Management & Economics

In order to benefit from RFID adoption, entire RFID infrastructure must first be established and supply chain companies should conduct considerable up-front analyses to assess their readiness. The purpose of this study is to survey the readiness of supply chain companies in Iran for RFID adoption. Therefore, facilities, conditions and necessary readiness for the successful adoption of RFID systems in Iranian grocery supply chain companies have been investigated. The study involved survey data from 89 Iranian grocery supply chain companies. The findings reveals that grocery supply chain companies in Iran are overall not ready for RFID adoption and to adopt these systems successfully; in the first step, technological, organizational, and environmental problems and challenges of supply chain companies must be wiped out. This subject, besides Iranian grocery supply chain companies, could be also extended to other supply chain companies in Iran.

Entrepreneurs play different roles according to the economists and academicians, and the priority of these roles are different in the academic settings and the entrepreneurs' real setting.This survey have been done among 15 Iranian entrepreneurs in Shiraz Industrial Town, to understand their idea about the roles that they play. Iranian entrepreneurs believe that they play the roles of firm owner, employer, and manager.

Innovation is the essence of entrepreneurship. In this study EFQM's model has seen for the first time from an entrepreneurial perspective, in other words the nine items of the model has been used for the formulation of nine entrepreneurial and innovative strategies. For the sampling 60 managers, experts and deputies in each relevant section of the Fars Heart Foundation have been chosen. The sampling method in this research had been Purposive and Judgment Sampling. Finally based on the acquired score in EFQM's model and the idiosyncrasies of Fars Heart Foundation these strategies were proposed: Technological leader(Prospector)Strategy for leader ship, Competitive Advantage

Since failures are inevitable where any service is offered, the subsequent complaints are predictable, and thus, considering suitable policies to handle the customers' complaints is essential. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effect of the perceived justice by the airline customers in the process of resolving their complaints on their satisfaction and also the consequent trust in the respective company. To this end, 273 questionnaires were distributed among the passengers of Mashhad Shahid Hasheminejad International Airport, who had at least one service failure in the last two years and had complained to the respective company. Structural Equition Modeling approach has applied to analyze the results. The results verified the effect of each aspect of justice. The study has shown that the interactional justice leads to the maximum recovery satisfaction and procedural and distributive justices stand after it. Moreover, the effect of the recovery satisfaction on customers' trust is verified too.

Social entrepreneurship (SE) can be defined, according to Nicholls 1 , "as any venture that has been creating social value as its prime strategic objective and which addresses this mission in a creative and innovative fashion."Sustainable development is one of the goals which could be attained through SE. Iran needs a comprehensive SE strategy to embrace sustainable development .This article has benefited from both qualitative and quantitative methodologies. A strategy based on a customized new theory in SE , which should be taken out of ontological , epistemological and suitable paradigmatic view points to prepare a solid foundation for effective SE strategy in sustainable development of the country(hence, qualitative).The Customized SE Theory is a Grounded Theory which has surveyed 500 relevant articles in SE. Then, accordingly a new strategy, which we called "Customized SE Strategy ", was set to be responsive to the social problems of Iran for sustainable development (Hence, quantitative).

This paper is a qualitative interpretive research which tries to establish a new theory, based on deductive process, in entrepreneurship by gathering contextual qualitative data from 1000 relevant articles. Entrepreneurial Timing Theory (ETT) is an interpretive, grounded theory, which focuses on time as a precious and determinant resource for entrepreneurship and strategy formulation .The success of all products and services could be discussed in two levels. In one level it is the innovation in the product or service, or its production and offering (entrepreneurship) and in the other level, the fittest time for their launch and commercialization (Entrepreneurial Timing Strategy). Most of the concepts in entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial strategies are time bound .This theory could be named as time entrepreneurship and tries to discuss the concept of time in entrepreneurship.

Proposed issues in social entrepreneurship, as most of the issues in social sciences are abstract ones .For the  performance  assessment  and  implementation  of  timely  controlling  and  compensatory  measures  ,we need  an  effective  ,concrete  and  comprehensive  model  in  social  entrepreneurship  .The  aim  of  recent research  was  to  make  and  suggest  such  a  comprehensive  SE  practitioner-friendly  model  in  social entrepreneurship to measure it quantitatively .The proposed model is a mathematical one which embraces seven most frequent qualities of SE for the assessment of the implemented SE. The model presents seven scores by percentage for SE quantified qualities and a total score from 0 to 100 for the measurement and assessment  of  the  SE  efficiency.  This  model  also  made  qualitative  interpretation  based  on  a  nine-scale spectrum possible.

Studying the relationships among HRCM's dimensions and HREM is the purpose of this research which is done for the first time in HRM studies. This is an applied  cross sectional research which is based on descriptive  and  survey  studies  criteria.  Statistical  population  of  the  research  is  all  the  employees  of  the South  Pars  Economic  Zone‟s  Power  Plants  which  consists  of  four  plants  .Based  on  the  population  and according to Morgan and Krejcie Sampling Table for random sampling within confidence interval of 95% and  0.05  error, 146  employees  were  chosen  from  the  plants  .After  reliability  test  by  Cronbach's  Alpha Coefficient, two questionnaires were used, one for the HRCM (consists of 30 questions) and another for HREM  (consists  of  16  questions).At  the  end,  Pearson's  Correlation  Analysis    has  been  used  for  the relationship  study  between  the  two  models  .The  results  revealed  significant  relationships  among  the dimensions of HRCM with HREM and consequently between HR excellence and HR competency.

This article has studied the career interests of Iranian high school students as a case study and has tried to predict the future possible scenarios of Iranian high school students' career characteristics tendency. The statistical population is four Borazjan high schools: Two for boys and two for girls. Based on Cochran's sample size formula 263 questionnaires were distributed. In each high school equal sizes(approximately 65 students)were selected randomly. Each questionnaire consisted of 50 career characteristics with calculated Cronbach 's alpha of 0.79. Based on the respondents' answers, 50 job characteristics were ranked in terms of frequency with promotion opportunities, prestige, Income and payment, independence and creative thinking in the first place to the fifth and five characteristics of selling goods and services, work shifts, social services, working with the machine and manual skills as the next ones. The results confirmed extreme self-employment tendency among Iranian students. These results can be a guide for Iran's policy makers and planners in the fields of HRM and entrepreneurship in the public sector and draw their attention to the trends in the future two years.

Human body, other animate beings, plants, and organizations are all dynamic and systemic entities. The similarity between living organisms and organizations, especially considering highly evolved organisms such as the human body, is noteworthy. Therefore, whenever an organization fails to accomplish its function and mission, an organizational symptom or disease may be envisaged to have come up; as a result, a variety of organizational symptoms and diseases can be considered. Recent studies have attempted to find analogies between the human body system and a social system such as an organization, to find analogous malfunctions and ailments, in order to enable the introduction of guidelines for the diagnosis of organizational symptoms and diseases, and their remedies and treatments. This paper deals with the concepts of biological metaphor and analogy, which have been present in organizational management for several decades. It attempts to study some subsystems of the human body analogous to the organizational subsystems, and their correspondingly analogous symptoms and diseases. Thus, some treatments and remedies are proposed accordingly, hoping to pave the way for further organizational management research within the development of clinical organizational pathology, based on the concepts of biological metaphor and analogy.

If entrepreneurship is amid jungle of theories and has many theorists, its social orientation or what is known as social entrepreneurship (SE) is amid arid land of theories and suffers under-theorizing which could be inherently stemmed from its diversely proposed definitions. To be situated in an embryonic pre-paradigmatic phase, getting to a more unanimous definition in this realm is the first step in laying a solid foundation for SE theorizing. As a pioneering study, the paper aims to investigate the epistemological foundations of SE definitions critically to propose a more convergent definition for SE. To fulfill this goal epistemological justifications for the definitional components of SE are presented. Therefore, it was necessary to rely on the relevant philosophical schools of thought in Epistemology (e.g. Empiricism, Internalism, Externalism, Verificationism and Falsificationism); first to discuss the controversies and oppositions to some components of the definitions for their exclusion and then to justify some other definitional components which are mostly accepted by the scholars for their inclusion in a final SE definition. Critical approach has helped us in specifying the maneuvering of thoughts in this field and determining the epistemological and definitional boundaries of SE. Finally, a more epistemologically-supported and justified definition was presented at the end of the paper. Moreover, one of the potential contributions of this paper could be its consensus-making impact among SE scholars in defining SE phenomenon, which could also pave the way for future theorizing in SE. The originality of the paper lies in the application of Internalism, Externalism, Verificationism and Falsificationism concepts to SE definitions.

Entrepreneurship could be used as a foreign policy tool in the world of politics. The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) is a politicoeconomic alliance of six Arab states in close proximity to the Gulf. The council embraces the states which actively apply entrepreneurship for the promotion of their national foreign policies through ‘bait-andswitch,’1 i.e. by showing economic incentives (baits) they prepare the ground for the involvement of foreign partners through investment or getting loans, which is then used for other politico-economic motives (switches) under numerous strategies in service to their foreign policies, e. g. with the intention of increasing foreign direct investment, political legitimacy, domestic job generation, etc.
In the following, each move toward statesponsored entrepreneurship by a GCC state will be unfolded as a potential motive for foreign policy advantage(s). A state’s support of any issue, especially when it is done or motivated by those high in the hierarchy of political decision-making and has absorbed great quantities of public investments, is not independent of pushing forward the state’s political strategies and policies. Moreover, a strategic interpreter is not the oracle of Delphi, unfolding rather than predicting the latent and plausible scenarios. The application of entrepreneurship to gain or facilitate the acquisition of strategically pre-defined visionary goals of foreign policy is the exer
tion of the ‘soft power’ of appeal and attraction. It is killing two birds with one stone, i.e. the generation of entrepreneurship inside, and reinforcement of foreign policy outside.

One of the intriguing issues in public administration is the genesis, formation, growth and evolution of good governance in human history. To fulfill this aim, many philosophers and scholars from numerous scientific fields have proposed theories and ideas. This paper is a review paper, which has concisely tried to study the ideas of prominent political philosophers and historical figures in the antiquities of Greece and Persia, to shed light on the origins of good governance, as two examples of the West and the East. The criterion for the selection of the theorizers was mostly based on the content of their books. Therefore, as a review paper, the methodology is based on library study and secondary data. By considering the thoughts and theory-makers of governance in the antiquity and by putting them beside each other we can reveal the big picture of the first steps for promotion, development and evolution of efficiency and effectiveness in government; regardless of how idealist they are.

Social entrepreneurship (SE) strategic literature is in an under-theorized condition for large-scale strategy setting and classification. However, the research intends to fill the gap by proposing a literature-supported governmental-scale SE strategic grid. Thus, a systematic SE literature review was conducted up to getting four core strategic orientations of Externalism vs. Internalism, and Governmentalism vs. Volunteerism. Accompanied with a study of large-scale SE strategic partnerships by local, global, national and international social enterprises, four patterns of partnership (hence, dimensionality) within Localism vs. Globalism, and Nationalism vs. Internationalism were emerged. Later, the orientations and dimensions were corroborated based on the officially released documents of 15 governments, selected randomly in three economic classes, based on the recent UN's triad economic classification. Next, four comprehensive SE strategic classifications of Global Citizen Strategy, Opened Door Strategy, Closed Door Strategy, and Country Citizen Strategy were recognized. Finally, combining the classified strategies with their orientations and dimensions on a visualized framework led to an

This research is a survey and exploratory study to present a conceptual model for the sustainable development of Iran based on social entrepreneurship. Its approach for conceptual modeling is based on Path Analysis through Multiple Regression Method. The study has benefited from five questionnaires (four for the Delphi Method's rounds and another for the conceptual modeling itself). The statistical population of conceptual modeling section includes three public organizations of Iran: "State Welfare Organization," "Department of Environment," and "Ministry of Cooperatives, Labor and Social Welfare," which reflect the pivotal SD concepts of society, environment, and hence social economy, respectively. After setting a conceptual framework, the preliminary conceptual model was formed accordingly. Each path on the model was equal to a hypothesis. Finally, a statistically significant SD-based conceptual model of social entrepreneurship, which passed goodness-of-fit by Coefficient of Determination (R 2) was presented.

Fractal metaphor could be introduced to organization studies to elaborate on those organizational concepts that call for self-organization, self-similarity, similarity persistence in different organizational levels, symmetrical expansion, homogeneous discipline and quality, omnipresent controlling measures, and growth, as well as the organizational processes and procedures that require recursion. Organizational power is an abstract entity which could precisely be explained via a metaphorical fractal. Thus, Sierpinski Triangle, a familiar geometrical fractal has been applied in the paper with the purpose to unfold the fractal characteristics of the power within organizations. Such an approach presumes power characteristics as hierarchical, pyramidal, distributive, recursive, accumulative, dependent, comparative, and unequal. The discussions through the paper could contribute to future organization theorists to form an idea on two ubiquitous concepts of organizational power: directionality and dimensionality. Moreover, the paper theorizes the triangular combination of need, interest, and relationship as ontological elements of potential power and a fourth entity (enforcement) in combination with the three previous elements as the necessary elements of every pragmatic power.

The paper was shaped around the pivotal question: Is SE a sound and scientific field of research? The question has given a critical tone to the paper and has also helped to bring out some of the controversial debates in the realm of SE. The paper was organized under five main discussions to be able to provide a scientific answer to the research question: (1) is “social entrepreneurship” an oxymoron?, (2) the characteristics of SE knowledge, (3) sources of social entrepreneurship knowledge, (4) SE knowledge: structure and limitations and (5) contributing epistemology-making concepts for SE. Based on the sections, the study relied on the relevant philosophical schools of thought in Epistemology (e.g. Empiricism, Rationalism, Skepticism, Internalism vs. Externalism, Essentialism, Social Constructivism, Social Epistemology, etc.) to discuss these controversies around SE and proposes some solutions by reviewing SE literature. Also, to determine the governing linguistic discourse in the r...