English

Resumen: Este texto analiza la técnica literaria de la ruptura de la cuarta pared en la narrativa desde una perspectiva literaria, para sugerir un incremento en su producción en los últimos años. Asímismo, se exponen las principales influencias de esta técnica y las principales conclusiones que se pueden extraer de dicho análisis. Para ello, el artículo desgrana una serie de trabajos narrativos multiplataforma, incluyendo libros, comics, películas y videojuegos en su análisis. Con ello, se pretende resaltar la importancia de las narrativas sobre el soporte textual, e intuye una perspectiva sociocultural que impone la lectura sobre la autoría. Por último, el artículo presenta un examen comparado del uso de esta técnica en narrativas anglosajonas y de habla hispana. Abstract: The text evaluates the use of the literary technique of breaking the fourth wall in narrative, arguing for an increase of its use throughout the last few years. Moreover, its main influences are stated, as well as the primary conclusions that can be extracted from such analysis. To do so, the text delves into a series of multi platform narrative works, including books, comics, movies and video games. In so doing, the article remarks the importance of narratives over its textual support, and hints a sociocultural perspective that imposes reading over authorship. Finally, the article presents a comparative examination of this technique in both Anglo-Saxon and Spanish narratives.

Resumen: Colin B Harvey, escritor y académico explora en este texto las diferentes maneras en las que la ciencia ficción y la fantasía, producciones culturales masivas en estos últimos 15 años, aplican técnicas que traspasan las barreras de un formato físico hacia otro, creando una transmedialidad, para así fabricar mundos imaginarios más complejos y que involucran más a la gente que participa en tal experiencia. Analizando textos de franquicias importantes, como Star Wars, Halo, o el Universo Cinemático Marvel y de proyectos de perfil económico bajo, Harvey estudia las distintas maneras en las que los Storyworlds o mundos narrados utilizan soportes tales como libros, películas, cómics, series de televisión, videojuegos, juguetes y fanfiction (contenido hecho por el colectivo de fans) para mejorar y magnificar la experiencia de la audiencia. Mediante un gran número de ejemplos, Harvey identifica las nociones de historia, juego y memoria como los mecanismos clave a través de los cuales las franquicias desarrollan, difunden y vinculan emocionalmente a la audiencia. Summary: Colin B Harvey, writer and academic, explores in this text the different ways in which science-fiction and fantasy, massively produced within the last 15 years, apply techniques that trespass the barriers of any physical format towards another, creating transmedial storytelling, in order to create more complex imaginary worlds and that engage with the audience that participates in that experience. Analyzing texts from important franchises, such as Star Wars, Halo, or the Marvel Cinematic Universe, as well as productions from a lower economic profile, Harvey studies the different ways in which Storyworlds use physical materials like books, movies, comicbooks, television shows, video-games, toys and fan-fiction (user-generated content) in order to improve the audience's experience. Analyzing several examples, Harvey identifies the notions of story, play, and memory as the key mechanisms throughout which franchises develop, spread and emotionally link the audience to the product. In Fantastic Transmedia: Narrative, Play and Memory across Science Fiction and Fantasy Storyworlds, Colin B. Harvey introduces the topic of transmedial narratives, a rising sort of narrative in the early 21 st century according to the author, in order to unify prior investigations that were done before 2015 and that, in the words of

Quizá sea extraño pensar que un autor como J. R. R. Tolkien despreciara públicamente el trabajo de Shakespeare. El escritor de El Señor de los Anillos afirmaba que se le estaba dando demasiada importancia a dicho autor, y abogaba por una diferenciación entre drama y literatura. Sin embargo Tolkien nunca cuestionó la calidad de obras como Macbeth; su crítica iba más dirigida al género que a las fuentes de las que WS bebía. Hacer aquello habría sido un arma de doble filo, ya que él mismo se nutría de esas raíces.

The social value of women during the Renaissance limited their intellectual interests to marriage and obedience to their partner. When a woman did not follow this pattern, she was considered a spinster. Women who showed intellectual inclinations in any way usually remained unmarried and part of a social group considered threating to society. In many cases they were accused of witchcraft and of being demon worshipers. This article deals with the Biblical figure of Eve, a woman created perfect, in similarity to the creator, but who does not follow the social norm, thus being the cause of what is known as the human Fall from divine Grace. In particular, I look at John Milton's Paradise Lost where Eve stands as an allegorical figure that represents all women.

En este artículo se estudiará la noción de poelítica en poemas y canciones del marco cronotópico de la región Este-Nordeste de la península ibérica del siglo XXI, tanto en valenciano como en castellano, para sugerir que esta prominencia de producciones poelíticas en esta zona se presenta con unas claves comunes que permiten una definición abierta que permita a la entidad lectora o a la audiencia identificarlo como tal, entre ellas la presencia de una dimensión pública del acto poelítico. En definitiva, la poelítica como noción teórica habilita el estudio de obras contemporáneas de este cronotopo que no han recibido la atención crítica requerida para su análisis. Para la producción de este artículo, por tanto, primero se presentará una propuesta sobre lo que se puede sintetizar de las múltiples corrientes clasificatorias de la poelítica puestas a debate, para después situarlas cronotópicamente mediante el análisis de obras que aquí se han considerado poelíticas. Así, se pretende situ...

Virginia Woolf is held to be one of the great feminist writers of modern times. In To the Lighthouse, we find Woolf's presentation of a family which is at war with itself, while surrounded by war in the world. In this paper, I would attempt a psychoanalytic reading of the text, based on Freud's views. The paper would focus on the relationship between Mr Ramsey and his son, James, from the perspective of the Oedipus Complex. James would also be looked at separately to bring out his character from Freudian theory of the stages of the development of the boy from boyhood to adulthood. The lighthouse would be taken as a symbol, and be interpreted psychoanalytically. The war and its impact on the family would be looked upon to have created certain drives in the characters, and their actions analysed from that point of view. It must be clarified in this proposal that I do not intend to bring in Lacanian treatment of psychoanalysis, but restrict the interpretation only as per Freud.

This paper presents a new aphasia test, one which is easy to administer, and is aimed at the people who have studied English as a Second Language (ESL). The prime aim of the test is to benefit Indians, but people from other non-native Anglo-phone nations would also be able to take the test.Indians learn English as a second language (linguistically speaking). As it is not possible to devise aphasia tests for every language in India (and even if that is done, it does not mean that the therapist/pathologist would be familiar with the language), the best solution is to devise a test where aphasiacs would be tested in English, but as a second language. The following test has been devised to serve the purpose.

This paper proposes to discuss the basic aspects of language formation in the brain – its location, before proceeding to discuss aphasia. The paper draws upon the research carried out at University of Liverpool, where it was shown that reading Shakespeare increases intelligence. This research takes current findings further in the field of Neurolinguistics, by showing how the effects of reading Shakespeare can affect people suffering from various forms of aphasia. The research is based on the findings of the author in classroom context, and the subjects of the research are his students suffering from some form of language disorder. The paper does not only list the findings, but attempts an explanation of why and how reading Shakespeare can be medically beneficial, by revealing some of the basic features of neuroanatomy, certain chemicals which are at work at certain places, and they can affect language, memory and speech production.

This paper draws upon recent researches on language, carried out using various scanning and imaging techniques, like EEG, PET and fMRI. The findings of various researches suggest that parts of the right hemisphere, relative to Broca's area and Wernicke's area in the left hemisphere, are involved in the processing of language in ways that were not previously observed, and argues for a change in the existing labels of some areas of the brain to be more accurate. This paper argues for a removing the exclusivity of " language areas " in the left hemisphere and recognizing the right as essential in language making and processing, and proposes " semantic and lexical comprehension " and " verbal output/production " instead of the commonly held " language comprehension " and " language processing " labels, and bringing prosody and intonation under language areas, too, by using clearer expressions " figurative and prosodic comprehension " (instead of sensory prosody/intonation) and " figurative and prosodic production/utterance " (instead of motor prosody/intonation). The paper also suggests that the word " areas " be changed to " regions " as present researches show that often, regions are involved instead of the watertight areas held as per convention, and using 'Broca's region' and 'Wernicke's region' and in general, 'language regions'.

This is a chapter from my  book 'Macbeth: Critically  Annotated Shakespeare'. Citation should be as follows:
Mallik, Nilanko. 'Shakespeare's Verse Style: A Study of the Gradual Development of Blank Verse, Couplets and Prose.' Macbeth: Critically Annotated Shakespeare. New Delhi: Educreation Publishing, 2016, pgs. 15-24.

This is part of a chapter from my  book 'Macbeth: Critically  Annotated Shakespeare'. Citation should be as follows:
Mallik, Nilanko. 'Role of Witches in Macbeth' in 'Macbeth - Textual Analysis'. Macbeth: Critically Annotated Shakespeare. New Delhi: Educreation Publishing, 2016, pgs. 38-43.

This book is for students who need a comprehensive understanding of the poems which are generally studied in English courses at undergraduate or post-graduate levels. This book features some of the representative poets of the Victorian and Modern times. This does not go to say that the other poets are less important. This selection offers poems which are academically studied, and studying which, the students would gain a comprehensive understanding of the ages which the poems belong to. This book unites scholars of different institutions, most of whom have previously worked with me in bringing out another book, a collection of articles, titled, Through the Literary Glass (Educreation, 2017). Contributors (names appear alphabetically): Aaron Edwards, Ankita Pandey, Anuradha Dosad, Koushik Dey, Pritesh Chakraborty, Shruti Roy Chakraborti, Subrata Ray, Sunayan Mukherjee, Tanusree Roy.
Featured Poets: Tennyson (Ulysses), Browning (The Last Duchess, Porphyria's Lover, The Last Ride Together), Owen (Spring Offensive, Strange Meeting), Yeats (Lake Isle of Innisfree), Eliot (Preludes, The Waste Land)

This book discusses an alternative approach to treatment of aphasia and other speech disorders, using Shakespearean text. The book discusses 4 case studies and lists in detail how various passages, carefully chosen from Shakespeare's plays and sonnets, can help persons suffering from speech disorders. The book also proposes some new terminology for expanding the areas of language in the brain. There is ample material for therapists and speech-language pathologists, who can help those who suffer from speech problems. This work takes forward the ongoing researches which show that reading Shakespeare boosts brain activity.