25 did not provide better results when compared to R25.
The aims of this in vitro study were to evaluate debris and smear layer elimination capability o ... more The aims of this in vitro study were to evaluate debris and smear layer elimination capability o effectiveness of 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) after calcium hydroxide removal from the root canal and to determine if ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and citric acid have any additional effects on debris and smear layer removal. Methods and Materials: All irrigation regimens are associated with ultrasonics. Thirty-six pulpless single-rooted teeth were divided into three groups on the basis of the irrigation regimen, namely 5.25% NaOCl alone, 5.25% NaOCl with 17% EDTA pH 7 (NaOCl-EDTA), and 5.25% NaOCl with 50% citric acid (NaOCl-CA). All root canals were instrumented with the Protaper ® rotary system (Dentsply-Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) using a crowndown approach. The apical foramen of each tooth was enlarged to a size 30 with a 0.09 taper. After longitudinal sectioning, the dentin walls were microphotographed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at a 1500X magnification. Using a grid and a 5-step scale these microphotographs were scored by three investigators in order to evaluate debris and smear layer residuals. Data were statistically evaluated using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. Results: In the coronal third the lowest score obtained with NaOCl-CA was similar to NaOCl-EDTA. When using NaOCl-EDTA, mean debris scores were similar to the control group (NaOCl) and lower than NaOCl-CA in the middle and apical thirds. Regarding the mean smear layer score, NaOCl-CA was the lowest in the coronal, middle, and apical thirds with a statistically significant difference (p< 0.001).
We assessed the efficiency of two shaping file systems and two passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI... more We assessed the efficiency of two shaping file systems and two passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) devices for removing filling material during retreatment. The mesial canals from 44 extracted mandibular molars were prepared and obturated. The teeth were randomly divided into two groups, and then one group was retreated with Reciproc R25 (VDW, Munich, Germany) (n = 44) and the other group was retreated with 2Shape (TS, Micro Mega, Besançon, France) (n = 44). A micro-computed tomography (CT) scan was taken before and after the retreatment to assess the volume of the filling material remnants. The teeth were then randomly divided into four groups to test two different PUI devices: Irrisafe (Satelec Acteon Group, Merignac, France) and Endo Ultra (Vista Dental Products, Racine, WI, USA). The teeth in Group A were retreated with 2Shape to test the Endo Ultra (n = 22) device, the teeth in Group B were retreated with 2Shape in order to test the Irrisafe (n = 22) device, the teeth in Group C were retreated with Reciproc to test the Endo Ultra (n = 22) device, and Group D was retreated with Reciproc to test the Irrisafe (n = 22) device. A third micro-CT scan was taken after the retreatment to test the PUIs. The percentage of Gutta-Percha (GP) and sealer removed was 94.75% for TS2 (p < 0.001) and 89.3% for R25 (p < 0.001). The PUI significantly enhanced the removal of the filling material by 0.76% for Group A (p < 0.001), 1.47% for Group B (p < 0.001), 2.61% for Group C (p < 0.001), and by 1.66% for Group D (p < 0.001). 2Shape was more effective at removing the GP and sealer during retreatment (p = 0.018). The supplementary approach with PUI significantly improved filling material removal, with no statistical difference between the four groups (p = 0.106).
The aim of the study was to measure the percentage of volume of voids and gaps in the apical thir... more The aim of the study was to measure the percentage of volume of voids and gaps in the apical third of root canals obturated with two techniques using micro-computed tomography. Fifty-four single-rooted teeth were collected and root canal-prepared. The roots were randomly allocated into two groups; each group was obturated by using thermoplasticized technique with a different material (gutta-percha and Topseal for Thermafil, Resilon and RealSeal for RealSeal 1). Roots were then scanned, and volume measurements for voids and gaps in the obturated roots were carried out using specialized CT software. Percentage of gaps and voids was calculated. The present study showed that none of the root canal-filled teeth was gap free. Student t test was conducted. No significant difference was found between Thermafil and RealSeal 1 concerning percentage of voids in the apical third (P &amp;amp;gt; 0.05). Both materials showed statistically significant difference between the levels where 1 mm showed the highest volume of voids (P &amp;amp;lt; 0.05). Both carrier-based techniques allowed a good sealing ability in root canals but none of the materials was gap free. Statistically significant difference between the levels was found and 1 mm showed the highest volume of voids. This study shows the efficiency of carrier-based obturation systems in filling root canals hermetically. It compares new adhesive endodontic materials with the traditional gold standard gutta-percha. Results show the good sealing ability of both techniques making them appropriate to use in daily endodontic obturations.
Introduction: The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare canal transportation of curve... more Introduction: The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare canal transportation of curved root canals by using 3 nickel-titanium systems: Reciproc, WaveOne, and Twisted Files Adaptive (TF). Methods: Twenty-four extracted human mandibular molars with 2 separate mesial canals and severe angle of curvature were selected. Individual canals were divided randomly to 1 of the 3 experimental groups: Reciproc group, reciprocating instrumentation with Reciproc R25; WaveOne group, reciprocating instrumentation with the Primary WaveOne file; and TF Adaptive group, Adaptive Rotary Motion with the TF files. Each group consisted of 16 root canals. Specimens were scanned before and after root canal preparation with an isotropic resolution of 20 mm by using micro-computed tomography. The degree of canal transportation, in addition to instruments' centering ability, was recorded. Results: Less transportation occurred with TF Adaptive rotary instruments (P < .0001). The mean degree of canal transportation in the apical third was significantly lower with TF Adaptive group (P < .0001). No significant difference was found between Reciproc and WaveOne systems (P = 1.000). Mean centering ratio was the highest statistically with TF Adaptive (P < .0001), followed by WaveOne, and was minimal with Reciproc (P < .05). Conclusions: The TF Adaptive system was found to have less canal transportation and better centering ability when compared with the reciprocating groups.
ÉtudE hiStoloGiquE in ViVo dE la rÉaction du tiSSu pulpairE aprÈS coiffaGE pulpairE dirEct avEc l... more ÉtudE hiStoloGiquE in ViVo dE la rÉaction du tiSSu pulpairE aprÈS coiffaGE pulpairE dirEct avEc lE cimEnt dE portland modifiÉ Résumé Le coiffage pulpaire direct permet de recouvrir l'exposition pulpaire afin de maintenir sa vitalité. Son succès dépend principalement de la capacité du matériau utilisé à amorcer la réparation du tissu pulpaire et la formation de pont dentinaire. Le MTA (agrégat minéral de trioxyde) est un matériau biocompatible qui permet la croissance, la prolifération et la différenciation des cellules souches régénératrices du complexe pulpaire. Toutefois, malgré ses caractéristiques d'étanchéité, de biocompatibilité et son caractère hydrophile, la manipulation du MTA n'est pas facile (état sableux) et son temps de prise est très long (4h). Un nouveau matériau, le ciment de Portland modifié (CPM), a été élaboré dernièrement; il possède les mêmes caractéristiques du MTA, en plus d'une manipulation plus aisée (consistance pâteuse) et d'un temps de prise plus court. L'objectif de cette étude est de comparer, histologiquement, la réaction du tissu pulpaire après coiffage direct des molaires maxillaires de rats, en utilisant le CPM ou le MTA. Mots-clés : coiffage pulpaire-vitalité pulpaire-ciment.
International Arab Journal of Dentistry, Jun 13, 2013
Comparaison in vitro de trois systèmes d'irrigation EndoVac, RinsEndo et Seringue pour l'éliminat... more Comparaison in vitro de trois systèmes d'irrigation EndoVac, RinsEndo et Seringue pour l'élimination des débris intracanalaires Résumé La complexité anatomique du système canalaire a tendance à réduire l'action solvante et désinfectante de l'hypochlorite de sodium (NaOCl) surtout dans la zone apicale du canal radiculaire. Plusieurs moyens d'irrigation ont été utilisés au cours de la dernière décennie. Parmi les trois systèmes testés dans cette étude, le RinsEndo a montré les résultats les plus satisfaisants quant à l'élimination des débris dentinaires au niveau du tiers apical.
An experimental comparison of the Root ZX apex locator with the real measurement of the root cana... more An experimental comparison of the Root ZX apex locator with the real measurement of the root canal length was carried out using a saline gel to simulate the periodontium. Lengths were taken when the needle reached the 0.5 mark and the Apex mark on the meter. These measurements were then compared with a calculated reference length representing the real length of the root canal. Reliability was assessed using Student&#39;s t-test. Precision was assessed using the mean and standard deviation of differences. The Root ZX gave measurements within a range of 0.5 mm in 84.72% of the cases. The intra-operator and inter-operator variabilities were not statistically significant (P &gt; 0.05). The Root ZX is not capable of detecting the &#39;0.5 mm from the foramen&#39; position and thus, should only be used to detect the foramen (major diameter).
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