Ethical leadership is a pragmatic concept that needs to be explored extensively in today's work p... more Ethical leadership is a pragmatic concept that needs to be explored extensively in today's work place. Ethical leaders show moral behavior and try to build an ethical and trusted environment in the organizations. This study was planned to determine the relationship between the ethical leadership of heads as perceived by the teachers in universities of the Punjab, trust, and moral competency of the teachers. Specifically, trust as a mediator was examined to know its effect on the association of perceived ethical leadership of heads with employees' moral competence. The sample of this study was five public sector universities of Punjab. Data were collected from 230 teachers through a questionnaire from different departments of social sciences and sciences faculties. Pearson correlation was applied to find out the relationship among variables, and Process MACRO was used to measure the mediating effect of trust in the relationship between the variables. Results revealed that leaders' ethical behavior was positively related to teachers' trust but not to their moral competence. Ethical leadership of heads was significantly associated with employees' moral competence when mediated by their trust in heads. It was suggested that leaders should articulate a clear vision, explain how to reach it and express trust and confidence in their followers, emphasizing values, especially fairness and justice, to make themselves trustworthy.
This study intends to analyze the effects of problem-based learning on students' attitude towards... more This study intends to analyze the effects of problem-based learning on students' attitude towards learning, critical thinking skills and achievement of 10 th grade students in chemistry. In this experimental study the students of two intact groups of Govt. high school 79 SB Sargodha, were selected as experimental (N=35) and control group (N=28). The students of both the groups were arranged with respect to their pre-test scores into three subgroups; low, average and high achievers. This experiment was conducted for the period of two months using pre-test post-test control group design with non-equivalent groups. The tools developed for measuring the dependent variables were; "Problem Solving Ability Test in Chemistry" (PSATC) and "Achievement Test in Chemistry" (ATC), and "Attitude towards Learning Scale". On the basis of results, it was concluded that the students who received treatment, performed better than the students of control group in problem solving ability tests and in the achievement test and were better in their critical thinking skills (understanding, analyzing, evaluation and synthesis). Comparison within the experimental group reflected that the performance of high and average achiever students was same, but better than the low achievers in problem solving ability tests and achievement test.
Leadership as a practice involves moral and ethical elements needed to run an organization justly... more Leadership as a practice involves moral and ethical elements needed to run an organization justly and effectively. Empowered teachers who possess a strong morality can change the fabric of Higher education institutions. This study was designed to examine the mediating role of psychological empowerment in the relationship between ethical leadership of department heads (as perceived by university teachers) and teachers’ moral competence. It also strived to investigate gender differences in the relationship between ethical leadership of department heads and teachers’ moral competence and empowerment. An adopted questionnaire was used for data collection. The sample consisted of 265 teachers from five public sector universities in Punjab, Pakistan. Gender differences were explored through t-test. Pearson’s moment correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between ethical leadership of department heads and teachers’ moral competence. Structure Equation Modeling (SEM) ...
Work from home has become a new normal in this global pandemic situation. Exploration of work lif... more Work from home has become a new normal in this global pandemic situation. Exploration of work life balance in this new context has become imperative to deal this critical situation. This study intends to explore work life balance (WLB), family and work conflicts, work and family demands, satisfaction and challenges related with work from home and assessing their interrelationships and effects. It also measures the group differences based on demographic variables and the mediation effect of work family conflicts, and challenges of work from home in the relationship between WLB and satisfaction with work from home. The sample of the study was university teachers teaching from home to undergraduate and postgraduate classes during COVID-19. Data was collected using a self-developed questionnaire, administered online. Results suggest that majority of the respondents were balancing their lives with work from home and were satisfied with it but were facing work and family demands and conflicts while dealing family and work at a time under the same roof. The results revealed significant positive correlation between WLB and satisfaction with work from home, and negative association of, family and work conflict and demands and challenges of work from home with teachers' satisfaction and WLB. Females, single and young teachers, with more work load were facing more work demands while staying at home as compared to males, married and senior teachers with less workload. The results indicated that the work family conflict and challenges of work from home had significant effect on satisfaction of university teachers' work from home and were partially mediating the association between worklife balance and satisfaction with work from home. It was suggested that employees should make arrangements such as domestic help and rational distribution of time for both the roles to be more effective while working from home.
Plagiarism is responsible for decline in academic integrity among scholars at higher education le... more Plagiarism is responsible for decline in academic integrity among scholars at higher education level that also hinders their genuine learning and development. This study intended to explore university students’ perceptions about prevalence and causes of plagiarism practices in academic work. It also attempted to explore measures for reducing the academic dishonesty as suggested by university faculty. A sample of 200 post graduate students and 40 teachers from the social sciences departments of two universities was selected conveniently. A Likert-type scale was adopted for data collection. The findings indicated that students were involved in stealing the ideas of others and using unpublished material from the internet without acknowledgment. The main causes as indicated by students included; lack of interest, poor academic skills, no obvious penalties, the fear of failure, busy schedules, easy access to internet sources, and the stress of meeting deadlines. The faculty emphasized to...
Instructional leaders are effective principals and these leaders can lead their team towards achi... more Instructional leaders are effective principals and these leaders can lead their team towards achievement of assigned targets. Instructional leadership is directly linked to supporting and helping student learning and classroom teaching. This study intends to evaluate how principals’ instructional leadership behavior make a difference in the instructional process of public secondary school, as perceived by a sample of 185 teachers of Sargodha district. A questionnaire called PIMRS (Hallinger, 1982) was adopted for collection of data. Data analysis made it clear that teachers rated their heads high on all sub scales of instructional leadership and also identified some ignored dimensions in this regard. The results revealed significant gender differences in the perception of teachers about heads’ instructional supervision, their being highly visible, encouraging teachers to develop professionally, and the heads efforts in providing incentives to students for their effective learning an...
The closure of educational institutions due to COVID-19 has forced universities to shift from in-... more The closure of educational institutions due to COVID-19 has forced universities to shift from in-class to online education. We aim to address an aspect of this shift that remains widely unacknowledged, namely, the gender inequalities associated with the struggle to manage two separate domains (home and work) under the same roof. Using cross sectional data gathered through an online survey from various universities and degree awarding institutions, we explore the question of how working from home during the covid-19 pandemic has shifted (or not shifted) the work-life balance of male and female university teachers. Our research shows that work from home during covid-19 has some negative repercussions for the work life balance of female university teachers. Females are facing difficulty in maintaining a healthy work life balance. They reported more work family conflicts; more family demands and challenges; and less satisfaction while working from home as compared to male university tea...
Journal of College Teaching & Learning (TLC), 2010
The present study examines anxiety in English undergraduate classes with regard to the type of si... more The present study examines anxiety in English undergraduate classes with regard to the type of situations that provoke anxiety during different stages of the learning process and the relationship of anxiety with learners’ achievement. Participants of the study include 149 undergraduates enrolled in second and sixth semester of different departments of University of Sargodha who are learning English as a foreign language. The questionnaire used in this study is the abbreviated form of Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (FLCAS). An inventory is also used to determine different situations that provoke anxiety. Finally, students’ GPA in English classes is taken to find its relationship with language anxiety. The results show that language anxiety and achievement are negatively related to each other. It is also found that female students are lessanxious in learning English as a foreign language than male students. ‘Speaking in front of others’ is rated as the biggest cause of anxie...
This study examined the achievement and its relationship with achievement motivation and self con... more This study examined the achievement and its relationship with achievement motivation and self concept. The subjects consisted of 336 students (146 males and 172 females) from four public and four private schools of the Sargodha district at the secondary level. Intact groups of all eight schools enrolled in 9th grade were involved in the study. An Urdu translated version of ‘Academic Self-Description Questionnaire II ’ (Marsh, 1990) and ‘General Achievement Goal Orientation Scale ’ (McInerney, 1997) was used. The results revealed that achievement motivation and self concept are significantly related to academic achievement. Significant gender differences were discovered which were in favor of girls. It was suggested that teachers must use motivational strategies to involve students in academic activities for improving their grades.
This study intended to explore the attitude differences in university students wearing veil vs. t... more This study intended to explore the attitude differences in university students wearing veil vs. those not wearing it and their cause of inspiration for veiling/not veiling in universities. Interviews were conducted in three universities of the Punjab, Pakistan, from sixty students, twenty from each university, ten wearing veil and ten not wearing veil. Data revealed very interesting patterns of attitude, of which most striking was strong attitude of veiled ones against the unveiled. Unveiled students were very careful in their comments but certainly were not in favor of adopting it. It was found out that personal preferences, religious obligation, family pressure and social value were the main causes of wearing veil. It was suggested that the phenomena of veiling needs to be understood more deeply in different educational contexts to know its implications for teaching and learning.
This article is based on a quantitative research to examine the leadership behaviour of degree co... more This article is based on a quantitative research to examine the leadership behaviour of degree college principals, selected personal and organizational characteristics, acceptance of leadership, faculty job satisfaction and job expectancies. Leadership style was defined in four dimensions -directive, supportive, participative, and achievementoriented. The measuring instrument comprised 120 items and was administered to the randomly selected sample of 854 lecturers and 138 principals. Twenty-six hypotheses were tested in educational setting. MANCOVA and ANCOVA were used to discover the moderating affect of situational variables on the relationship of leadership style and subordinates' outcomes, controlling the effect of role ambiguity and stress of the principals. The moderators tested in three-way interactions included need for autonomy, need for achievement, perception about ability, locus of control, task structure and stress. Findings indicated that the support for House&apo...
Emotional intelligence is an accumulation of many emotional intelligence competencies and these c... more Emotional intelligence is an accumulation of many emotional intelligence competencies and these competencies are generally found in people with different variations. Emotionally strong teachers impact teaching learning process in schools positively. The present study was conducted to find out the effects of emotional intelligence (EI) competencies of teachers on student-teacher relationship and student’s motivation at elementary level. Twenty five competencies of teachers were explored under five major domains i.e. emotional self-awareness, motivation, self-regulation, social-skills and social-awareness. Goleman’s Emotional Competence Inventory (Boyatzis & Goleman, 2002) was used as a tool for data collection. Two questionnaires were developed by the researchers after review of related literature for measuring the student’s motivation and student-teacher relationship. For assuring the reliability of instrument, Cronbach alpha reliability coefficient was calculated, which ranged from...
This article is based on a quantitative research to examine the leadership behaviour of degree co... more This article is based on a quantitative research to examine the leadership behaviour of degree college principals, selected personal and organizational characteristics, acceptance of leadership, faculty job satisfaction and job expectancies. Leadership style was defined in four dimensions – directive, supportive, participative, and achievement-oriented. The measuring instrument comprised 120 items and was administered to the randomly selected sample of 854 lecturers and 138 principals. Twenty-six hypotheses were tested in educational setting. MANCOVA and ANCOVA were used to discover the moderating affect of situational variables on the relationship of leadership style and subordinates’ outcomes, controlling the effect of role ambiguity and stress of the principals. The moderators tested in three-way interactions included need for autonomy, need for achievement, perception about ability, locus of control, task structure and stress. Findings indicated that the support for House’s path...
IntroductionLeadership is a universal phenomenon which is even observed in many species of animal... more IntroductionLeadership is a universal phenomenon which is even observed in many species of animals, such as matriarchal elephants and patriarchal gorillas (Bass, 2008). The literature mainly focus that leadership is a process in which leader and subordinates make changes to achieve organizational goals. There are several different theoretical bases for leadership. There are three major classifications of leadership theories which include trait, behavioral, contingency. One of the older theories is trait theory or great person theory which implied that some individuals have inborn qualities which makes them leader (Luthans, 2011). Behavioral theories try to explain styles of successful leaders which they used to make their organization successful or to identify the nature of their job. Contingency theories of leadership emphasize the importance of situational factors, external environment and the characteristics of followers. Path-goal theory is one of these contingency theories whic...
This study intended to explore the attitude differences in university students wearing veil vs. t... more This study intended to explore the attitude differences in university students wearing veil vs. those not wearing it and their cause of inspiration for veiling/not veiling in universities. Interviews were conducted in three universities of the Punjab, Pakistan, from sixty students, twenty from each university, ten wearing veil and ten not wearing veil. Data revealed very interesting patterns of attitude, of which most striking was strong attitude of veiled ones against the unveiled. Unveiled students were very careful in their comments but certainly were not in favor of adopting it. It was found out that personal preferences, religious obligation, family pressure and social value were the main causes of wearing veil. It was suggested that the phenomena of veiling needs to be understood more deeply in different educational contexts to know its implications for teaching and learning.
This study was designed to test the path-goal theory of leadership in an educational setting. It ... more This study was designed to test the path-goal theory of leadership in an educational setting. It investigated the relationship among leadership behavior of degree college principals, and faculty job satisfaction, acceptance of leader and job expectancies moderated by locus of control. The questionnaire comprised of a combination of instruments measuring directive and participative leadership styles, locus of control and all three subordinate outcomes along with two scales for measuring role ambiguity and stress of the principals for controlling their affects. Responses were received from 445 lecturers and 138 principals of respective colleges. MANCOVA was used to know the moderating affect of locus of control on the relationship of leadership style and subordinates’ outcomes controlling the effect of role ambiguity and stress of the principals. Findings indicated that the locus of control differentially affected subordinate outcomes relationships with directive and participative lea...
Ethical leadership is a pragmatic concept that needs to be explored extensively in today's work p... more Ethical leadership is a pragmatic concept that needs to be explored extensively in today's work place. Ethical leaders show moral behavior and try to build an ethical and trusted environment in the organizations. This study was planned to determine the relationship between the ethical leadership of heads as perceived by the teachers in universities of the Punjab, trust, and moral competency of the teachers. Specifically, trust as a mediator was examined to know its effect on the association of perceived ethical leadership of heads with employees' moral competence. The sample of this study was five public sector universities of Punjab. Data were collected from 230 teachers through a questionnaire from different departments of social sciences and sciences faculties. Pearson correlation was applied to find out the relationship among variables, and Process MACRO was used to measure the mediating effect of trust in the relationship between the variables. Results revealed that leaders' ethical behavior was positively related to teachers' trust but not to their moral competence. Ethical leadership of heads was significantly associated with employees' moral competence when mediated by their trust in heads. It was suggested that leaders should articulate a clear vision, explain how to reach it and express trust and confidence in their followers, emphasizing values, especially fairness and justice, to make themselves trustworthy.
This study intends to analyze the effects of problem-based learning on students' attitude towards... more This study intends to analyze the effects of problem-based learning on students' attitude towards learning, critical thinking skills and achievement of 10 th grade students in chemistry. In this experimental study the students of two intact groups of Govt. high school 79 SB Sargodha, were selected as experimental (N=35) and control group (N=28). The students of both the groups were arranged with respect to their pre-test scores into three subgroups; low, average and high achievers. This experiment was conducted for the period of two months using pre-test post-test control group design with non-equivalent groups. The tools developed for measuring the dependent variables were; "Problem Solving Ability Test in Chemistry" (PSATC) and "Achievement Test in Chemistry" (ATC), and "Attitude towards Learning Scale". On the basis of results, it was concluded that the students who received treatment, performed better than the students of control group in problem solving ability tests and in the achievement test and were better in their critical thinking skills (understanding, analyzing, evaluation and synthesis). Comparison within the experimental group reflected that the performance of high and average achiever students was same, but better than the low achievers in problem solving ability tests and achievement test.
Leadership as a practice involves moral and ethical elements needed to run an organization justly... more Leadership as a practice involves moral and ethical elements needed to run an organization justly and effectively. Empowered teachers who possess a strong morality can change the fabric of Higher education institutions. This study was designed to examine the mediating role of psychological empowerment in the relationship between ethical leadership of department heads (as perceived by university teachers) and teachers’ moral competence. It also strived to investigate gender differences in the relationship between ethical leadership of department heads and teachers’ moral competence and empowerment. An adopted questionnaire was used for data collection. The sample consisted of 265 teachers from five public sector universities in Punjab, Pakistan. Gender differences were explored through t-test. Pearson’s moment correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between ethical leadership of department heads and teachers’ moral competence. Structure Equation Modeling (SEM) ...
Work from home has become a new normal in this global pandemic situation. Exploration of work lif... more Work from home has become a new normal in this global pandemic situation. Exploration of work life balance in this new context has become imperative to deal this critical situation. This study intends to explore work life balance (WLB), family and work conflicts, work and family demands, satisfaction and challenges related with work from home and assessing their interrelationships and effects. It also measures the group differences based on demographic variables and the mediation effect of work family conflicts, and challenges of work from home in the relationship between WLB and satisfaction with work from home. The sample of the study was university teachers teaching from home to undergraduate and postgraduate classes during COVID-19. Data was collected using a self-developed questionnaire, administered online. Results suggest that majority of the respondents were balancing their lives with work from home and were satisfied with it but were facing work and family demands and conflicts while dealing family and work at a time under the same roof. The results revealed significant positive correlation between WLB and satisfaction with work from home, and negative association of, family and work conflict and demands and challenges of work from home with teachers' satisfaction and WLB. Females, single and young teachers, with more work load were facing more work demands while staying at home as compared to males, married and senior teachers with less workload. The results indicated that the work family conflict and challenges of work from home had significant effect on satisfaction of university teachers' work from home and were partially mediating the association between worklife balance and satisfaction with work from home. It was suggested that employees should make arrangements such as domestic help and rational distribution of time for both the roles to be more effective while working from home.
Plagiarism is responsible for decline in academic integrity among scholars at higher education le... more Plagiarism is responsible for decline in academic integrity among scholars at higher education level that also hinders their genuine learning and development. This study intended to explore university students’ perceptions about prevalence and causes of plagiarism practices in academic work. It also attempted to explore measures for reducing the academic dishonesty as suggested by university faculty. A sample of 200 post graduate students and 40 teachers from the social sciences departments of two universities was selected conveniently. A Likert-type scale was adopted for data collection. The findings indicated that students were involved in stealing the ideas of others and using unpublished material from the internet without acknowledgment. The main causes as indicated by students included; lack of interest, poor academic skills, no obvious penalties, the fear of failure, busy schedules, easy access to internet sources, and the stress of meeting deadlines. The faculty emphasized to...
Instructional leaders are effective principals and these leaders can lead their team towards achi... more Instructional leaders are effective principals and these leaders can lead their team towards achievement of assigned targets. Instructional leadership is directly linked to supporting and helping student learning and classroom teaching. This study intends to evaluate how principals’ instructional leadership behavior make a difference in the instructional process of public secondary school, as perceived by a sample of 185 teachers of Sargodha district. A questionnaire called PIMRS (Hallinger, 1982) was adopted for collection of data. Data analysis made it clear that teachers rated their heads high on all sub scales of instructional leadership and also identified some ignored dimensions in this regard. The results revealed significant gender differences in the perception of teachers about heads’ instructional supervision, their being highly visible, encouraging teachers to develop professionally, and the heads efforts in providing incentives to students for their effective learning an...
The closure of educational institutions due to COVID-19 has forced universities to shift from in-... more The closure of educational institutions due to COVID-19 has forced universities to shift from in-class to online education. We aim to address an aspect of this shift that remains widely unacknowledged, namely, the gender inequalities associated with the struggle to manage two separate domains (home and work) under the same roof. Using cross sectional data gathered through an online survey from various universities and degree awarding institutions, we explore the question of how working from home during the covid-19 pandemic has shifted (or not shifted) the work-life balance of male and female university teachers. Our research shows that work from home during covid-19 has some negative repercussions for the work life balance of female university teachers. Females are facing difficulty in maintaining a healthy work life balance. They reported more work family conflicts; more family demands and challenges; and less satisfaction while working from home as compared to male university tea...
Journal of College Teaching & Learning (TLC), 2010
The present study examines anxiety in English undergraduate classes with regard to the type of si... more The present study examines anxiety in English undergraduate classes with regard to the type of situations that provoke anxiety during different stages of the learning process and the relationship of anxiety with learners’ achievement. Participants of the study include 149 undergraduates enrolled in second and sixth semester of different departments of University of Sargodha who are learning English as a foreign language. The questionnaire used in this study is the abbreviated form of Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (FLCAS). An inventory is also used to determine different situations that provoke anxiety. Finally, students’ GPA in English classes is taken to find its relationship with language anxiety. The results show that language anxiety and achievement are negatively related to each other. It is also found that female students are lessanxious in learning English as a foreign language than male students. ‘Speaking in front of others’ is rated as the biggest cause of anxie...
This study examined the achievement and its relationship with achievement motivation and self con... more This study examined the achievement and its relationship with achievement motivation and self concept. The subjects consisted of 336 students (146 males and 172 females) from four public and four private schools of the Sargodha district at the secondary level. Intact groups of all eight schools enrolled in 9th grade were involved in the study. An Urdu translated version of ‘Academic Self-Description Questionnaire II ’ (Marsh, 1990) and ‘General Achievement Goal Orientation Scale ’ (McInerney, 1997) was used. The results revealed that achievement motivation and self concept are significantly related to academic achievement. Significant gender differences were discovered which were in favor of girls. It was suggested that teachers must use motivational strategies to involve students in academic activities for improving their grades.
This study intended to explore the attitude differences in university students wearing veil vs. t... more This study intended to explore the attitude differences in university students wearing veil vs. those not wearing it and their cause of inspiration for veiling/not veiling in universities. Interviews were conducted in three universities of the Punjab, Pakistan, from sixty students, twenty from each university, ten wearing veil and ten not wearing veil. Data revealed very interesting patterns of attitude, of which most striking was strong attitude of veiled ones against the unveiled. Unveiled students were very careful in their comments but certainly were not in favor of adopting it. It was found out that personal preferences, religious obligation, family pressure and social value were the main causes of wearing veil. It was suggested that the phenomena of veiling needs to be understood more deeply in different educational contexts to know its implications for teaching and learning.
This article is based on a quantitative research to examine the leadership behaviour of degree co... more This article is based on a quantitative research to examine the leadership behaviour of degree college principals, selected personal and organizational characteristics, acceptance of leadership, faculty job satisfaction and job expectancies. Leadership style was defined in four dimensions -directive, supportive, participative, and achievementoriented. The measuring instrument comprised 120 items and was administered to the randomly selected sample of 854 lecturers and 138 principals. Twenty-six hypotheses were tested in educational setting. MANCOVA and ANCOVA were used to discover the moderating affect of situational variables on the relationship of leadership style and subordinates' outcomes, controlling the effect of role ambiguity and stress of the principals. The moderators tested in three-way interactions included need for autonomy, need for achievement, perception about ability, locus of control, task structure and stress. Findings indicated that the support for House&apo...
Emotional intelligence is an accumulation of many emotional intelligence competencies and these c... more Emotional intelligence is an accumulation of many emotional intelligence competencies and these competencies are generally found in people with different variations. Emotionally strong teachers impact teaching learning process in schools positively. The present study was conducted to find out the effects of emotional intelligence (EI) competencies of teachers on student-teacher relationship and student’s motivation at elementary level. Twenty five competencies of teachers were explored under five major domains i.e. emotional self-awareness, motivation, self-regulation, social-skills and social-awareness. Goleman’s Emotional Competence Inventory (Boyatzis & Goleman, 2002) was used as a tool for data collection. Two questionnaires were developed by the researchers after review of related literature for measuring the student’s motivation and student-teacher relationship. For assuring the reliability of instrument, Cronbach alpha reliability coefficient was calculated, which ranged from...
This article is based on a quantitative research to examine the leadership behaviour of degree co... more This article is based on a quantitative research to examine the leadership behaviour of degree college principals, selected personal and organizational characteristics, acceptance of leadership, faculty job satisfaction and job expectancies. Leadership style was defined in four dimensions – directive, supportive, participative, and achievement-oriented. The measuring instrument comprised 120 items and was administered to the randomly selected sample of 854 lecturers and 138 principals. Twenty-six hypotheses were tested in educational setting. MANCOVA and ANCOVA were used to discover the moderating affect of situational variables on the relationship of leadership style and subordinates’ outcomes, controlling the effect of role ambiguity and stress of the principals. The moderators tested in three-way interactions included need for autonomy, need for achievement, perception about ability, locus of control, task structure and stress. Findings indicated that the support for House’s path...
IntroductionLeadership is a universal phenomenon which is even observed in many species of animal... more IntroductionLeadership is a universal phenomenon which is even observed in many species of animals, such as matriarchal elephants and patriarchal gorillas (Bass, 2008). The literature mainly focus that leadership is a process in which leader and subordinates make changes to achieve organizational goals. There are several different theoretical bases for leadership. There are three major classifications of leadership theories which include trait, behavioral, contingency. One of the older theories is trait theory or great person theory which implied that some individuals have inborn qualities which makes them leader (Luthans, 2011). Behavioral theories try to explain styles of successful leaders which they used to make their organization successful or to identify the nature of their job. Contingency theories of leadership emphasize the importance of situational factors, external environment and the characteristics of followers. Path-goal theory is one of these contingency theories whic...
This study intended to explore the attitude differences in university students wearing veil vs. t... more This study intended to explore the attitude differences in university students wearing veil vs. those not wearing it and their cause of inspiration for veiling/not veiling in universities. Interviews were conducted in three universities of the Punjab, Pakistan, from sixty students, twenty from each university, ten wearing veil and ten not wearing veil. Data revealed very interesting patterns of attitude, of which most striking was strong attitude of veiled ones against the unveiled. Unveiled students were very careful in their comments but certainly were not in favor of adopting it. It was found out that personal preferences, religious obligation, family pressure and social value were the main causes of wearing veil. It was suggested that the phenomena of veiling needs to be understood more deeply in different educational contexts to know its implications for teaching and learning.
This study was designed to test the path-goal theory of leadership in an educational setting. It ... more This study was designed to test the path-goal theory of leadership in an educational setting. It investigated the relationship among leadership behavior of degree college principals, and faculty job satisfaction, acceptance of leader and job expectancies moderated by locus of control. The questionnaire comprised of a combination of instruments measuring directive and participative leadership styles, locus of control and all three subordinate outcomes along with two scales for measuring role ambiguity and stress of the principals for controlling their affects. Responses were received from 445 lecturers and 138 principals of respective colleges. MANCOVA was used to know the moderating affect of locus of control on the relationship of leadership style and subordinates’ outcomes controlling the effect of role ambiguity and stress of the principals. Findings indicated that the locus of control differentially affected subordinate outcomes relationships with directive and participative lea...
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