This paper presents the results of X-ray fluorescence analysis carried out in the last years on s... more This paper presents the results of X-ray fluorescence analysis carried out in the last years on silver objects from three different Cretan Early Minoan cemeteries, Hagia Photia Siteias, Kephala Petras, and Livari Skiadi, dated to ca. 3000 to 2800 BC. The classes of objects discussed in this paper comprise mainly daggers and jewelry pieces; other kinds of items, however, can also be included as comparisons. For this project various groups of copper-alloy and silver-alloy artifacts from Hagia Photia, from the Petras rock shelter, and from Livari have been analyzed. The silver-based objects of this period can be distributed into two groups according to their composition: unalloyed silver and alloys of silver and copper or silver and arsenical copper. The analyses of the metal finds, both of silver and of arsenical copper, from the three sites indicate their appurtenance to the same metallurgical tradition, common to the areas around the Black Sea, Anatolia, and the Near East, with similar metallurgical practice, esthetic choices, and styles.
This paper originated while reading parts of J. Lehner's forthcoming book on "Discontinuous Group... more This paper originated while reading parts of J. Lehner's forthcoming book on "Discontinuous Groups and Automorphic Functions" which I had the privilege to do. The notation used here is partly his, and I feel indebted to him for his permission to use it.
The 7000 nuraghi (megalithic stone towers) of Sardi-nia have been the subject of archaeological i... more The 7000 nuraghi (megalithic stone towers) of Sardi-nia have been the subject of archaeological inquiry for over a century, yet the fundamental questions about their functions and chronology are still unanswered,' primar-ily because of the considerable difficulty involved in ex- ...
A large corpus of metal objects comes from the Early Minoan [EM] I–Middle Minoan [MM] IIA cemeter... more A large corpus of metal objects comes from the Early Minoan [EM] I–Middle Minoan [MM] IIA cemetery of a Rock Shelter and house tombs. ey have been analyzed with X-ray uorescence in order to determine their composition and give insight into the local metallurgical tradition, which showed signicant activity in the area from the Final Neolithic. e artifacts mostly comprise jewellery pieces and small tools and weapons. A range of alloys and techniques was used by the local artisans. e production methods and nishing processes of the artifacts allow us to clarify the steps in the fabrication of the pieces. e various classes of objects are representative of diverse techniques and include a range of weapons, tools and objects of personal use. Several copper-, gold- and silver-based alloys have been identied. e gold pieces consist of small delicate bosses, sheets and strips that probably once surrounded wooden buttons and were attached to other organic materials. Cast pieces are also present. e silver alloys– which were used for decorative rivets on several copper-based objects, but also for pendants and bracelets– are particularly interesting, and show a distinctive and unusual composition. Several of the copper-based objects are miniature tools such as cosmetic scrapers that were equipped with holes so that they could be worn as pendants. Other copper/bronze objects include: a chisel, awls, tweezers, knife blades, shhooks, pendants, bracelets, rivets, beads and strips. ese metal pieces provide important information about the people who were buried in the Rock Shelter and the house tombs. e jewellery and other items of personal adornment, together with the other tools, display a relative level of auence that was enjoyed by the local population, a level of prosperity that is further supported by the quality of the other categories of objects that came from the tombs. Furthermore, the special alloys employed for certain types of objects reveal the sophisticated technical knowledge of the metal workshop that was employed by the inhabitants of Petras in the Early and Middle Bronze Age.
Close Document Image Close Document Printer Image Print This Document! Conservation Information N... more Close Document Image Close Document Printer Image Print This Document! Conservation Information Network (BCIN). Author: Maddin, Robert; Muhley, James D. Title Article/Chapter: "Some notes on the copper trade in the ...
The 7000 nuraghi (megalithic stone towers) of Sardi-nia have been the subject of archaeological i... more The 7000 nuraghi (megalithic stone towers) of Sardi-nia have been the subject of archaeological inquiry for over a century, yet the fundamental questions about their functions and chronology are still unanswered,' primar-ily because of the considerable difficulty involved in ex- ...
Page 1. Absolute age range of the Late Cypriot IIC Period on Cyprus STURT W. MANNING, BERNHARD WE... more Page 1. Absolute age range of the Late Cypriot IIC Period on Cyprus STURT W. MANNING, BERNHARD WENINGER, ALISON K. SOUTH, BARBARA KLING, PETER IAN KUNIHOLM, JAMES D. MUHLY, SOPHOCLES HADJISAVVAS, DAVID A. SEWELL & GERALD CADOGAN* ...
Close Document Image Close Document Printer Image Print This Document! Conservation Information N... more Close Document Image Close Document Printer Image Print This Document! Conservation Information Network (BCIN). Author: Wheeler, Tamara Stech; Maddin, Robert; Muhly, James D. Title Article/Chapter: "Ancient metallurgy ...
Close Document Image Close Document Printer Image Print This Document! Conservation Information N... more Close Document Image Close Document Printer Image Print This Document! Conservation Information Network (BCIN). Author: Maxwell-Hyslop, KR; Wheeler, TS; Maddin, Robert; Muhly, James D. Title Article/Chapter: "An iron ...
Close Document Image Close Document Printer Image Print This Document! Conservation Information N... more Close Document Image Close Document Printer Image Print This Document! Conservation Information Network (BCIN). Author: Muhly, James D.; Wheeler, Tamara S.; Maddin, Robert Title Article/Chapter: "An iron adze of the ...
Close Document Image Close Document Printer Image Print This Document! Conservation Information N... more Close Document Image Close Document Printer Image Print This Document! Conservation Information Network (BCIN). Author: Wheeler, Tamara Stech; Muhly, James D.; Maddin, Robert Title Article/Chapter: "A steel tool of the ...
This paper presents the results of X-ray fluorescence analysis carried out in the last years on s... more This paper presents the results of X-ray fluorescence analysis carried out in the last years on silver objects from three different Cretan Early Minoan cemeteries, Hagia Photia Siteias, Kephala Petras, and Livari Skiadi, dated to ca. 3000 to 2800 BC. The classes of objects discussed in this paper comprise mainly daggers and jewelry pieces; other kinds of items, however, can also be included as comparisons. For this project various groups of copper-alloy and silver-alloy artifacts from Hagia Photia, from the Petras rock shelter, and from Livari have been analyzed. The silver-based objects of this period can be distributed into two groups according to their composition: unalloyed silver and alloys of silver and copper or silver and arsenical copper. The analyses of the metal finds, both of silver and of arsenical copper, from the three sites indicate their appurtenance to the same metallurgical tradition, common to the areas around the Black Sea, Anatolia, and the Near East, with similar metallurgical practice, esthetic choices, and styles.
This paper originated while reading parts of J. Lehner's forthcoming book on "Discontinuous Group... more This paper originated while reading parts of J. Lehner's forthcoming book on "Discontinuous Groups and Automorphic Functions" which I had the privilege to do. The notation used here is partly his, and I feel indebted to him for his permission to use it.
The 7000 nuraghi (megalithic stone towers) of Sardi-nia have been the subject of archaeological i... more The 7000 nuraghi (megalithic stone towers) of Sardi-nia have been the subject of archaeological inquiry for over a century, yet the fundamental questions about their functions and chronology are still unanswered,' primar-ily because of the considerable difficulty involved in ex- ...
A large corpus of metal objects comes from the Early Minoan [EM] I–Middle Minoan [MM] IIA cemeter... more A large corpus of metal objects comes from the Early Minoan [EM] I–Middle Minoan [MM] IIA cemetery of a Rock Shelter and house tombs. ey have been analyzed with X-ray uorescence in order to determine their composition and give insight into the local metallurgical tradition, which showed signicant activity in the area from the Final Neolithic. e artifacts mostly comprise jewellery pieces and small tools and weapons. A range of alloys and techniques was used by the local artisans. e production methods and nishing processes of the artifacts allow us to clarify the steps in the fabrication of the pieces. e various classes of objects are representative of diverse techniques and include a range of weapons, tools and objects of personal use. Several copper-, gold- and silver-based alloys have been identied. e gold pieces consist of small delicate bosses, sheets and strips that probably once surrounded wooden buttons and were attached to other organic materials. Cast pieces are also present. e silver alloys– which were used for decorative rivets on several copper-based objects, but also for pendants and bracelets– are particularly interesting, and show a distinctive and unusual composition. Several of the copper-based objects are miniature tools such as cosmetic scrapers that were equipped with holes so that they could be worn as pendants. Other copper/bronze objects include: a chisel, awls, tweezers, knife blades, shhooks, pendants, bracelets, rivets, beads and strips. ese metal pieces provide important information about the people who were buried in the Rock Shelter and the house tombs. e jewellery and other items of personal adornment, together with the other tools, display a relative level of auence that was enjoyed by the local population, a level of prosperity that is further supported by the quality of the other categories of objects that came from the tombs. Furthermore, the special alloys employed for certain types of objects reveal the sophisticated technical knowledge of the metal workshop that was employed by the inhabitants of Petras in the Early and Middle Bronze Age.
Close Document Image Close Document Printer Image Print This Document! Conservation Information N... more Close Document Image Close Document Printer Image Print This Document! Conservation Information Network (BCIN). Author: Maddin, Robert; Muhley, James D. Title Article/Chapter: "Some notes on the copper trade in the ...
The 7000 nuraghi (megalithic stone towers) of Sardi-nia have been the subject of archaeological i... more The 7000 nuraghi (megalithic stone towers) of Sardi-nia have been the subject of archaeological inquiry for over a century, yet the fundamental questions about their functions and chronology are still unanswered,' primar-ily because of the considerable difficulty involved in ex- ...
Page 1. Absolute age range of the Late Cypriot IIC Period on Cyprus STURT W. MANNING, BERNHARD WE... more Page 1. Absolute age range of the Late Cypriot IIC Period on Cyprus STURT W. MANNING, BERNHARD WENINGER, ALISON K. SOUTH, BARBARA KLING, PETER IAN KUNIHOLM, JAMES D. MUHLY, SOPHOCLES HADJISAVVAS, DAVID A. SEWELL & GERALD CADOGAN* ...
Close Document Image Close Document Printer Image Print This Document! Conservation Information N... more Close Document Image Close Document Printer Image Print This Document! Conservation Information Network (BCIN). Author: Wheeler, Tamara Stech; Maddin, Robert; Muhly, James D. Title Article/Chapter: "Ancient metallurgy ...
Close Document Image Close Document Printer Image Print This Document! Conservation Information N... more Close Document Image Close Document Printer Image Print This Document! Conservation Information Network (BCIN). Author: Maxwell-Hyslop, KR; Wheeler, TS; Maddin, Robert; Muhly, James D. Title Article/Chapter: "An iron ...
Close Document Image Close Document Printer Image Print This Document! Conservation Information N... more Close Document Image Close Document Printer Image Print This Document! Conservation Information Network (BCIN). Author: Muhly, James D.; Wheeler, Tamara S.; Maddin, Robert Title Article/Chapter: "An iron adze of the ...
Close Document Image Close Document Printer Image Print This Document! Conservation Information N... more Close Document Image Close Document Printer Image Print This Document! Conservation Information Network (BCIN). Author: Wheeler, Tamara Stech; Muhly, James D.; Maddin, Robert Title Article/Chapter: "A steel tool of the ...
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Papers by James Muhly
of a Rock Shelter and house tombs. ey have been analyzed with X-ray uorescence in order to determine
their composition and give insight into the local metallurgical tradition, which showed signicant activity in
the area from the Final Neolithic. e artifacts mostly comprise jewellery pieces and small tools and weapons.
A range of alloys and techniques was used by the local artisans. e production methods and nishing
processes of the artifacts allow us to clarify the steps in the fabrication of the pieces. e various classes of
objects are representative of diverse techniques and include a range of weapons, tools and objects of personal
use.
Several copper-, gold- and silver-based alloys have been identied. e gold pieces consist of small delicate
bosses, sheets and strips that probably once surrounded wooden buttons and were attached to other organic
materials. Cast pieces are also present. e silver alloys– which were used for decorative rivets on several
copper-based objects, but also for pendants and bracelets– are particularly interesting, and show a distinctive
and unusual composition. Several of the copper-based objects are miniature tools such as cosmetic scrapers
that were equipped with holes so that they could be worn as pendants. Other copper/bronze objects include:
a chisel, awls, tweezers, knife blades, shhooks, pendants, bracelets, rivets, beads and strips.
ese metal pieces provide important information about the people who were buried in the Rock Shelter
and the house tombs. e jewellery and other items of personal adornment, together with the other tools,
display a relative level of auence that was enjoyed by the local population, a level of prosperity that is
further supported by the quality of the other categories of objects that came from the tombs. Furthermore,
the special alloys employed for certain types of objects reveal the sophisticated technical knowledge of the
metal workshop that was employed by the inhabitants of Petras in the Early and Middle Bronze Age.
of a Rock Shelter and house tombs. ey have been analyzed with X-ray uorescence in order to determine
their composition and give insight into the local metallurgical tradition, which showed signicant activity in
the area from the Final Neolithic. e artifacts mostly comprise jewellery pieces and small tools and weapons.
A range of alloys and techniques was used by the local artisans. e production methods and nishing
processes of the artifacts allow us to clarify the steps in the fabrication of the pieces. e various classes of
objects are representative of diverse techniques and include a range of weapons, tools and objects of personal
use.
Several copper-, gold- and silver-based alloys have been identied. e gold pieces consist of small delicate
bosses, sheets and strips that probably once surrounded wooden buttons and were attached to other organic
materials. Cast pieces are also present. e silver alloys– which were used for decorative rivets on several
copper-based objects, but also for pendants and bracelets– are particularly interesting, and show a distinctive
and unusual composition. Several of the copper-based objects are miniature tools such as cosmetic scrapers
that were equipped with holes so that they could be worn as pendants. Other copper/bronze objects include:
a chisel, awls, tweezers, knife blades, shhooks, pendants, bracelets, rivets, beads and strips.
ese metal pieces provide important information about the people who were buried in the Rock Shelter
and the house tombs. e jewellery and other items of personal adornment, together with the other tools,
display a relative level of auence that was enjoyed by the local population, a level of prosperity that is
further supported by the quality of the other categories of objects that came from the tombs. Furthermore,
the special alloys employed for certain types of objects reveal the sophisticated technical knowledge of the
metal workshop that was employed by the inhabitants of Petras in the Early and Middle Bronze Age.