Sport Sciences

anti-inflammatory indices which, directly or indirectly, contribute to atherosclerosis process. [1] Different approaches including exercise training and antioxidant supplementation have been used to reduce inflammatory cytokines. [2,3] Among physical activity programs, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) has gained utmost importance and popularity in 2014. HIIT includes short-term intensive activities (6 s-4 min) with high intensity (≥90% of maximum aerobic capacity) and active or passive short-term recovery intervals. [4] The influence of HIIT on inflammatory markers shows contradictory Background: Most of the cardiovascular diseases can be prevented by doing regular physical exercises and using herbal supplements. The present study is aimed at assessing ginger supplement and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on inflammatory indices contributing to atherosclerosis in overweight women. Materials and Methods: The present study is a randomized, experimental, and controlled one in which thirty healthy overweight women aged 20-30 years were randomly divided into three equal groups, namely, ginger, ginger + HIIT, and placebo + HIIT. The training groups performed high-intensity interval exercises (i.e. 40-m maximal shuttle run) for ten consecutive weeks. The supplement groups daily took 3 g of ginger pills and the third group took placebo. Results: Paired t-test revealed a significant decrease in the density of type 1 monocytes chemo tactic protein (MCP-1) in HIIT + ginger (P = 0.026) and HIIT + placebo (P = 0.001) groups. Besides, maximum aerobic capacity in the two training groups significantly increased P = 0.002 and P = 0.000, respectively. In spite of this, analysis of variance showed no significant differences in three groups regarding the three indices such as intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) (P = 0.093), MCP-1(P = 0.075), and serum interleukin-10 (IL-10) (P = 0.164). Conclusion: A 10-week intensive interval exercise, by itself or together with ginger supplement, improved MCP-1 and maximum oxygen consumption in overweight women, without any significant effect on soluble ICAM-1 and IL-10. These findings indicate the relative and efficient role of HIIT in overweight women without the necessity to combine with ginger as an antioxidant/anti-inflammatory supplement.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of ten weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) with ginger supplementation on the systemic inflammatory response to acute HIIT exercise. Twenty four sedentary overweight women randomly assigned into three groups' including HIIT + ginger (n=8), HIIT + placebo (n=8) and ginger (n=8). Sixteen women performed ten weeks of HIIT while the supplement consuming groups daily took 3 gm. of ginger pills and the HIIT + placebo group took placebo. Serum samples were collected at rest and immediately post-acute exercise, before and after the training. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA, paired t test, one-way ANOVA and post hoc Bonferroni were used to analyze data. Results indicated that three groups similarly affect the Monocyte Chemo tactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and Interlukine-10 (IL-10) changes in response to acute exercise (p>0.05) whereas significant increase in intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in HIIT + placebo group in comparison with HIIT + ginger group (p=0.02) in second acute exercise was observed. The combination of HIIT and ginger consumption may induce a modest inflammatory attenuation of atherosclerosis factors in response to acute exercise and improvement in Vo2max and PBF results rather than ginger and training alone, in young sedentary overweight women.

Background. The accumulation of excess triglyceride in the liver and a decrease in brown adipose tissue is related to the fatty liver disease. Regular physical activity can take part in regulating fat oxidation and inhibiting fat accumulation by creating and releasing some myokines. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of each training method in this regard is still not certain. Objective(s). This study aims at comparing the effects of resistance and endurance training on FNDC5 (the precursor of irisin myokine) gene expression in male rat liver tissues.. Methods. Fifteen Wistar male rats (aged 10-12 weeks with an average weight of 331.8 ±63.09 gr) were used. After being taken to the animals' laboratory, the subjects were randomly assigned to three equal groups viz: control (N=5), endurance (N=5) and resistance (N=5). For the purpose of tissue sampling, all these subjects were anesthetized 72 hours after the experiment had been completed. The liver tissue was immediately removed and then quickly frozen in liquid nitrogen and kept at a temperature of-80o C until RNA extraction. FNDC5 relative gene expression was identified by Real-time PCR method. Results. Data analysis revealed a significant difference in FNDC5 gene expression among the groups (P=0.008, Chi Square=31.791). No significant difference was observed between the resistance training and endurance training groups in FNDC5 gene expression, though (P=0.959). Conclusion. It can be established that both resistance and endurance training can similarly affect the production and secretion of exerciseinduced myokines, including FNDC5 irisin, which can in turn protect against obesity and its impacts on the liver tissue by stimulating the process of browning of white fat.

Introdution: The cells rolled in the formation of bone, regulated glucose metabolism, and increased insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells and modulated the insulin resistance. Therefore, the present study aimed to study the effects of aerobic and resistance exercises on relation between blood biochemical parameters and body composition with bone turnover markers in overweight men. Method: In this quasi-experimental study, a total of 36 overweight, young healthy men (age range28-35 years) were randomly assigned to the control (n=14), aerobic exercise (n=11) and resistance exercise (n=11) groups. In the aerobic exercise group, excercisetraining was performedfor 8weeks, three sessions per week (at 55-85% of HRR), and in the resistance exercise group,exercise training was perfprmed in 8weeks for three sessions per week(at 55-75% of 1RM). Body composition and blood samples were assessed from fasting blood samples before and after the 8-week exercise programme. Data wereanalyzed by...

Thirty sedentary overweight women were randomly assigned to three groups (n = 10), including HIIT + green tea, HIIT + placebo and green tea. The training program included 3 sessions/week HIIT while the supplement consuming groups took 3 * 500 mg of green tea tablets/day for 10 weeks. Results indicated that 10 weeks of HIIT and green tea meaningfully pronounced baseline serum levels of SIRT1 (P ≤ 0.0001), PGC-1α (P ≤ 0.0001) and CAT (P ≤ 0.0001). In addition, significant increase was observed in three indicators in HIIT + green tea group in comparison with two other research groups. Further, the responses of SIRT1 (P ≤ 0.01) and CAT (P ≤ 0.002) increased significantly to second acute exercise in all three groups. The combination of HIIT and green tea consumption may induce increasing SIRT1 and CAT in response to acute exercise and can improve antioxidant system, body composition and VO 2 max results rather than green tea and training alone, in young sedentary overweight women.

Background Fibrinogen and interleukin-1β as a proinflammatory cytokine and interleukin-10 and nesfatin-1 as an anti-inflammatory cytokine have an important role in the development and prevention of systemic inflammation and incidence of obesity-induced diseases. Thus, this study is aimed at the interaction effects of aerobic training and oak husk hydroalcoholic extract consumption on plasma levels of fibrinogen, interleukin-1β, nesfatin-1, and interleukin-10 in obese elderly male mice. Materials and Methods In this experimental study, 40 fat male mice were fed a high-fat diet for 4 weeks to induce obesity, and subsequently, they were divided randomly into four groups: control, supplement, exercise-placebo, and exercise-supplement. The training groups performed aerobic exercise 5 days a week for 6 weeks (approximately 80-75% VOmax2). The supplement groups received a solution of oak husk hydroalcoholic extract at a dose of 20 milligram per kilogram of body weight for 6 weeks. Blood sa...

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IL-8, IL-1 β, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) released from adipose tissue plays an important role in the progression of obesity and serum concentrations of these inflammatory markers elevated in overweight and obese individuals, therefore, obesity especially visceral adipocity is now viewed as a low-grade inflammatory disease. [3] Research introduces adipose tissue as one of the main producers of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1 β. [3,4] IL-6 is produced in a variety of tissues such as adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, and may have either pro-or anti-inflammatory Background: The application of supplements, herbal extracts, and exercise training for treatment of diseases and reducing chronic inflammation has been increased progressively among people. Thus, the aim of this investigation was to study the combined aquatic extract of Ferulago angulata boiss with aerobic exercise on pro-inflammatory indices in obese males. Materials and Methods: In this semi-experimental study, forty young obese men (mean and standard deviation of age 34.59 ± 2.24 years, body mass index (BMI) 33.14 ± 2.75 kg/m 2) were selected by purposed sampling and were randomly divided into four equal groups (n = 10), training, training-supplementation, supplementation, and control. Participants in the supplementary groups received 50 mg/ml F. angulata extracts daily for 12 weeks. Aerobic training program included 12 weeks of training, 3 sessions/week, and each session was 20 min at 60%-%-70% of maximal oxygen consumption. Blood samples were taken from the participants 48 h before and after the intervention in fasting state. Data were analyzed using dependent t-test, one-way analysis of variance, and post hoc Tukey test at a significant level of P < 0.05. Results: After 12 weeks of exercise and supplementation, levels of interleukin (IL)-6 (P = 0.001), IL-18 (P = 0.03), IL-1 β (P = 0.001), tumor necrosis factor alpha (P = 0.001), weight (P = 0.001), BMI (P = 0.001), body fat percent (P = 0.001), and waist-hip ratio (P = 0.001) decreased significantly and the mean changes of these indicators in training + supplementation group were significantly augmented as compared to the other three groups. Conclusion: It appears that aerobic training plus F. angulata extract consumption have better effect on improvement of serum inflammatory factors in obese young men.

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effects of six-week continuous training (CT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) protocols on brain superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities and their associations with short-, mid-, and long-term memory in albino Wistar rats. Methods: In this study, 18 male albino Wistar rats (5 months old) were randomly assigned to three equal (n = 6) groups of sedentary control (SC), CT, and HIIT. Both CT and HIIT regimens were performed for 6 consecutive days per week for 6 weeks. Results: Both HIIT and CT regimens increased short-, mid-, and long-term memory, and the alterations were greater following HIIT than CT. In addition, both HIIT and CT regimens significantly increased SOD activity, with a higher elevation following HIIT than CT. Moreover, brain SOD activity positively correlated with short-, mid-, and long-term memory. However, neither CT nor HIIT had a significant effect on brain GPX...

Background and Objectives: Hypertension is one of most common clinical disorder and there is a positive relationship among prevalence risk of cardiovascular diseases, overweight, and hypertension. This research aimed to investigate the effects of ginger supplement and high intensity interval training (HIIT) on blood pressure, VO2max, and body fat percentage in overweight women.   Methods: In this randomized placebo-controlled quasi-experimental study, according to research team facilities, 24 healthy overweight women (age range, 20-30 years), were divided into 3 groups of ginger (n=8), training+ginger (n=8), and training+placebo (n=8) and performed 10 weeks of HIIT (40m-maximal shuttle run) and daily consumed 3 g of ginger or placebo tablets. To test the hypothesis of the research, paired t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Tukey post-hoc tests, were used at the significance level of p&lt;0.05.   Results: After 10 weeks, significant decrease was observed in systolic blood pressure in ginger+...

Background The hippocampus, as one of the most critical regions of the brain, is significantly affected by exercise. The primary purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of six weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and inhibition of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) on gene expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and serine/threonine type 2 kinase protein (mTORC2) in hippocampal tissue of male Wistar rats. Methods Thirty-two healthy male Wistar rats (8 weeks of age) were randomly assigned to one of four groups: control, CGRP inhibition, HIIT+CGRP inhibition, or HIIT. The CGRP inhibition group received 0.25 mg/kg/day of antibody intraperitoneally. The animals in the training groups underwent high-intensity interval training (HIIT, ten 2-minute work bouts per day at 22 m/min interspersed by 2-minute rest periods, five days/week). Real-time PCR (2-ΔΔCT) and one-way ANOVA were employed to measure the expression of genes and analyze the data, respec...

Despite the beneficial effects of exercise and physical activity, there is little knowledge about the effects of different types of physical activity on neural function. The present study assessed the effects of two types of selected aerobic exercises prior to stroke induction and characterized the expression of TrkB, TNF-α, and MMP2 genes in vivo. Forty male adult Wistar rats were exposed to aerobic exercises following randomization into four groups, including swimming + MCAO (Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion) ( n = 10 ), treadmill training + MCAO ( n = 10 ), MCAO ( n = 10 ), and control ( n = 10 ). The swimming + MCAO group included swimming for 30 minutes each day, while the treadmill training + MCAO group program involved running for 30 minutes each day at an intensity of 15 m/min, for three weeks, five days a week. Neurological deficit was assessed using modified criteria at 24 h after the onset of cerebral ischemia. In the control group, the animals worked freely for three wee...

Background and Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the response of some hematologic indices to 6-week high-intensity interval training along with intake of omega-3 supplements in sedentary male students. Materials and Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 32 non-athlete male students from Sistan and Baluchestan University, were randomly divided into 4 equal groups of 8 people each, control, supplement, training, and training+supplement. The omega-3 group received a dose of 2 grams of omega-3 per day. The training group was subjected to high-intensity interval training. Training+omega-3 group has also undergone the same training program with a combination of omega-3 supplementation. Data were analyzed using ANCOVA statistical method at a significant level of p≤0.05. Results: The findings of this study showed that after 6 weeks, some of the hematological indices including red blood cells and hemoglobin in training + omega-3, training, and omega3 groups increased sign...

Introduction. The study aimed to survey effects of 6 weeks of low-repetition and light-load power training on serum Osteocalcin, Parathormone and Sclerostin in sedentary postmenopausal women. Material and Methods. This randomized controlled trial was carried out in healthy and sedentary postmenopausal women. We recruited 24 volunteers aged 55 to 65 years. Participants were allocated into two groups: experimental and control. The experimental group performed 6-week low-repetition and light-load power training at a frequency of three sessions per week. The outcome measures included Osteocalcin, Parathormone, Sclerostin. Blood samples were drawn pre- and post-intervention while fasting. Data were analyzed using SPSS19, and multivariate ANCOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test were used. Results. After 6 weeks of low-repetition and light-load power training, Sclerostin decreased (p = 0.03), while Osteocalcin and Parathormone increased (p = 0.01) in the training group compared to the control ...

Introduction: Adipose tissue and inflammatory factors play important role in occurrence of atherosclerosis in overweight women. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of aerobic exercise training on risk factors involved in atherosclerosis in overweight women. Materials and methods: For this, fourteen overweight women (mean ± standard deviation: body mass index 28.49 ± 3.28 k/m 2 and body fat 35.01 ± 3.68%) conducted aerobic exercise training for 8 weeks (at intensity correspond with 65 to 80 % reserved heart rate). Before and after aerobic exercise training, fasting blood samples were taken and anthropometrics characteristics were measured. The data were analyzed using Paired sample t-test (P<0.05). Results: Aerobic exercise training significantly increased maximal oxygen consumption in overweight women (P=0.001). In contrast, aerobic exercise training result in significant reduction in intracellular adhesion molecule 1 levels (P=0.013) and C-reactive protein (P=0.001). In addition, anthropometric measurements of body fat percentage (P=0.006), waist to hip ratio (P=0.01), and body mass index (P=0.001) showed a significant reduction, too. However, no significant change observed in platelet (P=0.127), high density lipoprotein (P=0.107), low density lipoprotein (P=0.095) and cholesterol (P=0.391) levels. Conclusion: Reduction in body fat following aerobic exercise training in overweight women is corresponding with a reduction in inflammatory markers involved in atherosclerosis.

Introduction: Serum Amyloid A (SAA) is a sensitive marker related to the acute inflammatory phase, produced in the liver, and has got the protection and repair role in the inflammatory process. Nano curcumin (turmeric pigment) is anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of advanced aerobic training and Nano curcumin supplementation on body composition and SAA levels in overweight and obese women. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study،The Forty-Four women with (age 28.7 ± 3.33 years, BMI 31.53 ± 4.86 kg/m 2 and WHR 0.82 ± 0.07 cm) above 25 kg/m 2 were selected purposefully and were randomly divided into four groups of advanced aerobic training (n = 12), advanced aerobic training+ Nano curcumin (n = 12), Nano curcumin (n = 10) and control (n = 10) and for 8 weeks, they performed advanced aerobic exercise and daily intake of a Nano curcumin 80 m/g nanomicelle capsule. The Nano curcumin and control groups had no physical activity during the period. Fasting blood samples were taken 24 hours before and 48 hours after the last training session and serum levels were measured by ELISA using human kits. For data normality, K-S test and dependent t-test and analysis of ANOVA were used to test the hypothesis. Results: The results showed that eight weeks of training ، supplementation ، and train + supplementation group significantly decreased SAA about pre-exercise values (P = 0.001) There was also a significant difference between the four groups (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Improved aerobic exercise and Nano curcumin appear to be effective in reducing the inflammatory status of overweight and obese women as well as in reducing body weight by reducing inflammatory factors.

Introduction and Objective. Researchers are considering combining exercise and supplementation as a new strategy for weight loss and obesity prevention. This study is aimed at evaluating the effect of eight weeks of circuit resistance training and spirulina supplementation on plasma levels of adipolin, apelin, ghrelin, and glucose in overweight and obese men. Methods. The current investigation was conducted in a single-blind and quasiexperimental fashion. Sixty overweight and obese men ( BMI &gt; 25 ) ranging in age from 30 to 55 years were purposefully selected and randomly assigned to one of four groups: training plus spirulina (T+S), training plus placebo (T+P), spirulina (S), or placebo (P). For eight weeks, the (S) and (P) groups consumed two 500 mg spirulina and placebo capsules daily, respectively. Resistance training was performed three sessions a week over eight weeks, consisting of 12 movements with 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-minute rest intervals and 40-90 percent maximal repetiti...

Purpose. To study the effects of a six-week endurance training protocol and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) inhibition on the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and protein kinase B (PKB) or AKT expression in the hippocampal tissue of male Wistar rats. Main Methods. Building on a controlled experimental design with a posttest, 28 healthy Wistar male rats were randomly assigned to four groups ( n = 7 per group), including control, control+CGRP inhibition, endurance training, and endurance training+CGRP inhibition groups. The training groups were trained for six weeks. Rats in the CGRP inhibition group received CGRP receptor antagonist daily (0.25 mg/kg) via intravenous (IV) injection. The Nrf2 and AKT (PKB) expression was measured using the real-time PCR technique. Results. In the endurance training group, Nrf2 expression in the hippocampal tissue was increased significantly more than in other groups ( P &lt; 0.05 ). There was also a significant increase in the...