School of Political Science & International Studies

Civil Wars have always been an important event of history of any nation for they have stabilized and destabilized democracy. History becomes beautiful in the future for this gives us a platform and basis to interpret, analyze and conclude on the effect of events and the impact that they could have played on shaping up the future of any nation that has witnessed the civil war.

It wasn’t long ago that Nepal was the only Hindu kingdom in the world. Though it’s a secular state in contemporary time, still the majority of the countrymen have their hearts and souls inclined towards the Hindu religion. Marijuana is more a gift of gods than a drug in our country. This research carried out among the drug users of Kathmandu tries to investigate the role played by Marijuana -which has a relatively easier availability than other drugs in Kathmandu valley-in an individual’s life on becoming a hard drug user. Hence the paper has gazed its quest in finding the impact of Marijuana on long-term drug addiction. The cultural and religious inclinations have created an easier platform for a person in using marijuana. Thus, is easier availability and cultural acceptance of marijuana in relation to Hindu culture contributes towards becoming a marijuana user and ultimately, a hard drug user? The paper tries to answer this question.

B Bu us si in ne es ss s C Co om mp pe et ti it ti iv ve en ne es ss s E En nv vi ir ro on nm me en nt t I In n B Ba an ng gl la ad de es sh h ( (2 20 00 05 5) ): : D Do om me es st ti ic c P Pe er rc ce ep pt ti io on ns s A An nd d G Gl lo ob ba al l C Co om mp pa ar ri is so on n

B Bu us si in ne es ss s C Co om mp pe et ti it ti iv ve en ne es ss s E En nv vi ir ro on nm me en nt t I In n B Ba an ng gl la ad de es sh h ( (2 20 00 05 5) ): : D Do om me es st ti ic c P Pe er rc ce ep pt ti io on ns s A An nd d G Gl lo ob ba al l C Co om mp pa ar ri is so on n

in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about trade issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. ARTNeT working papers are available online at: www.artnetontrade.org. All material in the working papers may be freely quoted or reprinted, but acknowledgment is requested, together with a copy of the publication containing the quotation or reprint. The use of the working papers for any commercial purpose, including resale, is prohibited. iv

those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of ARTNeT members, partners and the United Nations. This study was conducted as part of the Asia-Pacific Research and Training Network on Trade (ARTNeT) initiative, aimed at building regional trade policy and facilitation research capacity

Dealing with refugees is one of the most contested political issues in Australia. We examine how media images of asylum seekers have framed ensuing debates during two crucial periods over the past decade. By conducting a content analysis of newspaper front pages we demonstrate that asylum seekers have primarily been represented as medium or large groups and through a focus on boats. We argue that this visual framing, and in particular the relative absence of images that depict individual asylum seekers with recognisable facial features, associates refugees not with a humanitarian challenge, but with threats to sovereignty and security. These dehumanising visual patterns reinforce a politics of fear that explains why refugees are publicly framed as people whose plight, dire as it is, nevertheless does not generate a compassionate political response.

Critical risk scholarship tells a story of changing governmental practices of risk management in liberal societies. I take up this narrative and weave it together with recent Australian Indigenous policy initiatives, in order to present these as state attempts to manage Indigenous political difference. Risk management is usually understood as a governmental tool to regulate the behaviour of individual citizens, however the concept can also be used to reflect upon the actions of political authorities attempting to bring themselves into being and secure this being through time. I suggest that sovereign risk and colonial risk are useful categories to articulate the constant challenges posed to a settler colonial state by the ongoing existence of independent Indigenous political life. The three recent phases of Australian federal Indigenous policy—self-determination, neoliberal contractualism and coercive intervention—can be thought of as different strategies used by the state to imagine and manage this persistent risk. Self-determination is an attempt to socialise colonial risk and distribute it throughout the national body, while neoliberal contractualism asserts the unsustainability of such a collective colonial burden and the need to divest it onto capable Indigenous subjects. As contractualism gives way to intervention, Indigenous people are framed as unwilling or incapable of moderating the burden of risk they pose to themselves and others. The Northern Territory Emergency Response (NTER) presents a vision of catastrophic colonial risk which threatens us all, and which can only be secured by unilateral and unconfined settler sovereignty.
""