Architecture

The population problem is not a real development problem have resulted from other causes, it is a problem of fakes created on a voluntary basis by organizations and agencies of the dominant powers to keep developing nations behind, but it can be a population increase a factor of negative impact on the development process, If the production process in society to accommodate the population increase and securing the capabilities of their participation in advancing the development of the front, it is a mistake to look at this increase as a factor leading to increased demand and increase the burden on the resources available, it is worthwhile to look at them as a key factor in increasing the labor force and the production process, the population increase turn out to be a real burden on the development when it is not being utilization of available resources including labor force properly and logical. If stems the importance of development to absorb the surplus of the population and the organization of the population issue through the achievement of the society development, it stems the importance of development to absorb the surplus population and organize the population issue through achievement of society development, success in achieving economic development does not depend on the rich natural resources as much as it depends on the efficiency in motivating people to participate seriously and effectively in the development process.
Erbil province population increased greatly after 2003, the governorate has a lot of natural, industrial, agricultural, human resources and other resources available. This population increase in the province, with the availability of resources requires identifying different patterns of development will help the development of the province through the overlap and integration between the elements of the development and the resources available to achieve the economic, social and environmental welfare for the province.
Research problem: the population is on increased in Erbil province, being the center of attracting local, national and regional; this increase in population determines the spatial development pattern in Erbil province.
Research aim: Population increase rapidly rising in Erbil province let to prejudice and lack of balance spatial development, this requires development planning consistent with population densities and the resources available.
Research hypothesis: population increase achieves the spatial development balanced and unbalanced, which requires prior planning.
Research depends on the inductive analysis approach, through analysis of stages of population increase and study of potential development and access to basic indicators to know effects of population growth on the spatial development patterns.

City expands over time as a result of urban growth has, and work to provide the requirements of the increasing population from housing, infrastructure, and economic and social activities. Expanding cities usually unsustainably and dependent multiple planning alternatives for urban expansion including horizontal expansion and urban sprawl. As a result, these expansions urban depletion of non-renewable natural resources, including land especially farmland, orchards, ecological areas, environmental problems, Significant economic costs, change of social relations, and spacing from each population in city.
Sustainable trends of city are encourage orientation towards the sky with vertical expansion pattern of city, through modern planning trends are vertical cities, high rise building, increased urban intensification for existing urban fabric, and compact cities.
Advantages of these planning trends are optimal exploitation of land, preservation of natural resources, reduce energy demand, and provide a better urban environment for residents.
Research problem: expanding metropolitans are unsustainable and pattern of horizontal expansion and urban sprawl on large land, especially agricultural.
Research goal: knowledge of sustainable planning trends for urban expansion of metropolitans, especially the vertical expansion.
Research hypothesis: vertical expansion achieved sustainability when expansion of cities, especially metropolitans.
Research Methodology: depend on how descriptive analysis of international experiences of modern planning trends in vertical expansion of metropolitans Include high rise sustainable, vertical cities, and compact cities.

Abstruct Previously architecture definition as functional art that is interested in finding shelter as the human fundamental need and over time, the evolution of this concept, becoming a architecture are those embodied the message physically that created civilization, perpetuate the existence and discoursed the community it is the art of making good place to live that extends across time, and this architecture be one of its aspects, "making culture" or it is that product, which includes dimensions (physical, social, economic, environmental, technological), also the production of architecture depends on three contemporary strategies are:

The secure energy sources for the transport sector is particularly important, as this sector is the lifeblood city which connects different their parts, and has a role in the economic, social and urban development by achieving live the welfare and prosperity, transportation is one of the main pillars of the national economy and community development. But at the same time is the most fuel-efficient, where recent studies have shown that the transport sector consumption ratio of the total primary energy consumption worldwide will increase by about 61% by 2035 compared to what was being consumed in 2007, it is one of the main energy-consuming sector globally, and that the source sector energy President for this sector is fossil fuels, which is one of the impoverished and polluting energy sources, which lead to the emission of greenhouse gases, which it attributed to global warming.
The research aims to first definition of conventional energy used in transport and their negative effects industry types and then definition energies alternative and environmentally friendly universally used, and then deals with this research is particularly biofuels and how to use it in this sector, and mainly on extracted from bad dates fuels as a source local energy instead of imported primary energy sources as a result provided in abundance in Iraq and the possibility to take advantage of the poor and damaged species.
It reviews the research experience of the city (Almada) that have been used extracted bio-fuel from heavy water and turn it into fuel that can be used in vehicles where this study documents generated in the sewage treatment process biofuel case and highlight its importance in the context of the local strategy for climate change for the municipality of Almada. The main points of this experiment is that the biogas produced from the treatment plant is used in power generation, as electricity covers 40% of the needs of the public utilities of any limits of 550 megawatts per year. But environmentally, it reduces 40% of greenhouse gases and represents 180 tons of (CO2), as well as reducing emissions from natural gas and electricity isolation, this procedure also reduces carbon dioxide amount equivalent emitted from the landfill sludge health landfill, as it is obtained methane

Recently Iraqi cities randomly expanded, there was expansion before but slightly effected on the main design of the city. There are two types of the random expansion, the first known as random axis, the second which is the topic of this search; the non-advance planned random area appears accordingly due to the absence of the monitoring and following up by the specialist governmental entities.
The problems of these areas are basically constructional, social, economic and environmental, thus the solutions for these problems need for considering the humanitarian aspect for these communities due to their bad economic situation, however highly advanced level of planning required dealing with the situation because wrong solution leads for humanitarian and political side effects taking the fact of the population in these areas in millions all over Iraq which might result in demonstrations or violence as reaction to defend on these area like what happen in Egypt, so these area should be treated to achieve the social just through providing services and improve the constructional and economical level considering the humanitarian aspect during developing process.
These areas effect on the plan and the design for the other areas as a resident place basically regarding the approved planning and designing standard in addition to the huge lack of infrastructure and social services provided to the residents at regular cities. Ignoring planning standard from the aspect of using the lands in the area living unit standards dose not matches with the congestion and coverage standards comparing Iraqi housing standards. From constructional aspect, the area is residence blocks separated by straight and even dimension without functional usage a crossing lengths standard. From the designing aspects no clear identity or constructional style and lack of public areas or civilized space or regular transfer from the public space to private space in addition to lack of green space for rest, play and for the children. 
The effect on the neighbor areas represented in over the capacity of infrastructure and social services leading to detach in the planning and designing standards for these services and social issues appear with the neighbor areas and effected by the rural appearances of the random areas.
Eventually the effect of these areas will be on the demands on transportation means and the low capacity of the streets for the increased number of cars besides deformation the main design of the city exceeding over agricultural lands and over specified usage of its main purposes.
Thus the effect is on planning, designing, construction, social, economic and environmental standards.

يتميز العراق بوفرة الموارد الطبيعية وخصوصاً النفط الخام، والذي يعتبر المورد الأكبر للموازنة العراقية بعد ارتفاع أسعار النفط في الأسواق العالمية وزيادة الإنتاج المصدر لخارج العراق، اذ وصلت الى حوالي 774 ترليون دينار عراقي بنسبة 93 % خلال الفترة 2004-2012.
تتميز الموازنة العراقية الاتحادية بان نسبة الموازنة التشغيلية أكبر من الموازنة الاستثمارية لاسباب متعددة، اذ تمثل الموازنة التشغيلة نسبة 68 %، ونسبة 32 % للموازنة الاستثمارية، وبينت ان نسبة تنفيذ الموازنة الاستثمارية بلغت 69 %، وهذا يبين ضعف القدرة والفساد الإداري والمالي في كيفية التصرف بالموازنة وتوزيع الاستثمارات بما يحقق التنمية الاقتصادية والاجتماعية للمجتمع.
وبينت ان التوزيع الاستثماري حسب القطاعات قد بلغت اعلى نسبة للقطاع الصناعي بنسبة حوالي 51 %، وذلك للمحاولة للنهوض بالصناعة العراقية، وهذا لم يتحقق لحد الان ولم تظهر اثارها الاقتصادية على مجمل الدخل الوطني والاسري للعراق.

One of the most important pillars of transportation design is the surrounded urban design. The transport sector in Bahrain needs more efficiency in its performance. It is considered the biggest source of environmental pollution and the deterioration of the local and regional climate of Bahrain, because of traditional transport and traffic plans. The need for adopting the role of governance and decision-making in the Bahraini transport sector and buildings rules sector to develop it according to the new industrial revolution. The research concluded that governance and decision-making should be activated in all sectors; the transport and urban sectors are very important parts of the overall system. The research recommended that the proposed framework be adopted (as the starting point for a new transport system which will be widely affected on the urban design) to be applied in all Bahraini cities.

The classification of land uses in the city is an essential element for the organization and distribution of land uses when it is preparing and updating master plans for cities. The land uses in each country are divided into single, secondary, hierarchical or other classifications according to the planning requirements for land uses in the country. The problem of research is that most land-use classifications in Iraqi cities lack a uniform and convergent classification of land uses which they depend for updating or preparing the master plans, so, the studying and analyzing the classification of land uses for seven Iraqi cities, we note that there is no uniform and convergent classification, and there isn't overlap and complementarity of land uses for the existing and future of land use classification in these cities. The aim of the research is to prepare a proposal for the classification of land uses for Iraqi cities as a reference and guide when the preparation and updating of the master plans for Iraqi cities. One of the most important research conclusions is unclear classification of the land uses in Iraqi cities either primary or secondary classification but there is a different classification of each city according to the existing of land use, and its adoption in whole or near total for future land uses. The research proposed to classify land uses into seven major classifications, including residential, economic, mixed, public services, recreational, infrastructure and other land uses, these major land uses have been classified into 19 secondary classifications and more than 60 land use in detail.

There are two dominant concepts about traditional cities, first, the physical traditional environments reflect the lifestyle form of their individuals and vice versa. that means, in one respect, the urban traditional form explains and supports the unity of the society’s nature which is manifested in social cohesion. Second, those cities with their societies are able to preserve themselves over time, in spite of forces of change. So, the paper is interested in exploring the mutual relationship between the physical built environment and social cohesion in traditional cities as the socio-spatial Phenomenon. Its problem is that some development projects for traditional cities do not care about social cohesion and do not deal with these cities as one of the socio-spatial types. The paper's question is, how can additions and development projects enhance and promote social cohesion in Traditional cities? The hypothesis of the paper is that social cohesion results from seven factors tha...

Urban population growth requires an appropriate and suitable place for future population to cope with the expected urban expansion of major cities in developing countries, and to identify an indicator urban expansion to guide planners, architects and decision makers, and help them reduce negative effects of city expansion with improvement in the ability to live in cities.  The density (population and building), fragmentation (saturation and openness) and compactness (proximity and cohesion) are the most important indicators of urban expansion of cities, which gives a clear perception of how city expands and possibility of adopting the most suitable ones when updating or preparing master lans. Most cities, especially Arab ones, suffer from excessive urban expansion, resulting in various urban problems affecting quality of life, services and city performance, which is the problem of research. This research is aimed at identifying factors influencing urban expansion of cities in develo...

Rapid urbanization in some cities has led to the emergence of numerous subsidiary settlements around their primary cities. Due to this rapid urbanization and growth, there is a great demand for urban land, mostly for commercial, industrial, and residential uses. Urban green spaces and vegetation are at risk due to a large amount of urban land, as seen by a decline in connectivity and increased fragmentation, especially due to land conversion. However, the identification of the spatial and momentary variability in the clustering and fragmentation of vegetation patterns in urban settings has not made full use of local indicators of spatial distribution measurements, such as Baqubah, a city in Iraq. Since it is essential to measure the degree of fragmentation and evaluate urban expansion trajectories consistently, this study proposes a new approach to assessing the anticipated direction of urban extension, using the fragmentation indicator of built-up patterns in urban areas. Sentinel-...

Land use plans in Iraqi cities are traditional and don't seek to be sustainable and therefore could have negative impacts on the city from the environmental, economic, social and urban aspects. Consequently, the research aims to analyze the current and future of the land use for a set of Iraqi cities to reach the indicators of the gap between traditional and sustainable plans when planning for land uses. The research conclusion is that most Iraqi cities are highly urban sprawl, both in reality and in the future expansion of the city. That is because it consumes a lot of agricultural land, cities with low population densities that are unsustainable, and most land uses are unsustainable focusing on reducing the agricultural and green lands in the city and increase residential uses (single type with very low density), and expand the areas of the streets that depend on the automated transportation more than sustainable transportation. The research suggests that sustainable land uses in Iraqi cities should be as follows:  Residential use: vertical housing pattern 30 %, horizontal housing pattern 15 %.  Mixed use 12 %.  Green, open and recreational areas 22 %.  Sustainable transport 13 %.  Public, community and government services 8 %. I.

To enable a sustainable transport system in a city, there are many tools used in transportation planning. The most common tools are used within the so-called Transport Demand Management (TDM) Strategy. Bab Al-Moatham represents the most important center of Baghdad city. It includes a variety of activities with a high population concentration. This research shows the possibility of applying sustainable transport tools in the study area by adopting planning tools for sustainable transport. SWOT analysis has been applied to identify internal and external environment measures of the study area. The main strength point of the study area is the geographical location as an economic, administrative and educational center, while the main weakness points are weak infrastructures and technology for the transport system in general and for the study area in particular, as well as the lack of a strategy for development of the area depending on sustainable transport. The opportunities available ar...

After 2003 (as a result of the absence of state authority and the spread of anarchy and post-war military operations), the urban sprawl has increased significantly in the Baghdad city, after that, terrorist acts and the period of the civil war started (2006-2009), this has exacerbated the problem and led to the emergence of population settlements. Especially The outskirts of Baghdad with a low level of urban, economic, educational, and cultural levels., It caused an increase in the size of the problem, reaching 92% during a study prepared in 2013. Thus, the research problem is determined: The lack of a clear vision of the impact of the civil war in Iraq (2006-2017) on accelerating the urban Sprawl in Baghdad. One of the most important findings of the research is that the rate of growth of Urban Sprawl that started in 1958 has maintained a near-constant rate until 2009, which witnessed an unprecedented acceleration and reached its peak in 2017. The essential research conclusion and r...

The aim of the present work is to choose the most important sustainable urban indicator according to the opinion of local transport specialists, and using it to evaluate the urban transportation system in Baghdad city. To achieve these objectives, make Questionnaire form content 130 indicators were obtained in various environmental, social and economic dimensions. The questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS program; and Likert Scale (fivepoint) is adopted (5 very effective, 1 not very effective) to find out the importance and impact of each indicator at the local level. The results of the questionnaire showed that the most important sustainable indicator that can be applied and that has a very strong impact on the local Iraqi reality, is the accessibility indicator to public services and public transport, its relative importance was 93.6%, and 91.2% for the mobility management indicator.