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Obiora Ikpeze

Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria, Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Post-Doc

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Born to Reverend George Ibegbunam and Ezinne Zinobia Uzoma Ikpeze of Ogidi, Anambra State of Nigeria, Obiora Ikpeze obtained the Doctor of Veterinary Medicine Degree of University of Nigeria, as well as Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy Degrees in Public Health Parasitology and Entomology of the Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, where he teaches on dual capacity in the Departments of Parasitology & Entomology, and of Animal Science & Technology. A member of the American Society of Parasitologists (ASP); Nigerian Veterinary Medical Association (NVMA); Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN); Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN); Entomological Society of Nigeria (ESN); and Moringa Development Association of Nigeria (MDAN), Obiora Ikpeze has published over seventy Scientific Papers, presented more than thirty Conference Papers, served on the Editorial Team for the First National Summit on Moringa Development in Nigeria organized by the Raw Materials Research and Development Council, Abuja. He is Editor-in-Chief of the Society for Occupational Safety and Environmental Health (SOSEH), and of the Journal of Occupational Safety and Environmental Health (JOSEH). Dr. O. O. Ikpeze, Secretary to the Board of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, has been conferred with Membership of the Research and Development Network (MRDN) of the International Research and Development Institute (IRDI); listed on the League of Researchers (2010); decorated with Pillars of Nation Building Award (2012), and admitted as Fellow of Strategic Institute for Natural Resources and Human Development (FRHD). Obiora, a Paul Harris Fellow, is married to Eunice with four children and four grandchildren.
Supervisors: Professor James Ikechukwu Mbanugo and ; Professor Christine Ifeoma Eneanya

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Emmanuel N Solomon

Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria

Benjamin Okolonkwo

Joshua Ekpenyong

Bethel Uchenna Udume

Ambrose Alli University

Christopher Onyemaechi Ezike

Akinniyi Ajibade

Christopher D Nwani

Okomoda Victor Tosin

University Of Agriculture, Makurdi

Solomon O. Adewoye

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Papers by Obiora Ikpeze

Ascorbic Acid Effect on Glyphosate-induced Haematological and Serological Pathology in Juveniles of the Catfish Clarias gariepinus (Pisces: Clariidae) Burchell, 1822

Asian Journal of Research in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Nov 21, 2020

Aims: The study was to determine the effects of sub-lethal concentrations of glyphosate-based her... more Aims: The study was to determine the effects of sub-lethal concentrations of glyphosate-based herbicide (Delsate ®) on blood parameters, serum enzymes and urea of Clarias gariepinus juveniles as well as therapeutic effect of Vitamin C(Kepro ®)on the glyphosate-induced pathology. Study Design: Latin square.

Effect of Ascorbic Acid on Glyphosate-Induced Residues in Muscles of Juvenile Catfish (Clarias gariepinus)

Asian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Research, Nov 20, 2020

Aims: This study focused on acute toxicity of Glyphosate and its residual effect on muscles of ju... more Aims: This study focused on acute toxicity of Glyphosate and its residual effect on muscles of juvenile Clarias gariepinus fish, as well as on L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) treatment of induced glyphosate residues in muscles of the fish to prevent bioaccumulation of glyphosate and subsequent toxicity when consumed by humans. Study Design: Latin square.

Soil-Transmitted Helminth Parasites Contaminating Edible Raw Vegetables and Fruits Sold at Nkwo-Edo Market Nnewi Nigeria

DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), Apr 1, 2020

Edible raw vegetables and fruits which supply man with essential supplements could also become ve... more Edible raw vegetables and fruits which supply man with essential supplements could also become vehicles for soil transmitted helminthes (STHs) parasites. Some edible raw vegetables and fruits displayed for sale were procured from Nkwo-Edo market Nnewi and assessed for contamination by ova and larvae of STHs during the peak rainy season period of June and July, 2017. One hundred grams of each leafy vegetables (‘Utazi’ Gongronema latifolium, Garden egg Solanum macrocarpon, Bitter leaf Vernonia amigdalina) and fresh fruits (African pear Dacryodes edulis, Oil-palm Elaeis guineensis, Carrots Daucus carota and Garden egg Solanium macrocarpon) were weighed out and examined for ova or larvae of STHs using the sedimentation method. STHs were identified using the key from Atlas of Parasitology. About 36% of Garden egg, 24% of Bitter leaf, and 12% of ‘Utazi‘ leafy vegetables, as well as 45% ofoil palm, 35% of African pear, 20% of Carrots, and 10% of Garden egg fruits were contaminated with different STHs. Generally, 24% and 27.5% of all vegetables and fruits sampled were respectively contaminated with STHs, comprising eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides (59.3%), larvae of Strongyloides stercoralis (22.2%), eggs of hookworm species (14.8%), and ova of Trichuris trichiura (3.7%). Recovery of these STHs emphasizes the need for proper washing of all edible raw fruits and vegetables procured from the study area before consumption. Periodical inspection for the presence of STHs on edible raw fruits and vegetables sold in the markets is advocated.

Burden, Seasonality, Sex Ratio and Preferred Sites of Ticks of Public Health Importance on Cattle Found at Amansea, Anambra State Nigeria

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Aug 26, 2017

Cattle from arid north which graze at Amansea in southern Nigeria were thought to introduceticks ... more Cattle from arid north which graze at Amansea in southern Nigeria were thought to introduceticks in the new area. Burden, seasonality, sex ratio and preferred sites of ticks on cattle were studied in late wet season of 2012 and early dry season of 2013 at Amansea. Cattle (n=200) were randomly selected and examined both visually and manualy for tick infestation. Genera Amblyomma, Boophilus, Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus species constituted 69.6; 11.9; 13.8 and 7 percentagesof all ticks encountered, at 2.87 ticks per infested cattle. Wet and dry seasons accounted for 68% and 32% of the ticks, generally in ratio of 1.9♂:1♀. Preferred sites were in descending order of magnitude; scrotum\udder, tail, back, fore leg, neck, ear, dewlap, groin, head (face), brisket, belly, shoulder, side, hind leg and escutcheon (χ2=175.8472, df =42, P<0.01). Potential tick-bites areas which abound in Amansea are risk factors fortickborne diseases (TBD) known to be transmitted by ticks in West Africa. Results from this study will create public awareness on TBD and may be useful in evidence-based policy decisions on restriction of cattle movement, tick control and surveillance of TBD in the area.

Effects of Non-Compliance to Llin and Ipt in Pregnancy on Maternal and Neonatal Malaria, Age and Birth Weights of Neonates at Uyo

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Aug 24, 2017

Pregnant mothers and children under 5 years are most vulnerable to Plasmodium falciparum malaria ... more Pregnant mothers and children under 5 years are most vulnerable to Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Nigeria. Non-compliance to LLIN and IPT, and resultant maternal and cord blood malaria on neonatal age and birth weights were studied in Uyo, Nigeria between September and October 2013. Peripheral and cord blood from 106 consenting pregnant women were examined for malaria parasites; and their usage of LLIN and IPT ascertained. Ages and weights of resulting neonates were recorded at birth. Results showed that maternal and neonatal malaria infection rates (IR) were 54.7% (Mean± SD=49.23±26.41) and 45.3% (Mean± SD=40.6±20.6), with indications that maternal immunity increases with parity. Generally 29.2% and 39.6% of all neonates were respectively delivered pre-term and underweight. About 53.8% and 51.9% of the women were non-compliant to LLIN and IPT, respectively; and 91.4% of LLIN non-compliant as well as 94.8% of IPT non-compliant were infected with malaria. We inferred that use of LLIN and IPT would have offered the women protection against malaria. Heat generation, fear of toxic reactions, and difficulty in settingup LLIN as well as 'not sick', fear of abortion, and doubtful efficacy of IPT were among the reasons given by pregnant women for non-compliance. Sustained health education on the use of LLIN and IPT will help to reduce malaria infection and its consequences in Uyo.

Effects of deltamethrin on mortality, feeding behaviour and oviposition in the UK Culicoides species and at UK environmental temperature

international journal of veterinary science, 2015

Biting midges (Culicoides nubeculosis), is a vector of Bluetongue virus which causes Bluetongue d... more Biting midges (Culicoides nubeculosis), is a vector of Bluetongue virus which causes Bluetongue disease in man and domesticated ruminants. World Health Organization (WHO) laboratory assays were used to evaluate effects of temperature on susceptibility of Culicoides nubeculosis to deltamethrin. In 'treatment temperature experiment', the effect of temperature was observed for 24 hours following an hour exposure of C. nubeculosis to varying concentrations of deltamethrin while in '24 hours post treatment temperature experiment', effect of temperature was observed for 24 hours of 1 hour exposure of C. nubeculosis to test insecticide. Subsequent experiments with C. nubeculosis that survived after 24 hours post-exposure to sub-lethal doses of deltamethrin as well as control group were used to evaluate blood-feeding and egg production rates. Results indicated significant effects on mortality of biting midges in post treatment temperature experiment but insignificant in treatment temperature experiments. The difference in blood feeding rates between deltamethrin-exposed biting midges and the control group was statistically insignificant (P>.05) but eggs laid by control group were significantly more in number than those lay by exposed (P<.05). These results will be useful in vector control of bluetongue viral infections in humans and ruminants.

Some Physico-chemical Parameters of Atavu River that Influence Gastropod Density at Amagunze Nigeria

South Asian Journal of Parasitology, Dec 10, 2020

Effects of Maternal and Neonatal Malarial on Age and Birth Weight of Neonates in Uyo Nigeria

Susceptibility of ABO and Genotype Blood Groups to Plasmodium Infections and Effect of Parasitaemia on Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate, Haemoglobin and Packed Cell Volume

South Asian Journal of Parasitology, Dec 10, 2020

Ixodid Ticks Infestation of Zebu Cattle Crosses in Sokoto State Nigeria

Ticks transmit different tick-borne diseases (TBD) in cattle and humans while their bites predisp... more Ticks transmit different tick-borne diseases (TBD) in cattle and humans while their bites predispose the cattle to dermatophilosis which result in down-grade of hides and other production loses. Zebu Cattle (Bos indicus) Crosses found in 5 Local Government Areas of Sokoto State were sampled for ticks between February and July 2013. Body surfaces of the 498 cattle were visually examined and any tick found was manually detached and preserved in 70% ethanol and subsequently identified using the Keys to African Ticks. A total of 1528 hard ticks infested 288 cattle [infestation rate IR (%) = 57.3; mean tick burden, MTB (tick/cattle) = 5.44±1.21]. Generally, Bulls were more infested (IR=63.9; MTB=5.75±1.12) than cows (IR=54.4%; MTB=5.17±1.56). Among Zebu crosses, infestation was in the order Friesian-X (IR=61.2; MTB=6.1±1.1), Red Bororo (IR=60.0; MTB=5.0±9.56), Sokoto Gudali (IR=59.5; MTB=5.3±1.27), and White Fulani (IR=52.1; MTB=5.6±2.6). Genera of ticks identified were Hyalomma (60.9%),...

Crepuscular Man-Biting Mosquitoes Of A Tropical Zoological Garden In Enugu, South-Eastern Nigeria

The Internet Journal of Parasitic Diseases, 2009

Ovitraps and human baits methods were used in sampling crepuscular man-biting mosquitoes of the Z... more Ovitraps and human baits methods were used in sampling crepuscular man-biting mosquitoes of the Zoological Garden Enugu which were studied between February and July 2005. Aedes aegypti, A. albopictus, A. luteocephalus, A. vittatus and A. africanus were among the mosquitoes identified in the Zoo. However, six of the 7 Aedes mosquitoes were members of the Stegomyia subgenus while A. comminsii belonged to the Aedimorphus subgenus. Approximately 6 and 3 out of every nine mosquitoes biting man per hour during the study period were A. albopictus and A. luteocephalus respectively. The other species had less than one mosquito bite per man per hour. Excepting Anopheles gambiae, these are mainly diurnal and outdoor biters, feeding mainly during dusk hours between 4.00 and 8.00pm local time which corresponds to the time many tourists visit the Zoo. Members of the Stegomyia subgenus identified have been implicated in various yellow fever (YF) epidemics in Nigeria. Their preponderance, as well as the presence of the monkey reservoir hosts of YF virus and other Arboviruses, may make this zoological garden uncomfortable for the tourists. Proper care must be taken to ensure that the Zoo environment is not a potential source of epidemics. All water containers should be covered to prevent mosquitoes breeding in them. Discarded vehicle tyre, broken utensils, tin cans, snail and coconut shells must be properly disposed. Intermittent fogging of the Zoo environment with Pyrethrin insecticide may reduce adult mosquito population and thereby fly-man contact.

Urinary Schistosomiasis Among School Children in Nigeria: Consequences of Indigenous Beliefs and Water Contact Activities

Journal of Biosocial Science, 1997

A study of urinary schistosomiasis in Umueze-Anam, Anambra State, Nigeria, showed a Schistosoma h... more A study of urinary schistosomiasis in Umueze-Anam, Anambra State, Nigeria, showed a Schistosoma haematobium infection of 26% (85) among school children with no significant difference by sex except when age as a variable is introduced. Eleven percent (37) of the 333 children were positive for haematuria; all these 37 children lived within 1·0 km of the water sources. Of the 85 infected children, swimming and laundering accounted for 65% and 48% of all water contact activities, for boys and girls respectively. One-third of the 230 adults interviewed believed haematuria to be a venereal disease and 20% thought it was a sign of maturity. Individual perception of causation and seriousness of haematuria differed by level of education and by sex. Less than 2% of the respondents knew that snails transmitted the disease. The effects of social restrictions on the epidemiology of infection is discussed.

Mosquito fauna of a tropical museum and zoological garden complex

Animal Research International, 2009

The mosquito fauna of Museum and Zoological Garden Complex (JZC), a major tourist attraction in J... more The mosquito fauna of Museum and Zoological Garden Complex (JZC), a major tourist attraction in Jos Metropolis of Nigeria, was studied The choice of the complex was out of public health curiosity. A total of 627 mosquitoes comprising 4 genera, Aedes, Culex, Coquilletidia and Eretmapodites, and 9 species were caught n two d fferent study trips. Five species, namely, Aedes aegypti, A. africanus, A. vittatus, Culex quinquefasciatus and Eretmapodites chrysogaster, caught by human bait method are known variously to be involved in the transmission of yellow fever and other viral diseases. Culex quinquefasciatus had the highest frequency followed by Aedes aegypti. Simpson's dominance and Shannon-Wiener diversity indices of 0.4942 and 0.4550 were respect vely recorded for the whole mosquitoes sampled by the human bait method. C. quinqefasciatus was the most frequent species with diversity values of 0.4444 (Simpson's) and 0.1174 (Shannon-Wiener), followed by A. aegypti with 0 0455 (Simpson's) and 0.1431 (Shannon-Wiener). Ecological statistics demonstrated a highly significant dif erence in diversity between samples in March, during the dry season, and June in the rainy season (P < 0.001). The presence of man-biting mosquitoes in JZC constitutes apparent public health danger and calls for regular surveillance and control operations on such disease vectors in the complex.

Flies of veterinary and public health importance in meat stalls at Enugu, Nigeria

Raw meat and other food products displayed for sale in meat stalls in Nigeria usually attract non... more Raw meat and other food products displayed for sale in meat stalls in Nigeria usually attract non-biting flies known to transmit pathogens of veterinary and public health importance. Presence of non-biting flies in meat stalls at Artisan, Gariki, and New Haven Markets in Enugu, southeastern Nigeria were recorded for 8 months in 2012. A total of 102648 non-biting flies were collected from the three markets' meat stalls by making 2400 sweep nets; giving an average of 42.8 flies per sweep net. The number of flies collected from Artisan market was 46555 (45.45%), Gariki 40883 (39.83%) and New Haven 15210 (14.82%). There was significant difference (P<0.05) between the number of species of flies identified which included Musca domestica [97387 (94.87%)], Chrysomya putoria [4346 (4.24%)], Calliphora spp. [639 (0.62%)], Fannia canicularis [173 (0.17%)], and Fannia scalaris [103 (0.10%)]. More flies were observed in the evenings [48748 (47.49%)] than mornings [34216 (33.33%)] and afternoons [19684 (19.18%)]. However, these numbers increased gradually during the dry season but diminished rapidly in the rainy season Efforts should be made to greatly reduce their numbers in order to prevent contamination of meat and other food products sold for human consumption in the markets. Veterinary and Medical personnel should carry out bacteriological and parasitological tests on samples of meat displayed in open meat stalls as part of routine meat inspection for preventive diagnosis of potential pathogenic organisms that are carried on the bodies of non-biting flies that perch on meat.

Knowledge, attitude and practices of residents of Achiagu, Adani and Aguobuowa communities in Nigeria regarding river blindness

International Journal of Agriculture and Biosciences, 2014

Data on quantitative and qualitative studies that investigated knowledge, attitudes and practices... more Data on quantitative and qualitative studies that investigated knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of humans affected with river blindness (Onchocerciasis) in Achiagu, Adani and Aguobuowa communities of Enugu State, southeastern Nigeria were obtained in 2013 using a structured questionnaire, key format interviews and matrix ranking exercises. Ignorance of the role of blackfly Simulium damnosum complex in the transmission of the parasitic filarial worm Onchocerca volvulus that causes Onchocerciasis persisted in the study area. Intense sunshine, distant trekking, witchcraft, charms, heredity, intimate contact with affected humans, and food poisoning were believed by the people to be responsible for the infection. Loss of selfesteem, hindrance to marriage prospects, loss of income, absence from social gathering, and gender stigmatization of affected people ranked high among the perceived socioeconomic and psychological impacts of Onchocerciasis in the area. Treatment by nodulectomy is still practiced by traditional healers in the area but most villagers willingly accept the drug Ivermectin (Mectizan ®) being freely offered by government through Community Directed Treatment with Ivermectin (CDTI) programme. After public enlightenment about 86% of the people agreed that avoiding blackfly could prevent the infection but insisted that they could not abandon their black fly-infested fertile farmlands and streams in order to avoid being bitten by the fly. It is recommended that nodulectomy be encouraged but done under medical supervision at the designated health posts, health centers, and government hospitals at greatly subsidized prices.

Species composition of Anopheles mosquito in three villages of Uratta Owerri north local government area of Imo state Nigeria

Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in shellfish Macrobrachium rosenbergi in Niger River at Onitsha, Anambra State, Nigeria

Received: Revised: Accepted: January 10, 2014 February 12, 2014 February 20, 2014 Seasonal bioacc... more Received: Revised: Accepted: January 10, 2014 February 12, 2014 February 20, 2014 Seasonal bioaccumulation of heavy metals namely, Zinc (Zn), Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb), Mercury (Hg) and Arsenic (As) in the shellfish of Macrobrachium rosenbergi from Niger River at Onitsha were studied using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Results showed presence of all the analysed metals in the shellfish tissue. Mean concentrations of Zn (4.35±1.2mg/l), Cu (1.35±0.43), Cd (0.31±0.0421), Hg (0.16±0.0011) and As (0.04±0.001) in mg/l complied with the World Health Organization (WHO) standards in aquatic foods. However those for Fe (9.73±1.30) and Pb (0.24±0.04) mg/l exceeded the WHO standards. Furthermore, mean concentrations for Zn (0.321±0.09), Fe (1.52±0.07), Cu (0.035±0.006), Hg (0.076±0.007), As (0.016±0.007) and Cd (0.012±0.006) mg/l in the water columns were significantly lower (P<0.05) than the concentrations in the shellfish. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in the shellfi...

Histopathological Alterations in the Liver and Kidney of the Fish Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus due to Heavy Metals in Niger River

Journal of Natural Sciences Research, 2014

Surveillance and monitoring of concentrations of heavy metals in water bodies may serve as an ear... more Surveillance and monitoring of concentrations of heavy metals in water bodies may serve as an early alert system on bioaccumulation of heavy metals in aquatic food chain therein. Histopathological examination of target tissues of the fish would reveal harmful effects of chemical pollutants like heavy metals in fish. This study determined the concentrations of heavy metals in water columns and in the fish Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus of Niger River at Onitsha as well as pathological alterations in liver and kidney tissues of the fish. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer was used in determination of concentrations (mg/l) of heavy metals namely, Zinc (Zn), Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb), Mercury (Hg), Cadmium (Cd), and Arsenic (As) in water and fish samples from the Niger River during the dry season of 2011 and proceeding wet season of 2012. Annual mean concentrations of Zn, Fe, Cu, Hg, Cd, and Arsenic in water columns were significantly lower ( P<.05) than those in the fish. Annu...

Urinary schistosomiasis among school children in Okija Anambra State South eastern Nigeria

... Presses Universitaires de Bordeaux, Centre d&#x27;Etudes de Geographie Tropicale. Edungbo... more

Parasitic Nematodes of Maize in Farms at Oba, Idemili-South Local Government Area of Anambra State Nigeria

Soil-inhabiting plant-parasitic nematodes of maize crops were investigated in maize farms in 9 co... more Soil-inhabiting plant-parasitic nematodes of maize crops were investigated in maize farms in 9 communities at Oba, Idemili South Local Government Area of Anambra State Nigeria. About 59.2% of the maize farms were positive for parasitic nematodes. Farms at Urueze and Umueze recorded the highest with 11.1% each, followed by Umuogali, Okuzu and Aboji (7.4% each). The remaining 5 communities contributed 3.7% each of the total nematode collected. Percentage composition of nematodes from soil samples were Pratylenchus species (25.2%), Helicotylenchus species (24.0%), Meloidogyne species (20.3%), Longidorus species (19.0%), Xiphinema species (6.4%), and Heterodera species (5.1%). Similarly, those recovered from maize roots were Pratylenchus species (30.8%), Meloidogyne species (28.2%), Heterodera species (17.9%), Helicotylenchus species (12.8%), and Longidorus species (10.3%). Xiphinema species was not observed in maize roots. Current intensification of maize production by women in Oba may result to a rise in plant parasitic nematode (PPN) population in infested farmlands. The situation will be worsened by scarcity of farmland because of the prevailing land-tenure system where women, due to gender discrimination in land matters, are restricted to cultivating mixed crops only on small parcels of designated family land. Nematode damage is doubtless an important factor in quality reduction and yield loss in standing maize crops, and may impact heavily on the productivity and means of livelihood of the women farmers. Further study is required on the socioeconomic importance of nematodes of maize and other food crops cultivated by women farmers in Oba in particular and Anambra State in general.

Ascorbic Acid Effect on Glyphosate-induced Haematological and Serological Pathology in Juveniles of the Catfish Clarias gariepinus (Pisces: Clariidae) Burchell, 1822

Asian Journal of Research in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Nov 21, 2020

Aims: The study was to determine the effects of sub-lethal concentrations of glyphosate-based her... more Aims: The study was to determine the effects of sub-lethal concentrations of glyphosate-based herbicide (Delsate ®) on blood parameters, serum enzymes and urea of Clarias gariepinus juveniles as well as therapeutic effect of Vitamin C(Kepro ®)on the glyphosate-induced pathology. Study Design: Latin square.

Effect of Ascorbic Acid on Glyphosate-Induced Residues in Muscles of Juvenile Catfish (Clarias gariepinus)

Asian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Research, Nov 20, 2020

Aims: This study focused on acute toxicity of Glyphosate and its residual effect on muscles of ju... more Aims: This study focused on acute toxicity of Glyphosate and its residual effect on muscles of juvenile Clarias gariepinus fish, as well as on L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) treatment of induced glyphosate residues in muscles of the fish to prevent bioaccumulation of glyphosate and subsequent toxicity when consumed by humans. Study Design: Latin square.

Soil-Transmitted Helminth Parasites Contaminating Edible Raw Vegetables and Fruits Sold at Nkwo-Edo Market Nnewi Nigeria

DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), Apr 1, 2020

Edible raw vegetables and fruits which supply man with essential supplements could also become ve... more Edible raw vegetables and fruits which supply man with essential supplements could also become vehicles for soil transmitted helminthes (STHs) parasites. Some edible raw vegetables and fruits displayed for sale were procured from Nkwo-Edo market Nnewi and assessed for contamination by ova and larvae of STHs during the peak rainy season period of June and July, 2017. One hundred grams of each leafy vegetables (‘Utazi’ Gongronema latifolium, Garden egg Solanum macrocarpon, Bitter leaf Vernonia amigdalina) and fresh fruits (African pear Dacryodes edulis, Oil-palm Elaeis guineensis, Carrots Daucus carota and Garden egg Solanium macrocarpon) were weighed out and examined for ova or larvae of STHs using the sedimentation method. STHs were identified using the key from Atlas of Parasitology. About 36% of Garden egg, 24% of Bitter leaf, and 12% of ‘Utazi‘ leafy vegetables, as well as 45% ofoil palm, 35% of African pear, 20% of Carrots, and 10% of Garden egg fruits were contaminated with different STHs. Generally, 24% and 27.5% of all vegetables and fruits sampled were respectively contaminated with STHs, comprising eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides (59.3%), larvae of Strongyloides stercoralis (22.2%), eggs of hookworm species (14.8%), and ova of Trichuris trichiura (3.7%). Recovery of these STHs emphasizes the need for proper washing of all edible raw fruits and vegetables procured from the study area before consumption. Periodical inspection for the presence of STHs on edible raw fruits and vegetables sold in the markets is advocated.

Burden, Seasonality, Sex Ratio and Preferred Sites of Ticks of Public Health Importance on Cattle Found at Amansea, Anambra State Nigeria

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Aug 26, 2017

Cattle from arid north which graze at Amansea in southern Nigeria were thought to introduceticks ... more Cattle from arid north which graze at Amansea in southern Nigeria were thought to introduceticks in the new area. Burden, seasonality, sex ratio and preferred sites of ticks on cattle were studied in late wet season of 2012 and early dry season of 2013 at Amansea. Cattle (n=200) were randomly selected and examined both visually and manualy for tick infestation. Genera Amblyomma, Boophilus, Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus species constituted 69.6; 11.9; 13.8 and 7 percentagesof all ticks encountered, at 2.87 ticks per infested cattle. Wet and dry seasons accounted for 68% and 32% of the ticks, generally in ratio of 1.9♂:1♀. Preferred sites were in descending order of magnitude; scrotum\udder, tail, back, fore leg, neck, ear, dewlap, groin, head (face), brisket, belly, shoulder, side, hind leg and escutcheon (χ2=175.8472, df =42, P<0.01). Potential tick-bites areas which abound in Amansea are risk factors fortickborne diseases (TBD) known to be transmitted by ticks in West Africa. Results from this study will create public awareness on TBD and may be useful in evidence-based policy decisions on restriction of cattle movement, tick control and surveillance of TBD in the area.

Effects of Non-Compliance to Llin and Ipt in Pregnancy on Maternal and Neonatal Malaria, Age and Birth Weights of Neonates at Uyo

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Aug 24, 2017

Pregnant mothers and children under 5 years are most vulnerable to Plasmodium falciparum malaria ... more Pregnant mothers and children under 5 years are most vulnerable to Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Nigeria. Non-compliance to LLIN and IPT, and resultant maternal and cord blood malaria on neonatal age and birth weights were studied in Uyo, Nigeria between September and October 2013. Peripheral and cord blood from 106 consenting pregnant women were examined for malaria parasites; and their usage of LLIN and IPT ascertained. Ages and weights of resulting neonates were recorded at birth. Results showed that maternal and neonatal malaria infection rates (IR) were 54.7% (Mean± SD=49.23±26.41) and 45.3% (Mean± SD=40.6±20.6), with indications that maternal immunity increases with parity. Generally 29.2% and 39.6% of all neonates were respectively delivered pre-term and underweight. About 53.8% and 51.9% of the women were non-compliant to LLIN and IPT, respectively; and 91.4% of LLIN non-compliant as well as 94.8% of IPT non-compliant were infected with malaria. We inferred that use of LLIN and IPT would have offered the women protection against malaria. Heat generation, fear of toxic reactions, and difficulty in settingup LLIN as well as 'not sick', fear of abortion, and doubtful efficacy of IPT were among the reasons given by pregnant women for non-compliance. Sustained health education on the use of LLIN and IPT will help to reduce malaria infection and its consequences in Uyo.

Effects of deltamethrin on mortality, feeding behaviour and oviposition in the UK Culicoides species and at UK environmental temperature

international journal of veterinary science, 2015

Biting midges (Culicoides nubeculosis), is a vector of Bluetongue virus which causes Bluetongue d... more Biting midges (Culicoides nubeculosis), is a vector of Bluetongue virus which causes Bluetongue disease in man and domesticated ruminants. World Health Organization (WHO) laboratory assays were used to evaluate effects of temperature on susceptibility of Culicoides nubeculosis to deltamethrin. In 'treatment temperature experiment', the effect of temperature was observed for 24 hours following an hour exposure of C. nubeculosis to varying concentrations of deltamethrin while in '24 hours post treatment temperature experiment', effect of temperature was observed for 24 hours of 1 hour exposure of C. nubeculosis to test insecticide. Subsequent experiments with C. nubeculosis that survived after 24 hours post-exposure to sub-lethal doses of deltamethrin as well as control group were used to evaluate blood-feeding and egg production rates. Results indicated significant effects on mortality of biting midges in post treatment temperature experiment but insignificant in treatment temperature experiments. The difference in blood feeding rates between deltamethrin-exposed biting midges and the control group was statistically insignificant (P>.05) but eggs laid by control group were significantly more in number than those lay by exposed (P<.05). These results will be useful in vector control of bluetongue viral infections in humans and ruminants.

Some Physico-chemical Parameters of Atavu River that Influence Gastropod Density at Amagunze Nigeria

South Asian Journal of Parasitology, Dec 10, 2020

Effects of Maternal and Neonatal Malarial on Age and Birth Weight of Neonates in Uyo Nigeria

Susceptibility of ABO and Genotype Blood Groups to Plasmodium Infections and Effect of Parasitaemia on Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate, Haemoglobin and Packed Cell Volume

South Asian Journal of Parasitology, Dec 10, 2020

Ixodid Ticks Infestation of Zebu Cattle Crosses in Sokoto State Nigeria

Ticks transmit different tick-borne diseases (TBD) in cattle and humans while their bites predisp... more Ticks transmit different tick-borne diseases (TBD) in cattle and humans while their bites predispose the cattle to dermatophilosis which result in down-grade of hides and other production loses. Zebu Cattle (Bos indicus) Crosses found in 5 Local Government Areas of Sokoto State were sampled for ticks between February and July 2013. Body surfaces of the 498 cattle were visually examined and any tick found was manually detached and preserved in 70% ethanol and subsequently identified using the Keys to African Ticks. A total of 1528 hard ticks infested 288 cattle [infestation rate IR (%) = 57.3; mean tick burden, MTB (tick/cattle) = 5.44±1.21]. Generally, Bulls were more infested (IR=63.9; MTB=5.75±1.12) than cows (IR=54.4%; MTB=5.17±1.56). Among Zebu crosses, infestation was in the order Friesian-X (IR=61.2; MTB=6.1±1.1), Red Bororo (IR=60.0; MTB=5.0±9.56), Sokoto Gudali (IR=59.5; MTB=5.3±1.27), and White Fulani (IR=52.1; MTB=5.6±2.6). Genera of ticks identified were Hyalomma (60.9%),...

Crepuscular Man-Biting Mosquitoes Of A Tropical Zoological Garden In Enugu, South-Eastern Nigeria

The Internet Journal of Parasitic Diseases, 2009

Ovitraps and human baits methods were used in sampling crepuscular man-biting mosquitoes of the Z... more Ovitraps and human baits methods were used in sampling crepuscular man-biting mosquitoes of the Zoological Garden Enugu which were studied between February and July 2005. Aedes aegypti, A. albopictus, A. luteocephalus, A. vittatus and A. africanus were among the mosquitoes identified in the Zoo. However, six of the 7 Aedes mosquitoes were members of the Stegomyia subgenus while A. comminsii belonged to the Aedimorphus subgenus. Approximately 6 and 3 out of every nine mosquitoes biting man per hour during the study period were A. albopictus and A. luteocephalus respectively. The other species had less than one mosquito bite per man per hour. Excepting Anopheles gambiae, these are mainly diurnal and outdoor biters, feeding mainly during dusk hours between 4.00 and 8.00pm local time which corresponds to the time many tourists visit the Zoo. Members of the Stegomyia subgenus identified have been implicated in various yellow fever (YF) epidemics in Nigeria. Their preponderance, as well as the presence of the monkey reservoir hosts of YF virus and other Arboviruses, may make this zoological garden uncomfortable for the tourists. Proper care must be taken to ensure that the Zoo environment is not a potential source of epidemics. All water containers should be covered to prevent mosquitoes breeding in them. Discarded vehicle tyre, broken utensils, tin cans, snail and coconut shells must be properly disposed. Intermittent fogging of the Zoo environment with Pyrethrin insecticide may reduce adult mosquito population and thereby fly-man contact.

Urinary Schistosomiasis Among School Children in Nigeria: Consequences of Indigenous Beliefs and Water Contact Activities

Journal of Biosocial Science, 1997

A study of urinary schistosomiasis in Umueze-Anam, Anambra State, Nigeria, showed a Schistosoma h... more A study of urinary schistosomiasis in Umueze-Anam, Anambra State, Nigeria, showed a Schistosoma haematobium infection of 26% (85) among school children with no significant difference by sex except when age as a variable is introduced. Eleven percent (37) of the 333 children were positive for haematuria; all these 37 children lived within 1·0 km of the water sources. Of the 85 infected children, swimming and laundering accounted for 65% and 48% of all water contact activities, for boys and girls respectively. One-third of the 230 adults interviewed believed haematuria to be a venereal disease and 20% thought it was a sign of maturity. Individual perception of causation and seriousness of haematuria differed by level of education and by sex. Less than 2% of the respondents knew that snails transmitted the disease. The effects of social restrictions on the epidemiology of infection is discussed.

Mosquito fauna of a tropical museum and zoological garden complex

Animal Research International, 2009

The mosquito fauna of Museum and Zoological Garden Complex (JZC), a major tourist attraction in J... more The mosquito fauna of Museum and Zoological Garden Complex (JZC), a major tourist attraction in Jos Metropolis of Nigeria, was studied The choice of the complex was out of public health curiosity. A total of 627 mosquitoes comprising 4 genera, Aedes, Culex, Coquilletidia and Eretmapodites, and 9 species were caught n two d fferent study trips. Five species, namely, Aedes aegypti, A. africanus, A. vittatus, Culex quinquefasciatus and Eretmapodites chrysogaster, caught by human bait method are known variously to be involved in the transmission of yellow fever and other viral diseases. Culex quinquefasciatus had the highest frequency followed by Aedes aegypti. Simpson's dominance and Shannon-Wiener diversity indices of 0.4942 and 0.4550 were respect vely recorded for the whole mosquitoes sampled by the human bait method. C. quinqefasciatus was the most frequent species with diversity values of 0.4444 (Simpson's) and 0.1174 (Shannon-Wiener), followed by A. aegypti with 0 0455 (Simpson's) and 0.1431 (Shannon-Wiener). Ecological statistics demonstrated a highly significant dif erence in diversity between samples in March, during the dry season, and June in the rainy season (P < 0.001). The presence of man-biting mosquitoes in JZC constitutes apparent public health danger and calls for regular surveillance and control operations on such disease vectors in the complex.

Flies of veterinary and public health importance in meat stalls at Enugu, Nigeria

Raw meat and other food products displayed for sale in meat stalls in Nigeria usually attract non... more Raw meat and other food products displayed for sale in meat stalls in Nigeria usually attract non-biting flies known to transmit pathogens of veterinary and public health importance. Presence of non-biting flies in meat stalls at Artisan, Gariki, and New Haven Markets in Enugu, southeastern Nigeria were recorded for 8 months in 2012. A total of 102648 non-biting flies were collected from the three markets' meat stalls by making 2400 sweep nets; giving an average of 42.8 flies per sweep net. The number of flies collected from Artisan market was 46555 (45.45%), Gariki 40883 (39.83%) and New Haven 15210 (14.82%). There was significant difference (P<0.05) between the number of species of flies identified which included Musca domestica [97387 (94.87%)], Chrysomya putoria [4346 (4.24%)], Calliphora spp. [639 (0.62%)], Fannia canicularis [173 (0.17%)], and Fannia scalaris [103 (0.10%)]. More flies were observed in the evenings [48748 (47.49%)] than mornings [34216 (33.33%)] and afternoons [19684 (19.18%)]. However, these numbers increased gradually during the dry season but diminished rapidly in the rainy season Efforts should be made to greatly reduce their numbers in order to prevent contamination of meat and other food products sold for human consumption in the markets. Veterinary and Medical personnel should carry out bacteriological and parasitological tests on samples of meat displayed in open meat stalls as part of routine meat inspection for preventive diagnosis of potential pathogenic organisms that are carried on the bodies of non-biting flies that perch on meat.

Knowledge, attitude and practices of residents of Achiagu, Adani and Aguobuowa communities in Nigeria regarding river blindness

International Journal of Agriculture and Biosciences, 2014

Data on quantitative and qualitative studies that investigated knowledge, attitudes and practices... more Data on quantitative and qualitative studies that investigated knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of humans affected with river blindness (Onchocerciasis) in Achiagu, Adani and Aguobuowa communities of Enugu State, southeastern Nigeria were obtained in 2013 using a structured questionnaire, key format interviews and matrix ranking exercises. Ignorance of the role of blackfly Simulium damnosum complex in the transmission of the parasitic filarial worm Onchocerca volvulus that causes Onchocerciasis persisted in the study area. Intense sunshine, distant trekking, witchcraft, charms, heredity, intimate contact with affected humans, and food poisoning were believed by the people to be responsible for the infection. Loss of selfesteem, hindrance to marriage prospects, loss of income, absence from social gathering, and gender stigmatization of affected people ranked high among the perceived socioeconomic and psychological impacts of Onchocerciasis in the area. Treatment by nodulectomy is still practiced by traditional healers in the area but most villagers willingly accept the drug Ivermectin (Mectizan ®) being freely offered by government through Community Directed Treatment with Ivermectin (CDTI) programme. After public enlightenment about 86% of the people agreed that avoiding blackfly could prevent the infection but insisted that they could not abandon their black fly-infested fertile farmlands and streams in order to avoid being bitten by the fly. It is recommended that nodulectomy be encouraged but done under medical supervision at the designated health posts, health centers, and government hospitals at greatly subsidized prices.

Species composition of Anopheles mosquito in three villages of Uratta Owerri north local government area of Imo state Nigeria

Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in shellfish Macrobrachium rosenbergi in Niger River at Onitsha, Anambra State, Nigeria

Received: Revised: Accepted: January 10, 2014 February 12, 2014 February 20, 2014 Seasonal bioacc... more Received: Revised: Accepted: January 10, 2014 February 12, 2014 February 20, 2014 Seasonal bioaccumulation of heavy metals namely, Zinc (Zn), Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb), Mercury (Hg) and Arsenic (As) in the shellfish of Macrobrachium rosenbergi from Niger River at Onitsha were studied using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Results showed presence of all the analysed metals in the shellfish tissue. Mean concentrations of Zn (4.35±1.2mg/l), Cu (1.35±0.43), Cd (0.31±0.0421), Hg (0.16±0.0011) and As (0.04±0.001) in mg/l complied with the World Health Organization (WHO) standards in aquatic foods. However those for Fe (9.73±1.30) and Pb (0.24±0.04) mg/l exceeded the WHO standards. Furthermore, mean concentrations for Zn (0.321±0.09), Fe (1.52±0.07), Cu (0.035±0.006), Hg (0.076±0.007), As (0.016±0.007) and Cd (0.012±0.006) mg/l in the water columns were significantly lower (P<0.05) than the concentrations in the shellfish. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in the shellfi...

Histopathological Alterations in the Liver and Kidney of the Fish Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus due to Heavy Metals in Niger River

Journal of Natural Sciences Research, 2014

Surveillance and monitoring of concentrations of heavy metals in water bodies may serve as an ear... more Surveillance and monitoring of concentrations of heavy metals in water bodies may serve as an early alert system on bioaccumulation of heavy metals in aquatic food chain therein. Histopathological examination of target tissues of the fish would reveal harmful effects of chemical pollutants like heavy metals in fish. This study determined the concentrations of heavy metals in water columns and in the fish Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus of Niger River at Onitsha as well as pathological alterations in liver and kidney tissues of the fish. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer was used in determination of concentrations (mg/l) of heavy metals namely, Zinc (Zn), Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb), Mercury (Hg), Cadmium (Cd), and Arsenic (As) in water and fish samples from the Niger River during the dry season of 2011 and proceeding wet season of 2012. Annual mean concentrations of Zn, Fe, Cu, Hg, Cd, and Arsenic in water columns were significantly lower ( P<.05) than those in the fish. Annu...

Urinary schistosomiasis among school children in Okija Anambra State South eastern Nigeria

... Presses Universitaires de Bordeaux, Centre d&#x27;Etudes de Geographie Tropicale. Edungbo... more

Parasitic Nematodes of Maize in Farms at Oba, Idemili-South Local Government Area of Anambra State Nigeria

Soil-inhabiting plant-parasitic nematodes of maize crops were investigated in maize farms in 9 co... more Soil-inhabiting plant-parasitic nematodes of maize crops were investigated in maize farms in 9 communities at Oba, Idemili South Local Government Area of Anambra State Nigeria. About 59.2% of the maize farms were positive for parasitic nematodes. Farms at Urueze and Umueze recorded the highest with 11.1% each, followed by Umuogali, Okuzu and Aboji (7.4% each). The remaining 5 communities contributed 3.7% each of the total nematode collected. Percentage composition of nematodes from soil samples were Pratylenchus species (25.2%), Helicotylenchus species (24.0%), Meloidogyne species (20.3%), Longidorus species (19.0%), Xiphinema species (6.4%), and Heterodera species (5.1%). Similarly, those recovered from maize roots were Pratylenchus species (30.8%), Meloidogyne species (28.2%), Heterodera species (17.9%), Helicotylenchus species (12.8%), and Longidorus species (10.3%). Xiphinema species was not observed in maize roots. Current intensification of maize production by women in Oba may result to a rise in plant parasitic nematode (PPN) population in infested farmlands. The situation will be worsened by scarcity of farmland because of the prevailing land-tenure system where women, due to gender discrimination in land matters, are restricted to cultivating mixed crops only on small parcels of designated family land. Nematode damage is doubtless an important factor in quality reduction and yield loss in standing maize crops, and may impact heavily on the productivity and means of livelihood of the women farmers. Further study is required on the socioeconomic importance of nematodes of maize and other food crops cultivated by women farmers in Oba in particular and Anambra State in general.