Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), May 24, 2023
From July 2022 to January 2023, seven police training horses died after recurrent colic and remai... more From July 2022 to January 2023, seven police training horses died after recurrent colic and remaining 27 horses were also apparently showing lethargy and mild colic signs intermittently. The investigation revealed marked neutrophilia indicating a bacterial infection. Bacteriological analysis of rectal swabs from surviving horses yielded a total of 137 bacterial isolates belonging to 17 species including Acinetobacter calcoaceticus (6), Aeromonas schubertii (1), Bacillus cereus (4), Budvicia aquatica (3), Citrobacter freundii (1), Edwardsiella tarda (37), Lelliottia amnigenus (22), Escherichia coli (27), Hafnia alvei (3), Pantoea agglomerans (4), Pectobacterium cacticida (1), Pectobacterium rhapontici (1), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4), Raoultella terrigena (3), Salmonella enterica ssp. arizonae (2), Yersinia enterocolitica (14), and Yersinia kristensenii (4) were isolated. Most of the bacteria were isolated from a few horse samples, but E. tarda, L.amnigenus, Y. enterocolitica, and Y. kristensenii from 13, 12, 6 and 3 samples, respectively. The agglutination titres in horse serum sample were very high for Y. enterocolitica (4646 ± 2514), E. tarda (3058 ± 2605), Y. kristensenii (2299 ± 1804) and L. amnigenus (2216 ± 2399) while for other bacteria either agglutination was not observed or titres were very low indicating the role of the four pathogens in causation of enterocolitis. Feeding of ajowan (Tachyspermum ammi) seeds to horses for a week relieved all horses' signs of colic they were showing intermittently, and after January 2023 to date no case of colic or other sickness is reported from the horses.
When rectal swabs were examined from 672 dogs in Tehran, Iran, 52 (7-7 per cent) yielded Salmonel... more When rectal swabs were examined from 672 dogs in Tehran, Iran, 52 (7-7 per cent) yielded Salmonellae of 20 different serotypes. The 672 dogs examined comprised 472 household pets, 181 kennel dogs and 19 strays. Tehy showed an incidence of 4-4 per cent, 15-5 per cent and 15-8 per cent respectively.
The aim of this study was to develop a method for detecting antibiotic resistance (AR) genes in c... more The aim of this study was to develop a method for detecting antibiotic resistance (AR) genes in cheese based on a combination of multiplex PCR and a DNA microarray hybridisation system. Twenty oligonucleotide probes were designed targeting 10 common AR genes, namely aac(6')-Ie-aph(2'')-Ia, aadE, aphA-3, ermB, tet(L), tet(M), tet(O), tet(S), vanA and vanB. Specificity of the probes was tested by hybridising against DNA from Enterococcus strains harbouring known AR genes. DNA was labelled through two multiplex PCR reactions with fluorescence nucleotides and specific primers flanking the probe sequences. Sensitivity of the microarray was assessed by contamination of a cheese with an Enterococcus faecium strain carrying vanA gene. Two tetracycline resistance genes, tet(M) and tet(S), proved to be present in a series of retail cheeses, while genes aadE, aphA3, ermB, tet(L) and tet(O) were occasionally detected. This method is envisioned as a valuable tool for identification of AR genes in foods.
Pasteurella multocida serogroup A is commonly isolated from nasal swabs of clinically healthy cal... more Pasteurella multocida serogroup A is commonly isolated from nasal swabs of clinically healthy calves and also from diseased lung tissue in bovine pneumonia. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of the virulent strain P. multocida 671/90, which has been characterized previously in experimental infections of calves and mice.
Brucellosis is one of the most common contagious and neglected bacterial zoonotic diseases. The d... more Brucellosis is one of the most common contagious and neglected bacterial zoonotic diseases. The disease has been reported in ruminants in almost all Indian states. But there is a lack of comprehensive information on the seroprevalence of brucellosis in the Indian subcontinent. A systematic review and meta-analysis on the seroprevalence of brucellosis among ruminants of India was conducted from the published articles (January 1970-June 2020) by including 172 studies screened from 567 publications. The estimated brucellosis seroprevalence of cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, yak and mithun was 14% (95% CI: 12%-16%), 8% (95% CI: 6%-9%), 8% (95% CI: 7%-10%), 8% (95% CI: 7%-9%), 16% (95% CI: 7%-28%) and 26% (95% CI: 12%-42%), respectively. Subgroup analysis was performed based on diagnostic tests, regions, publication year, and sample size. The estimated seroprevalence of brucellosis in cattle and goats was found to be higher in the central region compared to other regions. Similarly, the western region showed a higher seroprevalence for brucellosis in buffalo and sheep. Given the estimated animal population of 2021, the meta-analysis estimated that the total number of seropositive animals would be 26.95 million cattle (95% CI: 23.09-30.78), 8.78 million buffaloes (95% CI: 6.59-9.89), 5.94 million sheep (95% CI: 5.20-7.43), 11.91 million goats (95% CI: 10.42-13.40), 9.6 thousand yaks (95% CI: 0.0042-0.0168), and 100 thousand mithun (95% CI: 0.05-0.16). Further, the comprehensive picture of the brucellosis seroprevalence may help the decisionmaking authorities in formulating better prevention and control strategies for brucellosis in India.
Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins, May 7, 2014
Axone (Akhuni) is a homemade synbiotic (Nagamese fermented soybean product) served as side dish i... more Axone (Akhuni) is a homemade synbiotic (Nagamese fermented soybean product) served as side dish in North Eastern India. In this study, effects of Axone feeding on growth, weight gain, sexual maturity and egg production on Vanaraja birds (a strain of poultry bird developed at PDP Hyderabad for villages and backyard poultry) were evaluated. Axone incorporation in commercial poultry feed at the rate of 5 % (W/W) significantly improved growth rate (weight gain) both in male (p 0.001) and female (p 0.05) chicks, reduced age by 13 days at first egg laying (p 0.01), increased egg production (p ≤ 0.001) and improved egg weight (p ≤ 0.01). Microbiological analysis of Axone sample revealed that the major bacteria in Axone samples were Bacillus coagulans, well known for their probiotic value.
The data of COVID-19 pandemic when analysed with different probable modulators like affecting soc... more The data of COVID-19 pandemic when analysed with different probable modulators like affecting social structure like religion, blood group, the burden of other diseases, vaccination for other diseases and many more revealed that Rh-ve blood group, irrespective of ABO blood group may be an important predisposing factor for acquiring SARS-CoV-2 infection and serious disease leading to lethality. Among ABO blood groups, people with blood group A seem to be the most susceptible to COVID-19 followed by AB, O and B blood group. Among different religious groups, Muslim dominated nations had a smaller number of COVID-19 cases and deaths while those dominated by Christians had more devastating COVID-19. The BCG and to some extent Rotavirus vaccinations seem to protect the population from SARS-CoV-2 infection and deaths while other vaccinations like Polio, DPT, HepB, Measles, HiB appeared to support the SARS-CoV-2. The national burden of diseases like TB, HIV-AIDS, Malaria, cardiovascular disorders, natural calamities, fires, food deficiency and poor sanitation seems to protect against SARS-CoV-2 infections and COVID-19. However, the burden of neoplasms (cancers) was significantly increasing the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infections and lethal outcome of COVID-19. The emergence of Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 in last two weeks of the year 2021 also had an almost similar association with different disease modulators but gaining more momentum in nations with greater coverage of DPT, HiB, HepB, Polio vaccination and higher burden of neoplasms. This analysis may help in better planning for control of COVID-19 in different societies and nations with reasonable variation in pandemic control strategy instead of a blanket package of practice to curb the disease. The limitations of data-based analysis are also discussed.
For understanding the culturome of vagina of pre-parturient sows, 74 swab samples were analysed f... more For understanding the culturome of vagina of pre-parturient sows, 74 swab samples were analysed for aerobic mesophilic bacteria through pre-enrichment in buffered peptone water at 37 o C for 6 h then streaking on blood agar, trypticase soy agar (TSA) and Hektoen enteric agar (Hi-Media) plates and incubation at 37ºC for 24-48 h. Gram negative bacteria (GNB) were detected in 56 samples while Gram positive bacteria (GPB) in 28 samples. Of the 115 isolates identified belonging to 30 species of 16 different genera, 33 were GPB and 82 were GNB. Aeromonas (39.2%) were the most common isolates followed by Enterococcus (37.8%), Klebsiella (18.9%), Escherichia (10.8%), Citrobacter (8.1%), Pragia (6.8%) and Proteus (6.8%). Only eight were sensitive to all 8 antimicrobials tested using disc diffusion assay on Mueller Hinton agar in the study while rest 107 could be classified into 25 antibiogram types (ATs). All GPB and 51.2% of GNB isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid, 75.6% to ampicillin. Ciprofloxacin inhibiting 99.2% isolates was most effective antimicrobial followed by gentamicin (96.5%) and ceftriaxone (95.7%). Resistance against herbal antimicrobials was detected in 87.8%, 87%, 78.3%, 76.5% and 35.7% of isolates against Artemisis vulgaris essential oil, sandal wood oil, eucalyptus gum, patchouli essential oil and lemon grass oil (LGO), respectively. Except for LGO, resistance to herbal antimicrobials was more common in isolates of aerobic bacteria of sow vagina than the least effective antimicrobial drugs nalidixic acid (65.2%) and ampicillin (60.9%). Multiple herbal antimicrobial resistance (MHAR) was detected in 89.6% strains tested, while multiple antibiotic resistance in 28.7% strains. Enterococci had higher probability (P, 0.02) of MHAR among GPBs while among GNBs members of Enterobacteriaceae (92 %) were more frequent carriers (P, 0.07) of MHAR than aeromonads (78.1%). The study indicated that aerobically culturable microbiome which is constituted exclusively by facultative anaerobe might be important due to their ability as opportunistic pathogens and ability to grow and compete with anaerobic flora of healthy vagina. The study revealed that in pre-parturient sow vagina the aerobically culturable microbiome is diverse and many potentially pathogenic bacteria present may harbour multiple drug resistant bacteria necessitating the proper inference from microbial analysis tests.
An attempt was made to study the growth, conformation traits and egg production using 767 birds o... more An attempt was made to study the growth, conformation traits and egg production using 767 birds of 6 different genetic groups viz., Kadaknath × Rhode Island Red, Aseel × Rhode Island Red, Aseel × Brown Cornish, Kadaknath × Brown Cornish, Rhode Island Red × Aseel and Brown Cornish × Kadaknath, at Instructional Poultry Farm (IPF), G.B.Pant Univ. of Agri. & Tech., Pantnagar. Among the six genetic groups Kadaknath × Brown Cornish attained maximum body weight (1023 g) at 10th week, followed marginally by Aseel × Brown Cornish and minimum in Kadaknath × Rhode Island Red (762g). In all the crosses there was an average weekly body weight gain of about 100–125g/week after 4th week onwards. The average keel bone length at 10th week of age in combined sexes of the groups ranged from 7.05 to 7.38 cm, for shank length from 5.99 to 6.67 cm and for breast angle from 57.49 to 63.01 degrees. Maximum egg production on hen-housed basis was recorded in Rhode Island Red × Aseel (52.58 eggs) and minimum in Brown Cornish × Kadaknath (24.55 eggs). From the results, it may be concluded that Rhode Island Red × Aseel and Aseel × Brown Cornish groups performed better in Tarai region for egg and meat production, respectively.
International Journal of Food Microbiology, Aug 1, 1992
One hundred and eighty-five seafood samples, consisting of 96 freshwater fish, 37 marine fish, 13... more One hundred and eighty-five seafood samples, consisting of 96 freshwater fish, 37 marine fish, 13 freshwater prawn, 13 marine prawn and 26 molluscs were screened for presence of Klebsiella. Out of these, 12 isolates of Klebsiella were identified, Four K. pneumoniae var. ozaenae were isolated from marine fish samples and eight K. pneumoniae var. pneumoniae, six from freshwater fish and two from freshwater prawns. All 12 isolates were tested for enterotoxigenicity by the vasopermeability factor test in rabbits, the mouse foot pad test, the latex agglutination test and the coagglutination test. One isolate of K. pneumoniae var pneumoniae, isolated from fresh water prawn was found enterotoxigenic.
The effect of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium, a zoonotic serovar, on... more The effect of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium, a zoonotic serovar, on mung bean (Phaseolus aureus) cultivar Pant Mung-3 plants was studied. Inoculation of mung bean seeds with Salmonella Typhimurium (7.2 ϫ 10 5 CFU/ml) reduced sprouting rate (P Ͻ 0.07). This effect was more pronounced at higher levels of contamination. In the soil inoculated with Salmonella Typhimurium (7.2 ϫ 10 6 CFU/g), germination was retarded and the number of defective sprouts was also significantly higher (P Ͻ 0.002). Salmonella Typhimurium grew inside germinating seeds and plant tissues and persisted in seedlings, adult plants, and harvested seedlings dried and stored at room temperature (30ЊC) up to 45 days. Phaseolus aureus plants grown in sterile soil was resistant to Salmonella Typhimurium infection at 15 days of age and cleared Salmonella from all the aerial parts within 3 h of infection. However, Salmonella Typhimurium could be reisolated from the basal area of the stem and from soil even after 45 days of exposure to the pathogen.
... ORIGINAL ARTICLE BR Singh . Preetam Singh . Anita Verma . Sugandh Agrawal . N. Babu . Mudit C... more ... ORIGINAL ARTICLE BR Singh . Preetam Singh . Anita Verma . Sugandh Agrawal . N. Babu . Mudit Chandra . Ravi Kant Agarwal A study on prevalence of multi-drug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella in water sprinkled on fresh vegetables in Bareilly, Moradabad, ...
We examined 974 samples (304 coriander, 212 mint, 258 carrot, and 200 radish) collected from vege... more We examined 974 samples (304 coriander, 212 mint, 258 carrot, and 200 radish) collected from vegetable vendors in two cities, Bareilly (n = 832) and Kanpur (n = 142), in northern India during the early summer season in 2004. Salmonella was isolated from 35 samples (9 coriander, 5 mint, 10 radish, and 11 carrot) while Escherichia coli was detected in 181 samples (67 coriander, 44 mint, 36 carrot, and 34 radish). None of the E. coli belonged to the O:157 serogroup. Five Salmonella isolates from samples collected at Kanpur (3 coriander and 2 mint) belonged to 4 different serovars of S. enterica ssp. enterica-S. Mons, S. Rottenest, S. Saintpaul, and S. Weltevreden. Thirty Salmonella isolates from samples collected at Bareilly (11 carrot, 10 radish, 6 coriander, and 3 mint) belonged to 7 serovars-S. Anatum, S. Bsilla, S. Newport, S. Saintpaul, S. Teko, S. Virchow, and S. Weltevreden. The majority (82.9%) of Salmonella isolates were multidrug resistant. One quarter of the isolates were resistant to >or=10 antibiotics. Based on antibiotic resistance patterns, 35 isolates could be classified into 23 resistotypes. None of the 35 isolates was resistant to streptomycin and ceftriaxone, while >80% were resistant to sulfamethoxazole, nalidixic acid, and kanamycin. Resistance to imipenem (>20%) and amikacin (>30%) was also common. The correlation between presence of Salmonella and E. coli on raw vegetables was not significant (p = 0.13).
Purpose Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic zoonotic organism which secretes around 23 diff... more Purpose Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic zoonotic organism which secretes around 23 different types of enterotoxins. Classical enterotoxins (SEA, SEB, SEC, SED and SEE) are responsible for >95 % of food poisoning outbreaks of which SEA alone is responsible for >75% of them. The present study was undertaken to develop sandwich ELISA forsensitive, speci c and quantitative detection of Staphylococcal enterotoxins-A in food samples. Methods Optimization of sandwich ELISA was attempted in two ways. In rst, rabbit polyclonal anti-SEA was used as capture antibody and mouse monoclonal anti-SEA as detector antibody, in second, mouse monoclonal anti-SEA was used as capture Antibody and rabbit polyclonal anti-SEA as detector antibody. Results In the optimization of sandwich ELISA, mouse monoclonal anti-SEA as capture antibody and rabbit polyclonal anti-SEA as detector antibody yieldedhighest sensitivity of 0.5-0.75 ng ml-1. The developed assay was found to be highly speci c and having equivalent sensitivity to available commercial kits. Conclusion The developed sandwich ELISA may be utilized as a sensitive, speci c and quantitative test for detection of Staphylococcal enterotoxin-A in food samples. The developed ELISA may serve as a cheap alternative to commercial kits which need importation and therefore are relatively costly. The sandwich ELISA developed may be useful for microbiological quality assurance of foods specially in developing countries.
International Journal of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Oct 23, 2019
Background: Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is a common chronic ear disease and a major h... more Background: Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is a common chronic ear disease and a major health problem in developing countries causing deafness and life threatening complications like meningitis and brain abscess. Early and effective treatment based on the knowledge of causative organism and their antibiotic sensitivity is essential for immediate clinical recovery. Methods: Total of 152 clinically diagnosed patients with CSOM safe were enrolled in the study and two swab of the discharge ear were obtained from each patient under aseptic precaution. Microbiological study was done according to standard operative guidelines. Results: Out of 152 patients 93 male and 59 were female, majority of the patient seen below 30 year of age. Most common organism found was Staphylococcus aureus (43.2%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (27.9%). Staphylococcus aureus was sensitive to vancomycin (98%) and linezolide (100%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was found highly sensitive to Imipenem cilastin (84.85%) and Imipenem (66.7%). Conclusions: In our study gram positive Staphylococcus aureus (43.2%) and gram negative bacilli P. aeuroginosa (27.9%) was the most common organism was found and this P. aeruginosa were hospital acquired infections. We found out high resistant to Cefepime, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin and aztreonam.
Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Nov 14, 2015
B ubalus arnee fulvus (swamp buffalo) is extant in North Eastern pasts of India including Nagalan... more B ubalus arnee fulvus (swamp buffalo) is extant in North Eastern pasts of India including Nagaland (Groves, 1996). However, only little is understood about its diseases (Singh et al., 2012) probably because of its wild/ semi-wild nature. Eye infections are quite irritating and may alter the mood of animals; they are commonly reported in domestic buffaloes and cattle (Ali et al., 2011) but rarely diagnosed in swamp buffaloes (Singh et al., 2012). We report here bacteriological analysis of seven cases (three in female and four in male buffaloes) of conjunctivitis (pink-eye) in swamp buffaloes (Table 1). In February 2013, we came across seven cases of conjunctivitis in swamp buffaloes in different parts of Medziphema subdivision of Nagaland while organizing veterinary health camps. All cases brought into notice were from animals grazed on banks of Cathe (Pugla) River. From December onward till March end swamp buffaloes are allowed to roam free in empty field for grazing and intermixing of buffaloes from different households take place. This period is time of scarcity of water and fodder in the area. Swamp buffaloes are not reared on organized farms but reared in number of one or two by farmers for using as draught animal for ploughing the fields. There is no specific breed or animal density description. The disease was evident by weeping eye discharges with or without white/ creamy discharges, sticking on eye lashes or canthi. Affected buffaloes were properly restrained in cattle crush and swabs were collected from conjunctivae of affected eyes in one ml of sterile buffered peptone water (BPW, Hi-Media, Mumbai). Swabs were brought to laboratory for bacteriological examination using standard bacteriological culture technique for mesophilic aerobic and microaerobic bacteria to determine the causal organism (Singh, 2009; Quinn et al., 1994). Briefly, 2µL of the BPW from sample container was plated onto blood agar (BA, 5% defibrinated sheep blood in blood agar base), and MacConkey agar (MA, Hi-Media) plates each, incubated at 37 o C for 24-48 h. All different types of colonies were counted if countable. Three to five colonies of each type appearing on the MA or BA or both were picked up and re-streaked on BA for purity. All isolates were characterized using growth, staining and biochemical characteristics (Singh, 2009; Quinn et al., 1994). All the isolates were tested for sensitivity to antimicrobial drugs through disk diffusion method (CLSI, 2006) against amoxycillin 30µg (Am), amoxycillin+ clavulanic acid 50+10µg (Amc), amoxycillin+ sulbactam 30+15µg (Ams), ampicillin 10µg (A), azithromycin 30µg (Azm), aztreonam 50µg (Azm), cefotaxime 10µg (Cft), cefoxitin 30µg (Cxt), ceftriaxone 10µg (Ctr), chloramphenicol 25µg (C), ciprofloxacin 10µg Short Communication Abstract | Bacteriology of conjunctivitis cases in swamp buffaloes indicated that Enterobacter agglomerans in association of other bacteria including Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas may be an important eye pathogen causing conjunctivitis in male swamp buffaloes. However in female swamp buffaloes only one kind of bacteria (no mixed infection) was detected and conjunctivitis might be associated with E. coli, Aeromonas media or Enterococcus faecalis infection. The study indicated that ciprofloxacin, gentamicin and tetracycline may be effective antimicrobials in therapy of the conjunctivitis in swamp buffaloes.
ABSTRACT Of the 812 strains of microbes belonging to 27 genera (isolated from food, fish-pond-wat... more ABSTRACT Of the 812 strains of microbes belonging to 27 genera (isolated from food, fish-pond-water, lizards, cow, pigs and mithun) tested against Eucalyptus citriodora gum (EG), 157 (19.3%) strains were detected sensitive. All the strains detected sensitive through disc diffusion method had an MIC 0.25 mg to 5 mg/ ml while those resistant had an MIC of 10 mg to 25 mg/ ml. Significantly (p <0.01) more number of microbial strains isolated from lizards (91.6%) and and mithuns (88.4%) were resistant to EG than strains of cattle (66.7%), pig (65.1%), water (75%) and food origin (65.8%). However, there was no significant difference in sensitivity pattern of strains of lizard and mithun origin (p, 0.33) also among strains of pig, cattle, water and food origin (p, 0.96). Resistant and sensitive strains were distributed among majority of them genera. All the strains of Aeromonas salmonicida ssp. achromogenes (2), A. sobria (2), Citrobacter amalonaticus (11), Edwardsiella hoshiniae (1), Escherichia blattae (3), Hafnea alvei (3), Klebsiella oxytoca (8), Kluyvera cryocrescens (6), Lactobacillus acidophillus (1), Leclercia adecarboxylata, Proteus myxofacience (1), Raoultella terrigena (6), Salmonella enterica ssp. houtenae (3), Salmonella enterica ssp. salamae (11), Serratia fonticola (1), Se. Marcescens (2), Se. odorifera (5), Se. plymuthica (1), Streptococcus milleri (3), Str. alactolyticus (1) and Xenorhhabdus luminiscens (1) were resistant to EG. On the other hand, all strains of Candida albicans (1), Leminorella ghrimontii (1), Micrococcus spp. (2), Providencia heimbachae (1), Staphylococcus aureus (4), Staph. xylosus (2) and Streptocococcus caseolyticus (1) were sensitive to EG. It may be an important question to ponder upon why majority of strains of certain bacteria were resistant to EG and a few strains were sensitive viz., Citrobacter freundii (3 of 74), Erwinia ananas (2 of 12), Escherichia coli (6 of 73), Klebsiella pneumoniae ssp. pneumoniae (4 of 63), Proteus penneri (3 of 16), Pragia fontium (1 of 14), Providencia rettgeri (1 of 5), Salmonella enterica ssp. indica (1 of 45). Similarly, resistance in a few strains of some species comprising mostly sensitive EG strains was also puzzling, such strains were detected among Staph. sciuri (3 of 17), Proteus mirabilis (3 of 8) and Aeromonas caviae (4 of 11). These exceptions may help in future in understanding the factors responsible for resistance or sensitivity to EG. The study has indicated that drug resistance against herbal products is common in strains of some species of microbes while in others it is rare.
Conjunctivitis (Pink eye) is often infectious and caused by either bacterial or viral infections.... more Conjunctivitis (Pink eye) is often infectious and caused by either bacterial or viral infections. Ampicillin, gentamicin, nitrofurantoin and cephalexin resistant Enterobacter agglomerans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated from two cases of acute conjunctivitis in swamp buffaloes in Nagaland,. Treatment with tetracycline eye drop resulted in cure within three days. Isolation of multiple drug resistant (MDR) strains from swamp buffaloes, never exposed earlier for antimicrobials, is of significance in understanding spread of MDR strains. It seems to be the first report of isolation of Enterobacter agglomerans from conjunctivitis case of swamp buf-
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), May 24, 2023
From July 2022 to January 2023, seven police training horses died after recurrent colic and remai... more From July 2022 to January 2023, seven police training horses died after recurrent colic and remaining 27 horses were also apparently showing lethargy and mild colic signs intermittently. The investigation revealed marked neutrophilia indicating a bacterial infection. Bacteriological analysis of rectal swabs from surviving horses yielded a total of 137 bacterial isolates belonging to 17 species including Acinetobacter calcoaceticus (6), Aeromonas schubertii (1), Bacillus cereus (4), Budvicia aquatica (3), Citrobacter freundii (1), Edwardsiella tarda (37), Lelliottia amnigenus (22), Escherichia coli (27), Hafnia alvei (3), Pantoea agglomerans (4), Pectobacterium cacticida (1), Pectobacterium rhapontici (1), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4), Raoultella terrigena (3), Salmonella enterica ssp. arizonae (2), Yersinia enterocolitica (14), and Yersinia kristensenii (4) were isolated. Most of the bacteria were isolated from a few horse samples, but E. tarda, L.amnigenus, Y. enterocolitica, and Y. kristensenii from 13, 12, 6 and 3 samples, respectively. The agglutination titres in horse serum sample were very high for Y. enterocolitica (4646 ± 2514), E. tarda (3058 ± 2605), Y. kristensenii (2299 ± 1804) and L. amnigenus (2216 ± 2399) while for other bacteria either agglutination was not observed or titres were very low indicating the role of the four pathogens in causation of enterocolitis. Feeding of ajowan (Tachyspermum ammi) seeds to horses for a week relieved all horses' signs of colic they were showing intermittently, and after January 2023 to date no case of colic or other sickness is reported from the horses.
When rectal swabs were examined from 672 dogs in Tehran, Iran, 52 (7-7 per cent) yielded Salmonel... more When rectal swabs were examined from 672 dogs in Tehran, Iran, 52 (7-7 per cent) yielded Salmonellae of 20 different serotypes. The 672 dogs examined comprised 472 household pets, 181 kennel dogs and 19 strays. Tehy showed an incidence of 4-4 per cent, 15-5 per cent and 15-8 per cent respectively.
The aim of this study was to develop a method for detecting antibiotic resistance (AR) genes in c... more The aim of this study was to develop a method for detecting antibiotic resistance (AR) genes in cheese based on a combination of multiplex PCR and a DNA microarray hybridisation system. Twenty oligonucleotide probes were designed targeting 10 common AR genes, namely aac(6')-Ie-aph(2'')-Ia, aadE, aphA-3, ermB, tet(L), tet(M), tet(O), tet(S), vanA and vanB. Specificity of the probes was tested by hybridising against DNA from Enterococcus strains harbouring known AR genes. DNA was labelled through two multiplex PCR reactions with fluorescence nucleotides and specific primers flanking the probe sequences. Sensitivity of the microarray was assessed by contamination of a cheese with an Enterococcus faecium strain carrying vanA gene. Two tetracycline resistance genes, tet(M) and tet(S), proved to be present in a series of retail cheeses, while genes aadE, aphA3, ermB, tet(L) and tet(O) were occasionally detected. This method is envisioned as a valuable tool for identification of AR genes in foods.
Pasteurella multocida serogroup A is commonly isolated from nasal swabs of clinically healthy cal... more Pasteurella multocida serogroup A is commonly isolated from nasal swabs of clinically healthy calves and also from diseased lung tissue in bovine pneumonia. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of the virulent strain P. multocida 671/90, which has been characterized previously in experimental infections of calves and mice.
Brucellosis is one of the most common contagious and neglected bacterial zoonotic diseases. The d... more Brucellosis is one of the most common contagious and neglected bacterial zoonotic diseases. The disease has been reported in ruminants in almost all Indian states. But there is a lack of comprehensive information on the seroprevalence of brucellosis in the Indian subcontinent. A systematic review and meta-analysis on the seroprevalence of brucellosis among ruminants of India was conducted from the published articles (January 1970-June 2020) by including 172 studies screened from 567 publications. The estimated brucellosis seroprevalence of cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, yak and mithun was 14% (95% CI: 12%-16%), 8% (95% CI: 6%-9%), 8% (95% CI: 7%-10%), 8% (95% CI: 7%-9%), 16% (95% CI: 7%-28%) and 26% (95% CI: 12%-42%), respectively. Subgroup analysis was performed based on diagnostic tests, regions, publication year, and sample size. The estimated seroprevalence of brucellosis in cattle and goats was found to be higher in the central region compared to other regions. Similarly, the western region showed a higher seroprevalence for brucellosis in buffalo and sheep. Given the estimated animal population of 2021, the meta-analysis estimated that the total number of seropositive animals would be 26.95 million cattle (95% CI: 23.09-30.78), 8.78 million buffaloes (95% CI: 6.59-9.89), 5.94 million sheep (95% CI: 5.20-7.43), 11.91 million goats (95% CI: 10.42-13.40), 9.6 thousand yaks (95% CI: 0.0042-0.0168), and 100 thousand mithun (95% CI: 0.05-0.16). Further, the comprehensive picture of the brucellosis seroprevalence may help the decisionmaking authorities in formulating better prevention and control strategies for brucellosis in India.
Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins, May 7, 2014
Axone (Akhuni) is a homemade synbiotic (Nagamese fermented soybean product) served as side dish i... more Axone (Akhuni) is a homemade synbiotic (Nagamese fermented soybean product) served as side dish in North Eastern India. In this study, effects of Axone feeding on growth, weight gain, sexual maturity and egg production on Vanaraja birds (a strain of poultry bird developed at PDP Hyderabad for villages and backyard poultry) were evaluated. Axone incorporation in commercial poultry feed at the rate of 5 % (W/W) significantly improved growth rate (weight gain) both in male (p 0.001) and female (p 0.05) chicks, reduced age by 13 days at first egg laying (p 0.01), increased egg production (p ≤ 0.001) and improved egg weight (p ≤ 0.01). Microbiological analysis of Axone sample revealed that the major bacteria in Axone samples were Bacillus coagulans, well known for their probiotic value.
The data of COVID-19 pandemic when analysed with different probable modulators like affecting soc... more The data of COVID-19 pandemic when analysed with different probable modulators like affecting social structure like religion, blood group, the burden of other diseases, vaccination for other diseases and many more revealed that Rh-ve blood group, irrespective of ABO blood group may be an important predisposing factor for acquiring SARS-CoV-2 infection and serious disease leading to lethality. Among ABO blood groups, people with blood group A seem to be the most susceptible to COVID-19 followed by AB, O and B blood group. Among different religious groups, Muslim dominated nations had a smaller number of COVID-19 cases and deaths while those dominated by Christians had more devastating COVID-19. The BCG and to some extent Rotavirus vaccinations seem to protect the population from SARS-CoV-2 infection and deaths while other vaccinations like Polio, DPT, HepB, Measles, HiB appeared to support the SARS-CoV-2. The national burden of diseases like TB, HIV-AIDS, Malaria, cardiovascular disorders, natural calamities, fires, food deficiency and poor sanitation seems to protect against SARS-CoV-2 infections and COVID-19. However, the burden of neoplasms (cancers) was significantly increasing the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infections and lethal outcome of COVID-19. The emergence of Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 in last two weeks of the year 2021 also had an almost similar association with different disease modulators but gaining more momentum in nations with greater coverage of DPT, HiB, HepB, Polio vaccination and higher burden of neoplasms. This analysis may help in better planning for control of COVID-19 in different societies and nations with reasonable variation in pandemic control strategy instead of a blanket package of practice to curb the disease. The limitations of data-based analysis are also discussed.
For understanding the culturome of vagina of pre-parturient sows, 74 swab samples were analysed f... more For understanding the culturome of vagina of pre-parturient sows, 74 swab samples were analysed for aerobic mesophilic bacteria through pre-enrichment in buffered peptone water at 37 o C for 6 h then streaking on blood agar, trypticase soy agar (TSA) and Hektoen enteric agar (Hi-Media) plates and incubation at 37ºC for 24-48 h. Gram negative bacteria (GNB) were detected in 56 samples while Gram positive bacteria (GPB) in 28 samples. Of the 115 isolates identified belonging to 30 species of 16 different genera, 33 were GPB and 82 were GNB. Aeromonas (39.2%) were the most common isolates followed by Enterococcus (37.8%), Klebsiella (18.9%), Escherichia (10.8%), Citrobacter (8.1%), Pragia (6.8%) and Proteus (6.8%). Only eight were sensitive to all 8 antimicrobials tested using disc diffusion assay on Mueller Hinton agar in the study while rest 107 could be classified into 25 antibiogram types (ATs). All GPB and 51.2% of GNB isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid, 75.6% to ampicillin. Ciprofloxacin inhibiting 99.2% isolates was most effective antimicrobial followed by gentamicin (96.5%) and ceftriaxone (95.7%). Resistance against herbal antimicrobials was detected in 87.8%, 87%, 78.3%, 76.5% and 35.7% of isolates against Artemisis vulgaris essential oil, sandal wood oil, eucalyptus gum, patchouli essential oil and lemon grass oil (LGO), respectively. Except for LGO, resistance to herbal antimicrobials was more common in isolates of aerobic bacteria of sow vagina than the least effective antimicrobial drugs nalidixic acid (65.2%) and ampicillin (60.9%). Multiple herbal antimicrobial resistance (MHAR) was detected in 89.6% strains tested, while multiple antibiotic resistance in 28.7% strains. Enterococci had higher probability (P, 0.02) of MHAR among GPBs while among GNBs members of Enterobacteriaceae (92 %) were more frequent carriers (P, 0.07) of MHAR than aeromonads (78.1%). The study indicated that aerobically culturable microbiome which is constituted exclusively by facultative anaerobe might be important due to their ability as opportunistic pathogens and ability to grow and compete with anaerobic flora of healthy vagina. The study revealed that in pre-parturient sow vagina the aerobically culturable microbiome is diverse and many potentially pathogenic bacteria present may harbour multiple drug resistant bacteria necessitating the proper inference from microbial analysis tests.
An attempt was made to study the growth, conformation traits and egg production using 767 birds o... more An attempt was made to study the growth, conformation traits and egg production using 767 birds of 6 different genetic groups viz., Kadaknath × Rhode Island Red, Aseel × Rhode Island Red, Aseel × Brown Cornish, Kadaknath × Brown Cornish, Rhode Island Red × Aseel and Brown Cornish × Kadaknath, at Instructional Poultry Farm (IPF), G.B.Pant Univ. of Agri. & Tech., Pantnagar. Among the six genetic groups Kadaknath × Brown Cornish attained maximum body weight (1023 g) at 10th week, followed marginally by Aseel × Brown Cornish and minimum in Kadaknath × Rhode Island Red (762g). In all the crosses there was an average weekly body weight gain of about 100–125g/week after 4th week onwards. The average keel bone length at 10th week of age in combined sexes of the groups ranged from 7.05 to 7.38 cm, for shank length from 5.99 to 6.67 cm and for breast angle from 57.49 to 63.01 degrees. Maximum egg production on hen-housed basis was recorded in Rhode Island Red × Aseel (52.58 eggs) and minimum in Brown Cornish × Kadaknath (24.55 eggs). From the results, it may be concluded that Rhode Island Red × Aseel and Aseel × Brown Cornish groups performed better in Tarai region for egg and meat production, respectively.
International Journal of Food Microbiology, Aug 1, 1992
One hundred and eighty-five seafood samples, consisting of 96 freshwater fish, 37 marine fish, 13... more One hundred and eighty-five seafood samples, consisting of 96 freshwater fish, 37 marine fish, 13 freshwater prawn, 13 marine prawn and 26 molluscs were screened for presence of Klebsiella. Out of these, 12 isolates of Klebsiella were identified, Four K. pneumoniae var. ozaenae were isolated from marine fish samples and eight K. pneumoniae var. pneumoniae, six from freshwater fish and two from freshwater prawns. All 12 isolates were tested for enterotoxigenicity by the vasopermeability factor test in rabbits, the mouse foot pad test, the latex agglutination test and the coagglutination test. One isolate of K. pneumoniae var pneumoniae, isolated from fresh water prawn was found enterotoxigenic.
The effect of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium, a zoonotic serovar, on... more The effect of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium, a zoonotic serovar, on mung bean (Phaseolus aureus) cultivar Pant Mung-3 plants was studied. Inoculation of mung bean seeds with Salmonella Typhimurium (7.2 ϫ 10 5 CFU/ml) reduced sprouting rate (P Ͻ 0.07). This effect was more pronounced at higher levels of contamination. In the soil inoculated with Salmonella Typhimurium (7.2 ϫ 10 6 CFU/g), germination was retarded and the number of defective sprouts was also significantly higher (P Ͻ 0.002). Salmonella Typhimurium grew inside germinating seeds and plant tissues and persisted in seedlings, adult plants, and harvested seedlings dried and stored at room temperature (30ЊC) up to 45 days. Phaseolus aureus plants grown in sterile soil was resistant to Salmonella Typhimurium infection at 15 days of age and cleared Salmonella from all the aerial parts within 3 h of infection. However, Salmonella Typhimurium could be reisolated from the basal area of the stem and from soil even after 45 days of exposure to the pathogen.
... ORIGINAL ARTICLE BR Singh . Preetam Singh . Anita Verma . Sugandh Agrawal . N. Babu . Mudit C... more ... ORIGINAL ARTICLE BR Singh . Preetam Singh . Anita Verma . Sugandh Agrawal . N. Babu . Mudit Chandra . Ravi Kant Agarwal A study on prevalence of multi-drug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella in water sprinkled on fresh vegetables in Bareilly, Moradabad, ...
We examined 974 samples (304 coriander, 212 mint, 258 carrot, and 200 radish) collected from vege... more We examined 974 samples (304 coriander, 212 mint, 258 carrot, and 200 radish) collected from vegetable vendors in two cities, Bareilly (n = 832) and Kanpur (n = 142), in northern India during the early summer season in 2004. Salmonella was isolated from 35 samples (9 coriander, 5 mint, 10 radish, and 11 carrot) while Escherichia coli was detected in 181 samples (67 coriander, 44 mint, 36 carrot, and 34 radish). None of the E. coli belonged to the O:157 serogroup. Five Salmonella isolates from samples collected at Kanpur (3 coriander and 2 mint) belonged to 4 different serovars of S. enterica ssp. enterica-S. Mons, S. Rottenest, S. Saintpaul, and S. Weltevreden. Thirty Salmonella isolates from samples collected at Bareilly (11 carrot, 10 radish, 6 coriander, and 3 mint) belonged to 7 serovars-S. Anatum, S. Bsilla, S. Newport, S. Saintpaul, S. Teko, S. Virchow, and S. Weltevreden. The majority (82.9%) of Salmonella isolates were multidrug resistant. One quarter of the isolates were resistant to >or=10 antibiotics. Based on antibiotic resistance patterns, 35 isolates could be classified into 23 resistotypes. None of the 35 isolates was resistant to streptomycin and ceftriaxone, while >80% were resistant to sulfamethoxazole, nalidixic acid, and kanamycin. Resistance to imipenem (>20%) and amikacin (>30%) was also common. The correlation between presence of Salmonella and E. coli on raw vegetables was not significant (p = 0.13).
Purpose Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic zoonotic organism which secretes around 23 diff... more Purpose Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic zoonotic organism which secretes around 23 different types of enterotoxins. Classical enterotoxins (SEA, SEB, SEC, SED and SEE) are responsible for >95 % of food poisoning outbreaks of which SEA alone is responsible for >75% of them. The present study was undertaken to develop sandwich ELISA forsensitive, speci c and quantitative detection of Staphylococcal enterotoxins-A in food samples. Methods Optimization of sandwich ELISA was attempted in two ways. In rst, rabbit polyclonal anti-SEA was used as capture antibody and mouse monoclonal anti-SEA as detector antibody, in second, mouse monoclonal anti-SEA was used as capture Antibody and rabbit polyclonal anti-SEA as detector antibody. Results In the optimization of sandwich ELISA, mouse monoclonal anti-SEA as capture antibody and rabbit polyclonal anti-SEA as detector antibody yieldedhighest sensitivity of 0.5-0.75 ng ml-1. The developed assay was found to be highly speci c and having equivalent sensitivity to available commercial kits. Conclusion The developed sandwich ELISA may be utilized as a sensitive, speci c and quantitative test for detection of Staphylococcal enterotoxin-A in food samples. The developed ELISA may serve as a cheap alternative to commercial kits which need importation and therefore are relatively costly. The sandwich ELISA developed may be useful for microbiological quality assurance of foods specially in developing countries.
International Journal of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Oct 23, 2019
Background: Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is a common chronic ear disease and a major h... more Background: Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is a common chronic ear disease and a major health problem in developing countries causing deafness and life threatening complications like meningitis and brain abscess. Early and effective treatment based on the knowledge of causative organism and their antibiotic sensitivity is essential for immediate clinical recovery. Methods: Total of 152 clinically diagnosed patients with CSOM safe were enrolled in the study and two swab of the discharge ear were obtained from each patient under aseptic precaution. Microbiological study was done according to standard operative guidelines. Results: Out of 152 patients 93 male and 59 were female, majority of the patient seen below 30 year of age. Most common organism found was Staphylococcus aureus (43.2%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (27.9%). Staphylococcus aureus was sensitive to vancomycin (98%) and linezolide (100%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was found highly sensitive to Imipenem cilastin (84.85%) and Imipenem (66.7%). Conclusions: In our study gram positive Staphylococcus aureus (43.2%) and gram negative bacilli P. aeuroginosa (27.9%) was the most common organism was found and this P. aeruginosa were hospital acquired infections. We found out high resistant to Cefepime, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin and aztreonam.
Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Nov 14, 2015
B ubalus arnee fulvus (swamp buffalo) is extant in North Eastern pasts of India including Nagalan... more B ubalus arnee fulvus (swamp buffalo) is extant in North Eastern pasts of India including Nagaland (Groves, 1996). However, only little is understood about its diseases (Singh et al., 2012) probably because of its wild/ semi-wild nature. Eye infections are quite irritating and may alter the mood of animals; they are commonly reported in domestic buffaloes and cattle (Ali et al., 2011) but rarely diagnosed in swamp buffaloes (Singh et al., 2012). We report here bacteriological analysis of seven cases (three in female and four in male buffaloes) of conjunctivitis (pink-eye) in swamp buffaloes (Table 1). In February 2013, we came across seven cases of conjunctivitis in swamp buffaloes in different parts of Medziphema subdivision of Nagaland while organizing veterinary health camps. All cases brought into notice were from animals grazed on banks of Cathe (Pugla) River. From December onward till March end swamp buffaloes are allowed to roam free in empty field for grazing and intermixing of buffaloes from different households take place. This period is time of scarcity of water and fodder in the area. Swamp buffaloes are not reared on organized farms but reared in number of one or two by farmers for using as draught animal for ploughing the fields. There is no specific breed or animal density description. The disease was evident by weeping eye discharges with or without white/ creamy discharges, sticking on eye lashes or canthi. Affected buffaloes were properly restrained in cattle crush and swabs were collected from conjunctivae of affected eyes in one ml of sterile buffered peptone water (BPW, Hi-Media, Mumbai). Swabs were brought to laboratory for bacteriological examination using standard bacteriological culture technique for mesophilic aerobic and microaerobic bacteria to determine the causal organism (Singh, 2009; Quinn et al., 1994). Briefly, 2µL of the BPW from sample container was plated onto blood agar (BA, 5% defibrinated sheep blood in blood agar base), and MacConkey agar (MA, Hi-Media) plates each, incubated at 37 o C for 24-48 h. All different types of colonies were counted if countable. Three to five colonies of each type appearing on the MA or BA or both were picked up and re-streaked on BA for purity. All isolates were characterized using growth, staining and biochemical characteristics (Singh, 2009; Quinn et al., 1994). All the isolates were tested for sensitivity to antimicrobial drugs through disk diffusion method (CLSI, 2006) against amoxycillin 30µg (Am), amoxycillin+ clavulanic acid 50+10µg (Amc), amoxycillin+ sulbactam 30+15µg (Ams), ampicillin 10µg (A), azithromycin 30µg (Azm), aztreonam 50µg (Azm), cefotaxime 10µg (Cft), cefoxitin 30µg (Cxt), ceftriaxone 10µg (Ctr), chloramphenicol 25µg (C), ciprofloxacin 10µg Short Communication Abstract | Bacteriology of conjunctivitis cases in swamp buffaloes indicated that Enterobacter agglomerans in association of other bacteria including Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas may be an important eye pathogen causing conjunctivitis in male swamp buffaloes. However in female swamp buffaloes only one kind of bacteria (no mixed infection) was detected and conjunctivitis might be associated with E. coli, Aeromonas media or Enterococcus faecalis infection. The study indicated that ciprofloxacin, gentamicin and tetracycline may be effective antimicrobials in therapy of the conjunctivitis in swamp buffaloes.
ABSTRACT Of the 812 strains of microbes belonging to 27 genera (isolated from food, fish-pond-wat... more ABSTRACT Of the 812 strains of microbes belonging to 27 genera (isolated from food, fish-pond-water, lizards, cow, pigs and mithun) tested against Eucalyptus citriodora gum (EG), 157 (19.3%) strains were detected sensitive. All the strains detected sensitive through disc diffusion method had an MIC 0.25 mg to 5 mg/ ml while those resistant had an MIC of 10 mg to 25 mg/ ml. Significantly (p <0.01) more number of microbial strains isolated from lizards (91.6%) and and mithuns (88.4%) were resistant to EG than strains of cattle (66.7%), pig (65.1%), water (75%) and food origin (65.8%). However, there was no significant difference in sensitivity pattern of strains of lizard and mithun origin (p, 0.33) also among strains of pig, cattle, water and food origin (p, 0.96). Resistant and sensitive strains were distributed among majority of them genera. All the strains of Aeromonas salmonicida ssp. achromogenes (2), A. sobria (2), Citrobacter amalonaticus (11), Edwardsiella hoshiniae (1), Escherichia blattae (3), Hafnea alvei (3), Klebsiella oxytoca (8), Kluyvera cryocrescens (6), Lactobacillus acidophillus (1), Leclercia adecarboxylata, Proteus myxofacience (1), Raoultella terrigena (6), Salmonella enterica ssp. houtenae (3), Salmonella enterica ssp. salamae (11), Serratia fonticola (1), Se. Marcescens (2), Se. odorifera (5), Se. plymuthica (1), Streptococcus milleri (3), Str. alactolyticus (1) and Xenorhhabdus luminiscens (1) were resistant to EG. On the other hand, all strains of Candida albicans (1), Leminorella ghrimontii (1), Micrococcus spp. (2), Providencia heimbachae (1), Staphylococcus aureus (4), Staph. xylosus (2) and Streptocococcus caseolyticus (1) were sensitive to EG. It may be an important question to ponder upon why majority of strains of certain bacteria were resistant to EG and a few strains were sensitive viz., Citrobacter freundii (3 of 74), Erwinia ananas (2 of 12), Escherichia coli (6 of 73), Klebsiella pneumoniae ssp. pneumoniae (4 of 63), Proteus penneri (3 of 16), Pragia fontium (1 of 14), Providencia rettgeri (1 of 5), Salmonella enterica ssp. indica (1 of 45). Similarly, resistance in a few strains of some species comprising mostly sensitive EG strains was also puzzling, such strains were detected among Staph. sciuri (3 of 17), Proteus mirabilis (3 of 8) and Aeromonas caviae (4 of 11). These exceptions may help in future in understanding the factors responsible for resistance or sensitivity to EG. The study has indicated that drug resistance against herbal products is common in strains of some species of microbes while in others it is rare.
Conjunctivitis (Pink eye) is often infectious and caused by either bacterial or viral infections.... more Conjunctivitis (Pink eye) is often infectious and caused by either bacterial or viral infections. Ampicillin, gentamicin, nitrofurantoin and cephalexin resistant Enterobacter agglomerans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated from two cases of acute conjunctivitis in swamp buffaloes in Nagaland,. Treatment with tetracycline eye drop resulted in cure within three days. Isolation of multiple drug resistant (MDR) strains from swamp buffaloes, never exposed earlier for antimicrobials, is of significance in understanding spread of MDR strains. It seems to be the first report of isolation of Enterobacter agglomerans from conjunctivitis case of swamp buf-
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