Gordon Institute of Business Science

This paper uses UNCTAD data to relate the destination of FDI from developing countries to their capability development. It expands the Investment Development Path (IDP) and the flying geese model to include the destination of outward FDI. Investments from developing into developed countries are predominantly in low and medium research-intensive (often considered 'sunset') industries where investors have established strengths in their home base. Developing countries play an active role in knowledge-intensive services in especially the developing world. Even though the developing-country knowledge-intensive firms are not global leaders, their intra-regional FDI enables capability development in emerging industries.

This study addresses the fragmentation in the technology management field by identifying and organising the routines used by managers of technology. In a multi-method, iterative qualitative study done jointly between academics and technology managers from a number of large industrial firms, 27 technology management routines were identified. These 27 routines were organised into a framework consisting of four categories: producing scientific and technological knowledge, transforming knowledge into working artefacts, linking artefacts with user requirements, and providing organisational support. This framework provides an organising scheme to make sense of technology management routines. In addition, because managers of technology actively participated in developing the routines, the study contributes by identifying routines practitioners regard as particularly important. Both research and practical implications are derived from the framework.

This paper investigates the effect of within-country and across-country inequalities on firms' FDI performance, and finds drivers of success in an advanced host economy (the USA) differ for firms from developed compared to developing countries. Returns to FDI for firms from developed countries are significantly correlated with home countries' level of economic development. In contrast, successful developing-country firms are from countries with lower within-country inequality, and reflect the industrial structure associated with developing countries: They are concentrated in scale-intensive industries and benefit especially from capital investment. The findings suggest that FDI reflects rather than disrupts unevenness in knowledge bases globally.

The diaspora is often credited with helping its homeland, especially when the country is less developed. Yet diasporans are also known to have complex feelings about the homeland. In a study of the South African diaspora, we find that positive affect about both the homeland and the migration experience is positively correlated with the willingness of diasporans to share knowledge with the homeland. But for negative affect there are inflection points, and different intensities of feelings such as guilt and a sense of loss have differing effects. Our findings suggest that an ongoing, beneficial engagement by a diaspora cannot be assumed. Given how individuals are increasingly shaping crossborder economic activity, our findings also suggest that international business research needs to pay greater attention to individuals and individual-level variables such as emotions.

Knowledge is a central concept in current management thinking, but it is a term that risks meaning everything to everybody, and thus nothing at all. Foss rightly bemoans the proliferation of vague knowledge-related concepts that are often defined in terms of other, equally poorly defined concepts. Theoretically there is a cluster of concepts that all relate to the knowledgebased view of the firm, without it always being clear how different terms are to be operationalised or to relate to one another: routines (Feldman and

Do world-leading researchers from developing countries contribute to upgrading locally, or do they disengage from the local context? The paper investigates the scientific collaborations of university-based science and technology researchers in the database of the South African National Research Foundation (NRF), and analyses the co-authorships of researchers who were ranked by the NRF during the 2001–2007 period. To establish the extent to which a researcher can access knowledge outside the South African academic science and technology research community, and share it inside that community, we develop a measure of ‘gatekeeping’. The evidence suggests that there is not a local/global trade-off in knowledge creation in academia in the developing world, and that the world-leading researchers in developing countries may play an especially important role as conduits of new knowledge in their country.

Knowledge is a central concept in current management thinking, but it is a term that risks meaning everything to everybody, and thus nothing at all. Foss rightly bemoans the proliferation of vague knowledge-related concepts that are often defined in terms of other, equally poorly defined concepts. Theoretically there is a cluster of concepts that all relate to the knowledgebased view of the firm, without it always being clear how different terms are to be operationalised or to relate to one another: routines (Feldman and

This paper grew out of a keynote I delivered at the Academy of International Business Africa chapter meeting in Ghana, 2019, and was further honed in the review process. I share how emotionally challenging I sometimes find it to be a scholar of Africa, and some insights I have gained over time about meeting that challenge. Our work is strengthened when we honestly document what we find, using both scientific principles and global scholarship to guide us. But our scholarship can also enrich research globally in three ways: Insights we gain from our extreme conditions, our greater opportunities to study some phenomena, e.g. faith in business, and finally because Africans sometimes simply see things differently, e.g. African understandings of how the workplace relates to personal circumstances. I offer examples of how we can deal with the data challenges in Africa. We need to explain more carefully our setting to help readers from other contexts understand ours. We do not always recognize or play to our data strengths, and sometimes need to innovate evidence. I conclude by reiterating the need to combine an honest documentation of what we see from our African vantage point with a deep knowledge of current global scholarship.

I DECLARATION III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IV LIST OF FIGURES VIII LIST OF TABLES IX CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 BACKGROUND 1 1.1.1 THE SUPPLY SPECTRUM 2 1.1.2 THE DEMAND SPECTRUM 2 1.2 RELEVANCE OF THE PROBLEM 3 1.2.1 ROLE OF GLOBALISATION 3 1.3 RESEARCH PROBLEM 4 1.4 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY 4 1.5 LIMITATIONS AND DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY 6 1.6 OUTLINE OF THE STUDY 6 1.6.1 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 6 1.6.2 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH PROPOSITIONS 7 1.6.3 CHAPTER 4: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 7 1.6.4 CHAPTER 5: RESULTS 7 1.6.5 CHAPTER 6: DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 7 1.6.6 CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION & LIMITATIONS 7 1.7 CONCLUSION 8 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 9 2.

A calibration procedure for accurately determining the pose and internal parameters of several cameras is described. Multiple simultaneously-captured sets of images of a calibration object in different poses are used by the calibration procedure. Coded target patterns, which serve as control points, are distributed over the surface of the calibration object. The observed positions of these targets within the images can be automatically determined by means of code band patterns. The positions of the targets across the multiple images are then used to infer the camera parameters, as well as the 3D geometrical structure of the targets on the calibration object (thus avoiding the expense of a calibration object with accurately known 3D structure). Results for a three-camera system show RMS (root-mean-square) deviations of less than five microns of the inferred positions of 54 control points, distributed on the surface of a 50 mm cube, from their expected positions on a flat surface. The RMS difference between the positions of 1423 observed control points and the positions predicted by a 330 parameter model of the camera system and calibration object was 0.09 pixels. cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/user/rgw/www/TsaiCode.html) and Jean-Yves Bouguet's MATLAB implementation based on Zhang's algorithms [11] (see http://www.vision.caltech.edu/bouguetj/ calib_doc/index.html) are both popular. Bouguet's implementation has also been ported to C and incorporated into the Intel's OpenCV library (see http://sourceforge.net/projects/opencvlibrary/).