FIGURE 10. Androconial organs of Bia species and subspecies. Each set of images includes a detail... more FIGURE 10. Androconial organs of Bia species and subspecies. Each set of images includes a detail of dorsal forewing CuA- CuA 1 -CuA 2 intersection (image on left), dorsal hind wing discal androconial pad with associated hairpencil (center) and with the hairpencil removed (right). a, actorion actorion, Brazil, Manaus (DZUP 16588); b, actorion ecuatoria, Brazil, Mâncio Lima (DZUP 32829); c, actorion occulta, Brazil, Benevides (DZUP 22417); d, decaerulea decaerulea, Brazil, Amazonas, Nhamundá (DZUP 22356); e, decaerulea pallida, Brazil, Barcelos (DZUP 22506); f, decaerulea cayanna, French Guiana, Vidal (USNM); g, rebeli aegina, Peru, Tambopata Reserve (DZUP 22927); h, rebeli acreana, Brazil, Sta. Rosa do Purus (DZUP 22557); i, rebeli arikeme, Brazil, Ouro Preto d'Oeste (DZUP 22756); j, rebeli cuprea, Brazil, Borba (DZUP 16378); k, caelestis, Brazil, Mâncio Lima (DZUP 32830); l, pucallpa, Peru, Pucallpa. (USNM).
FIGURE 4. Adults in dorsal and ventral views. Taxon names appear below each set. Bia decaerulea d... more FIGURE 4. Adults in dorsal and ventral views. Taxon names appear below each set. Bia decaerulea decaerulea: a, male, Brazil, Amazonas, Manacapuru (CMNH); b, female, same locality (CMNH). Bia decaerulea cayana, Simonsen & Penz, new ssp.: c, male holotype, French Guiana, Mana River (CMNH); d, male paratype, same locality (CMNH); e, male paratype, same locality (CMNH); f, female paratype, French Guiana, Oyapok River (CMNH). Bia decaerulea pallida Casagrande & Penz, new ssp: g, male holotype, Brazil, Amazonas, Barcelos, Rio Padauari (DZUP); h, female paratype, Brazil, Amazonas, Barcelos, Rio Padauari (DZUP).
Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 2020
In general, butterfly ventral hind wing eyespots are considered to play a role in predator–prey i... more In general, butterfly ventral hind wing eyespots are considered to play a role in predator–prey interactions. These eyespots are prominent wing pattern elements in Brassolini butterflies, and they vary in size, position, and number across taxa. Female Caligo Hübner, 1819 (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) appear to use the large eyespots of lekking males as a mate-locating cue, but female Opsiphanes Doubleday, 1849 (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) do not because males patrol to find mates. These behaviors led us to predict that male Caligo should have larger eyespots than females, but eyespot size would not differ between sexes in Opsiphanes. Our analyses supported these predictions. As displacement of the eyespots to the center of the wing might make them more conspicuous, we asked if eyespot position and size covaried across the Brassolini phylogeny. While we found a positive association between position and size, the relationship of these two variables contained significant phylogenetic signal...
... separating aemulius and adelina. The shape of the FW anal marking (single-or double-peaked), ... more ... separating aemulius and adelina. The shape of the FW anal marking (single-or double-peaked), together with the extent of yellow or orange in the HW plus ab-domen, and presence/absence of HW marginal spots, allow species determinations without dissection. ...
<i>Bia pucallpa</i> Casagrande &amp; Penz, NEW SP. (Figs 8 e, 10l, 11f, 12) <b... more <i>Bia pucallpa</i> Casagrande &amp; Penz, NEW SP. (Figs 8 e, 10l, 11f, 12) <b>Diagnosis.</b> Defined by the following combination of characters: (1) M DFW white apical ocelli large, proportionately larger than in other species. (2) M DFW orange band extremely diffuse and narrow, barely visible in some specimens. (3) M DFW iridescent band from anal margin to M2 or above, decreasing in width and intensity from posterior to anterior end, and blending with the orange band. (4) M DFW androconial organ on the CuA- CuA1-CuA2 intersection dark. (5) M DHW discal androconial pad nearly black, darker than the hairpencil. (6) M DHW discal hairpencil dark light to brown. Female unknown. <b>Description.</b> Male FW length 28–29 mm, n=3. HEAD: As described for the genus. THORAX: Vestiture, wing venation and shape as described for the genus. M DFW and DHW mostly brown. DFW with two large white apical ocelli below R3 and R4; one dark brown, diffuse ocellus below M1; a thin and highly diffuse orange crescent band (similar to <i>caelestis</i>); and an iridescent blue patch from DFW tornus to cell M3, wide at tornus and becoming narrower and more diffuse in cells above. DHW plain brown, anal region pale. VFW with ripple pattern that fades posteriorly; oceli mirror the dorsal side, with ocellus below M1 being the most conspicuous, and having a purple pupil. VHW with widespread ripple pattern, some of which in silvery white color; distal wing edge with a yelloworange line followed by a brown line; one simple, yellow-orange ocellus always present below Sc+R, others may be present below Rs and M1, irregular ocellus with linear pupil below CuA1 always present; tail darkening towards tip. Androconial organ on the DFW CuA-CuA1-CuA2 intersection dark, and a sparse cluster of modified, hair-like scales is located posteriorly to it. DHW with a nearly black androconial pad and brown associated hairpencil inside the discal cell; posterior hairpencil between 1A+2A and 3A cream-colored. Legs as described for the genus. ABDOMEN: General morpholog [...]
<i>Bia peruana</i> Röber (Figs 9 a–e, 11g, 12) <b>Diagnostic re-description.<... more <i>Bia peruana</i> Röber (Figs 9 a–e, 11g, 12) <b>Diagnostic re-description.</b> General characters as described for the genus. Defined by the following combination of characters: (1) MF DFW white apical ocelli medium-small. (2) MF DFW orange band moderately wide to very thin and diffuse (Peru, Chuchurras). (3) M DFW iridescent band absent or very small, at tornus only. F DFW iridescent band similar in size to that of <i>rebeli</i>, but slightly more diffuse. (4) M DFW androconial organ on the CuA-CuA1- CuA2 intersection pale, contrasting scale color of surrounding area. (5) M DHW discal androconial pad off white to cream. (6) M DHW discal hairpencil light brown to cream. (7) F VFW ripple pattern of the postmedial area similar to that of M (but only one female was examined). (8) M DHW with conspicuous blue iridescence that varies from being divided in three segments that do not expand into the discal cell (Peru, Pucallpa), to a solid spot that expands into the discal cell (other localities). F DHW with diffuse blue iridescence in the same wing area. Male genitalia: Fig. 11 g. The two dissected males differ in the shape and length of the tegumen in lateral view, and also the shapes of the uncus, gnathos and valva. The valva tip is narrow, and the spiny projection is long—both morphological features are shared with <i>rebeli</i> from the same geographical region. <b>Type material.</b> Lectotype M (Fig. 1 b), deposited at SMT, seven labels separated by // and transcribed verbatim: Chanchamayo, Peru // Lectotype <i>Bia actorion peruana</i> Röber, 1904 By G. Lamas '94 // Co type // Staatl. Museum für Tierkunde Dresden // Stauding. &amp; Bang-Haas Dresden, Ankauf 1961 // GART specimen ID: 0 2420 Exemplar + Etiketten dokumentiert specimen + label data documented 2003 // Dre-01-10. Genitalia dissected and examined by TJS. See also http://butterfliesofamerica.com/L/t/ Bia _a.htm (last accessed 30 August 2016). <b>Distribution and examined specimens.</b> Fig. 12 and Appendix. <b>Remarks.</b> We found some variation in the [...]
<i>Bia caelestis</i> Penz &amp; DeVries, NEW SP. (Figs 8 a–d, 10k, 11e, 12) <b... more <i>Bia caelestis</i> Penz &amp; DeVries, NEW SP. (Figs 8 a–d, 10k, 11e, 12) <b>Diagnosis.</b> Defined by the following combination of characters: (1) MF DFW white apical ocelli large, proportionately larger than in other species. (2) MF DFW orange band extremely diffuse and narrow, barely visible in some specimens. (3) M DFW iridescent band from anal margin to M2, decreasing in width and intensity from posterior to anterior ends, and blending with the orange band. F DFW blue iridescence somewhat narrow and slightly faded. (4) M DFW androconial organ on Cu-CuA2 pale, contrasting scale color of surrounding area. (5) DHW discal androconial pad light brown to chocolate-brown, similar to or lighter than associated hairpencil. (6) M DHW discal hairpencil light brown to dark brown. (7) F VFW ripple pattern similar to that of M (but only two females were examined). <b>Description.</b> Male FW length 25.2–26.5 mm, n=3; female FW length 29.7, n=2. HEAD: As described for the genus. THORAX: Vestiture, wing venation and shape as described for the genus. DFW and DHW mostly brown in both sexes; female paler than male, female DHW usually paler than DFW. Sexually dimorphic, but sharing basic color pattern components. DFW with two large white apical ocelli below Rs3 and Rs4; one dark brown, diffuse ocellus below M1; a thin and highly diffuse orange crescent band (more than in all other taxa and barely visible in some specimens) variable in position between sexes (female band slightly more proximal than male band); male with an iridescent blue patch from DFW tornus to cell M3 or above, sometimes reaching the Rs veins (Fig. 8 a), wide at tornus and becoming narrower and more diffuse in cells above; female with blue patch more proximal and less intensely iridescent than that in male. DHW plain brown, anal region pale. VFW with ripple pattern that fades posteriorly; ocelli mirror the dorsal side, with ocellus below M1 being the most conspicuous, and having a purple pupil. VHW with ripple pattern that does not differ between sexes; som [...]
<i>Bia rebeli tapajos</i> Penz &amp; Simonsen, NEW SSP. (Figs 7 d–f, 12) <b>... more <i>Bia rebeli tapajos</i> Penz &amp; Simonsen, NEW SSP. (Figs 7 d–f, 12) <b>Diagnostic description.</b> Defined by the following combination of characters: (1) MF DFW white apical ocelli medium-small. (2) MF DFW orange band moderately wide (in one specimen from Santarém, this band is quite wide, reaching the discal cell); in the M orange scales somewhat extended proximally along veins. (3) M DFW iridescent band from anal margin to approximately half of the CuA2 cell, usually with discrete edges, but in some specimens the iridescence fades anteriorly towards CuA2. F DFW iridescent band more diffuse and narrower than that of <i>actorion</i>, especially noticeable below CuA2 where the iridescence is less extended towards the tornus. (4) M DFW androconial organ on Cu-CuA2 pale, contrasting scale color of surrounding area. (5) DHW discal androconial pad usually cream, sometimes light brown. (6) DHW discal hairpencil cream to light brown. (7) F VFW ripple pattern similar to that of M. <b>Etymology.</b> This subspecies is named after the Tapajós, indigenous people from the Amazonian region. <b>Type material.</b> Holotype M (Fig. 7 d), deposited in the DZUP collection, four labels separated by // and transcribed verbatim: HOLOTYPUS // Brazil, Pará, Belterra, 02°51'03.8"S 54°57'24.9"W, A.L.Lopes leg. // DZUP 32.933 // Holotypus <i>Bia rebeli tapajos</i> Penz &amp; Simonsen, 2017. Paratypes are listed in Appendix, and Fig. 7 e shows a paratype M. <b>Distribution and examined specimens.</b> Fig. 12 and Appendix. <b>Remarks.</b> Two females from Brazil, Tocantins, Ilha do Bananal were tentatively identified as <i>rebeli tapajos</i> based on locality, given that no corresponding males have been collected in that area.
<i>Bia rebeli cuprea</i> Penz &amp; Casagrande, NEW SSP. (Figs 7 a–c, 10j, 12) &l... more <i>Bia rebeli cuprea</i> Penz &amp; Casagrande, NEW SSP. (Figs 7 a–c, 10j, 12) <b>Diagnostic description.</b> Defined by the following combination of characters: (1) MF DFW white apical ocelli small. (2) MF DFW orange band wide, orange scales extended proximally along veins, including the anterior tip of discal cell. (3) M DFW iridescent band absent or barely visible at tornus only. F DFW iridescent band shorter, more diffuse and narrower than that of <i>actorion</i>, especially noticeable below CuA2 where the iridescence is less extended towards the tornus. (4) DFW androconial organ on Cu-CuA2 pale, contrasting scale color of surrounding area. (5) M DHW discal androconial pad cream-colored. (6) M DHW discal hairpencil pale brown to cream-colored. (7) F VFW ripple pattern usually slightly less dense than that of M, with the VFW postmedial area showing a more predominantly yellow color. <b>Etymology.</b> Cuprum is the Latin word for copper, which is used in reference to the fact that males of <i>rebeli cuprea</i> lack blue iridescence, being only orange and brown dorsally. <b>Type material.</b> Holotype M (Fig. 7 a), deposited in the DZUP collection, five labels separated by // and transcribed verbatim: HOLOTYPUS // Comunidade Paxiúba, Rio Abacaxis, Borba, Amaz [onas], 2–4-VI -2008, 4°28'48''S 58°34'24'' Mielke &amp; Casagrande leg. // gen.[itália] prep.[arada] Casagrande, 2011 // DZ 16.378 // Holotypus <i>Bia rebeli cuprea</i> Penz &amp; Casagrande, 2017. Paratypes are listed in Appendix, and Fig. 7 b–c show paratypes F and M. <b>Distribution and examined specimens.</b> Fig. 12 and Appendix. <b>Remarks.</b> Eurides Furtado (private collection, Appendix) provided photographs of two females seemingly of <i>rebeli cuprea</i> from Brazil, Amazonas, Maués (Penera River). Note that the examined material includes one male and two females from the Amazonian municipality of Manacapuru, which extends north and south of the Solimões River. Although we find it less likely that <i>B. rebeli cuprea</i> was collected north of t [...]
<i>Bia rebeli aegina</i> Penz &amp; Simonsen, NEW SSP. (Figs 5 c–f, 10g, 12) <... more <i>Bia rebeli aegina</i> Penz &amp; Simonsen, NEW SSP. (Figs 5 c–f, 10g, 12) <b>Diagnostic description.</b> Defined by the following combination of characters: (1) MF DFW white apical ocelli medium-small (most of the range) showing a cline to very small or absent (the DFW and VFW apical ocelli, and the VFW ocellus below M1 are very small or absent in Bolivian specimens). (2) M DFW orange band moderately wide, usually opaque; orange scales somewhat extended proximally along veins. (3) M DFW iridescent band from anal margin to approximately half of the CuA2 cell in most specimens, nearly reaching CuA 2 in others, and less frequently reaching CuA2 (southern Peru; variable within localities). F DFW iridescent band more diffuse and narrower than that of <i>actorion</i>, especially noticeable below CuA2 where the iridescence is less extended towards the tornus. (4) M DFW androconial organ on the CuA-CuA1-CuA2 intersection pale, contrasting scale color of surrounding area. (5) M DHW discal androconial pad varying from pale brown to silvery brown. (6) DHW discal hairpencil brown, darker in color than discal androconial pad. (7) F VFW ripple pattern less dense than that of M. <b>Etymology.</b> In Greek mythology, Aegina, daughter of the river god Asopus, married Actor, son of king Deioneus of Phocis and his wife Diomede. Here we name one of the <i>Bia rebeli</i> subspecies after the nymph Aegina as means of acknowledging that this species is separate from <i>Bia actorion</i>. <b>Type material.</b> Holotype M (Fig. 5 c), deposited in the PJD collection, two labels separated by // and transcribed verbatim: Peru: Madre de Dios, 250m Los Amigos Research Center 12o34'10.0"S, 70o06'01.4'W 13 May 2004 FW 25.7 P.J. DeVries Trap: 4 und // HOLOTYPE <i>Bia rebeli aegina</i> Penz &amp; Simonsen, 2017. Paratypes are listed in Appendix, and Fig. 5 d shows a paratype F. <b>Distribution and examined specimens.</b> Fig. 12 and Appendix. <b>Remarks.</b> Specimens from Bolivia slightly differ from Peruvian by their minute (sometimes absent) [...]
<i>Bia rebeli acreana</i> Casagrande &amp; Penz, NEW SSP. (Figs 6 a–b, 10h, 12) &... more <i>Bia rebeli acreana</i> Casagrande &amp; Penz, NEW SSP. (Figs 6 a–b, 10h, 12) <b>Diagnostic description.</b> Defined by the following combination of characters: (1) MF DFW white apical ocelli small. (2) MF DFW orange band moderately wide, opaque, orange scales somewhat extended proximally along veins. (3) M DFW iridescent band not reaching CuA2, and appearing less intense than in other taxa. F DFW iridescent band less intense and of a paler hue; this band is narrower and shorter than that of other <i>rebeli</i> subspecies, extending less than half the height of the discal cell and not reaching the tornus. (4) M DFW androconial organ on the CuA- CuA1-CuA2 intersection pale, contrasting scale color of surrounding area. (5) DHW discal androconial pad cream-colored. (6) DHW discal hairpencil brown, darker than scales of the associated androconial pad. (7) F VFW ripple pattern slightly less dense than, or similar to, that of M. <b>Etymology.</b> This subspecies is named after the Brazilian state of Acre. <b>Type material.</b> Holotype M (Fig. 6 a), deposited in the DZUP collection, four labels separated by // and transcribed verbatim: HOLOTYPUS // 23–30-VIII-2014, Rio Moa, P [ar]q.[ue] Nac.[ional] Serra do Divisor (Séde), Mâncio Lima, Acre, Brasil. Mielke, Casagrande, Carneiro, Dias, Dolibaina, Siewert &amp; Salik leg. 7°26'52''S. 73°30'55''// DZ 32.591 // Holotypus <i>Bia rebeli acreana</i> Casagrande &amp; Penz, 2017. Paratypes are listed in Appendix, and Fig. 6 b shows a paratype F. <b>Distribution and examined specimens.</b> Fig. 12 and Appendix. <b>Remarks.</b> The dorsal hind wing discal androconial pad of <i>rebeli acreana</i> (Fig. 10 h) is as light as that of <i>rebeli rebeli</i> (Figs 1 c, 6a), but the hairpencil of the latter seems to be lighter in color. These two subspecies are allopatric. The male dorsal forewing orange band of <i>rebeli acreana</i> is more similar to <i>rebeli aegina</i> than to <i>rebeli arikeme</i> and <i>rebeli pareci</i>.
<i>Bia rebeli arikeme</i> Penz &amp; Casagrande, NEW SSP. (Figs 6 c–f, 10i, 12) &... more <i>Bia rebeli arikeme</i> Penz &amp; Casagrande, NEW SSP. (Figs 6 c–f, 10i, 12) <b>Diagnostic description.</b> Defined by the following combination of characters: (1) MF DFW white apical ocelli vary from medium to small. (2) MF DFW orange band moderately wide, orange scales usually extended proximally along veins. F DFW band narrow in some localities (Brazil, Amazonas, Arimã). (3) DFW iridescent band varying in size as a cline: small, limited to tornus or extending from anal margin to approximately half of the CuA2 cell. F DFW iridescent band more diffuse and narrower than that of <i>actorion</i>, especially noticeable below CuA2 where the iridescence is less extended towards the tornus. (4) M DFW androconial organ on the CuA-CuA1-CuA2 intersection pale, contrasting scale color of surrounding area. (5) M DHW discal androconial pad varying from medium to light brown, never darker than associated hairpencil. (6) M DHW discal hairpencil brown, similar in color to, or darker than discal androconial pad. (7) F VFW ripple pattern slightly less dense than that of M, or similar to that of M in some localities (Brazil, Amazonas, Arimã). <b>Etymology.</b> This species is named after the Arikeme, indigenous people from the region of Rondônia. <b>Type material.</b> Holotype M (Fig. 6 c), deposited in the OM collection, four labels separated by // and transcribed verbatim: HOLOTYPUS // 20-XI-1991, Faz[enda] Rancho Grande, Cacaulândia, Ariquemes, RO[NDONIA] Mielke leg. // OM 27.664 // Holotypus <i>Bia rebeli arikeme</i> Penz &amp; Casagrande, 2017. Paratypes are listed in Appendix, and Fig. 6 d–f show paratypes M and F. <b>Distribution and examined specimens.</b> Fig. 12 and Appendix. <b>Remarks.</b> <i>Bia rebeli arikeme</i> is parapatric with <i>rebeli pareci</i>, described below.
<i>Bia decaerulea cayana</i> Simonsen &amp; Penz, NEW SSP. (Figs 4 c–f, 10e, 12) ... more <i>Bia decaerulea cayana</i> Simonsen &amp; Penz, NEW SSP. (Figs 4 c–f, 10e, 12) <b>Diagnostic description.</b> Defined by the following combination of characters: (1) MF DFW white apical ocelli medium-large. (2) MF DFW orange band somewhat diffuse, in M very wide and often extended into the discal cell (fading proximally); orange scales broadly extended proximally along veins, lining cross-veins at the distal edge of discal cell. (3) M DFW iridescent band absent; a glistening sheen is visible across the entire forewing. F DFW blue iridescence well developed but variable; usually extended across the entire DC, diffuse anteriorly; usually visible at the CuA1-CuA2 intersection; below the discal cell, the iridescent area is wide and may spread towards the tornus to meet the edge of the orange band, being similar to that of <i>actorion</i> but wider than in <i>decaerulea decaerulea</i>. (4) M DFW androconial scales on the CuA-CuA1-CuA2 intersection dark brown, matching scale color of surrounding area and intermingled with orange scales. (5) M DHW discal androconial pad dark brown, nearly black, always darker than associated hairpencil. (6) M DHW discal hairpencil dark brown, but lighter in color than discal androconial pad. (7) F VFW ripple pattern less dense than that of M, with the VFW postmedial area showing a more predominantly yellow color and with one or two pale markings sometimes present across DC. <b>Etymology.</b> The name <i>cayana</i> refers to the locality Cayenne in French Guiana. <b>Type material.</b> Holotype M (Fig. 4 c), deposited in the CMNH collection, three labels separated by // and transcribed verbatim: Mana River, Fr. Guiana, May, 1917. Acc. 6008. // 12–18 dissected by C.M. Penz // HOLOTYPE <i>Bia decaerulea cayana</i> Penz &amp; Simonsen, 2017. Paratypes are listed in Appendix, and Fig. 4 d–f show paratypes (two M, one F) deposited at CMNH. Note variation in the extent of orange coloration on the M DFW. <b>Distribution and examined specimens.</b> Fig. 12 and Appendix. <b>Remarks.</b> Males of [...]
<i>Bia decaerulea decaerulea</i> Weymer (Figs 4 a–b, 10d, 11c, 12) <b>Diagnosti... more <i>Bia decaerulea decaerulea</i> Weymer (Figs 4 a–b, 10d, 11c, 12) <b>Diagnostic description.</b> Defined by the following combination of characters: (1) MF DFW white apical ocelli medium-large. (2) MF DFW orange band somewhat diffuse, moderately wide (more than <i>B. decaerulea pallida,</i> less than <i>B. decaerulea cayana</i>); orange scales broadly extended proximally along veins, often lining cross-veins at the distal edge of discal cell. (3) M DFW iridescent band generally absent, but the location of the band might be visible under the scope when the specimen is tilted (a sheen is visible near tornus), a faint blue color is sometimes present. F DFW blue iridescence well developed but variable; usually extended across the entire DC, diffuse anteriorly; usually visible at the CuA1-CuA2 intersection; below the discal cell, the iridescent area is wide but usually does not spread towards the tornus. (4) M DFW androconial scales on the CuA-CuA1-CuA2 intersection dark brown, matching scale color of surrounding area and intermingled with orange scales. (5) M DHW discal androconial pad dark brown, nearly black, always darker than associated hairpencil. (6) M DHW discal hairpencil dark brown, but lighter in color than discal androconial pad. (7) F VFW ripple pattern less dense than that of M, with the VFW postmedial area showing a more predominantly yellow color and with one or two pale markings sometimes present across DC. <b>Distribution and examined specimens.</b> Fig. 12 and Appendix. <b>Remarks.</b> Some specimens from Guyana and Suriname (Appendix) seem to be intermediate between <i>actorion</i> and <i>decaerulea</i> (see explanation in <i>actorion actorion</i> subspecies account above).
<i>Bia actorion</i> (Linnaeus) (Figs 1a, 3, 11 a–b, 12) Type species. <b>Diagno... more <i>Bia actorion</i> (Linnaeus) (Figs 1a, 3, 11 a–b, 12) Type species. <b>Diagnostic re-description.</b> General characters as described for the genus. (1) MF DFW white apical ocelli small to large. (2) MF DFW orange band varies from thin (Venezuela, Alto Orinoco) to medium-wide; orange scales extended proximally along veins, including the anterior tip of discal cell in some specimens (Brazil, Amazonas, Manaus, but not all specimens). (3) M DFW iridescent band from anal margin to approximately half of the CuA2 cell (one specimen from Venezuela with DFW iridescence clearly reaching CuA2); F DFW iridescent band well developed but variable; usually broad below CuA2, and more extended towards tornus than those of female <i>decaerulea decaerulea</i> and <i>rebeli</i>. (4) M DFW androconial organ on the CuA-CuA1-CuA2 intersection dark brown, matching scale color of surrounding area. This character is shared by <i>B. actorion</i> and <i>B. decaerulea</i>. (5) M DHW discal androconial pad varies from being nearly black and darker than associated hairpencil (Venezuela; Guyana; Suriname; Brazil, Manaus) to dark brown and of similar color to hairpencil (photos from Colombian specimens, Ecuador, northern Peru; Brazil, northern Pará). (6) M DHW discal hairpencil dark brown. (7) F VFW ripple pattern of the postmedial area slightly less dense than that of M in some localities (Brazil and Guyana) and clearly less dense in others (Venezuela, Ecuador). Male genitalia (Figs 2 and 11 a): tip of valva usually narrow, spiny projection usually of medium height, infrequently tall, spines larger in specimens from the Guyana region; gnathos wide (Guyana region) to narrow (other localities). <b>Type material.</b> The iconotype designated by Hemming (1964) from Clerck's Icones (Fig. 1a) does not show the color of androconial organs and also lacks locality data, both of which are important attributes for definitive identification of <i>actorion</i>. We therefore recognize that a neotype should be selected for this species, which will be done [...]
<i>Bia actorion occulta</i> Casagrande &amp; Penz, NEW SSP. (Figs 3 e–f, 10c, 12)... more <i>Bia actorion occulta</i> Casagrande &amp; Penz, NEW SSP. (Figs 3 e–f, 10c, 12) <b>Diagnostic description.</b> Defined by the following combination of characters: (1) MF DFW white apical ocelli medium-small. (2) MF DFW orange band moderately wide and in M orange scales not conspicuously extended along veins. (3) M DFW iridescent band from anal margin to usually more than half of the CuA2 cell, with a scatter of scales reaching CuA2 (one specimen differed, where the band was ca. half of the cell). F DFW blue iridescence well developed but variable; usually extended across the entire DC, diffuse anteriorly; usually visible at the CuA1-CuA2 intersection; below the discal cell, the iridescent area is wide and it spreads towards the tornus. F seems indistinguishable from <i>actorion actorion</i>. (4) M DFW androconial organ on the CuA-CuA1-CuA2 intersection dark brown, matching scale color of surrounding area. (5) DHW discal androconial pad chocolate-brown, comparable in color to the associated hairpencil. (6) M DHW discal hairpencil dark brown. (7) F VFW ripple pattern of the postmedial area similar to that of M. <b>Etymology.</b> The name <i>occulta</i> originates from the Latin word for hidden, alluding to the fact that this subspecies occupies the southeastern edge of the species' geographical range. <b>Type material.</b> Holotype M (Fig. 3 e), deposited in the DZUP collection, four labels separated by // and transcribed verbatim: HOLOTYPUS // Pará, Acará, Alça Viária Km 20, 23-VII-2006, P.Jauffret leg. // DZ 22.447 // Holotypus <i>Bia actorion occulta</i> Casagrande &amp; Penz, 2017. Paratypes are listed in Appendix, and Fig. 3 f shows a paratype F. <b>Distribution and examined specimens.</b> Fig. 12 and Appendix. <b>Remarks.</b> Male specimens from Brazil, Pará, Caxiuanã have a much reduced male dorsal forewing iridescent band. This band is absent in two specimens from Pará, Carajás and Maranhão, Imperatriz. Inasmuch as these specimens markedly differ from those of other localities, we tentatively assign them [...]
Eurybia elvina larvae produce substrate-borne vibrations by grating a cervical membrane studded w... more Eurybia elvina larvae produce substrate-borne vibrations by grating a cervical membrane studded with teeth against hemispherical protuberances scattered along the surface of the head.
FIGURE 12. Map showing collection localities of Bia species and subspecies (see Appendix). Some c... more FIGURE 12. Map showing collection localities of Bia species and subspecies (see Appendix). Some close localities are represented by one single dot. Dubious label data, localities that could not be accurately identified or were incomplete (e.g., Brazil, Pará) were not placed on map.
FIGURE 6. Adults in dorsal and ventral views. Taxon names appear below each set. Bia rebeli acrea... more FIGURE 6. Adults in dorsal and ventral views. Taxon names appear below each set. Bia rebeli acreana Casagrande & Penz, new ssp.: a, male holotype, Brazil, Acre, Mâncio Lima (OM); b, female paratype Brazil, Acre, Mâncio Lima (DZUP). Bia rebeli arikeme Penz & Casagrande, new ssp.: c, male holotype, Brazil, Rondônia, Ariquemes (DZUP); d, female paratype, Brazil, Rondônia, Ariquemes (CCGM); e, male paratype, Brazil, Amazonas, São Paulo de Olivença (CMNH); f, female paratype, Brazil, Amazonas, São Paulo de Olivença (CMNH). Bia rebeli pareci Penz & DeVries, new ssp: g, male holotype, Brazil, Rondônia, Vilhena (DZUP); h, female paratype, Brazil, Rondônia, Vilhena (DZUP).
FIGURE 10. Androconial organs of Bia species and subspecies. Each set of images includes a detail... more FIGURE 10. Androconial organs of Bia species and subspecies. Each set of images includes a detail of dorsal forewing CuA- CuA 1 -CuA 2 intersection (image on left), dorsal hind wing discal androconial pad with associated hairpencil (center) and with the hairpencil removed (right). a, actorion actorion, Brazil, Manaus (DZUP 16588); b, actorion ecuatoria, Brazil, Mâncio Lima (DZUP 32829); c, actorion occulta, Brazil, Benevides (DZUP 22417); d, decaerulea decaerulea, Brazil, Amazonas, Nhamundá (DZUP 22356); e, decaerulea pallida, Brazil, Barcelos (DZUP 22506); f, decaerulea cayanna, French Guiana, Vidal (USNM); g, rebeli aegina, Peru, Tambopata Reserve (DZUP 22927); h, rebeli acreana, Brazil, Sta. Rosa do Purus (DZUP 22557); i, rebeli arikeme, Brazil, Ouro Preto d'Oeste (DZUP 22756); j, rebeli cuprea, Brazil, Borba (DZUP 16378); k, caelestis, Brazil, Mâncio Lima (DZUP 32830); l, pucallpa, Peru, Pucallpa. (USNM).
FIGURE 4. Adults in dorsal and ventral views. Taxon names appear below each set. Bia decaerulea d... more FIGURE 4. Adults in dorsal and ventral views. Taxon names appear below each set. Bia decaerulea decaerulea: a, male, Brazil, Amazonas, Manacapuru (CMNH); b, female, same locality (CMNH). Bia decaerulea cayana, Simonsen & Penz, new ssp.: c, male holotype, French Guiana, Mana River (CMNH); d, male paratype, same locality (CMNH); e, male paratype, same locality (CMNH); f, female paratype, French Guiana, Oyapok River (CMNH). Bia decaerulea pallida Casagrande & Penz, new ssp: g, male holotype, Brazil, Amazonas, Barcelos, Rio Padauari (DZUP); h, female paratype, Brazil, Amazonas, Barcelos, Rio Padauari (DZUP).
Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 2020
In general, butterfly ventral hind wing eyespots are considered to play a role in predator–prey i... more In general, butterfly ventral hind wing eyespots are considered to play a role in predator–prey interactions. These eyespots are prominent wing pattern elements in Brassolini butterflies, and they vary in size, position, and number across taxa. Female Caligo Hübner, 1819 (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) appear to use the large eyespots of lekking males as a mate-locating cue, but female Opsiphanes Doubleday, 1849 (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) do not because males patrol to find mates. These behaviors led us to predict that male Caligo should have larger eyespots than females, but eyespot size would not differ between sexes in Opsiphanes. Our analyses supported these predictions. As displacement of the eyespots to the center of the wing might make them more conspicuous, we asked if eyespot position and size covaried across the Brassolini phylogeny. While we found a positive association between position and size, the relationship of these two variables contained significant phylogenetic signal...
... separating aemulius and adelina. The shape of the FW anal marking (single-or double-peaked), ... more ... separating aemulius and adelina. The shape of the FW anal marking (single-or double-peaked), together with the extent of yellow or orange in the HW plus ab-domen, and presence/absence of HW marginal spots, allow species determinations without dissection. ...
<i>Bia pucallpa</i> Casagrande &amp; Penz, NEW SP. (Figs 8 e, 10l, 11f, 12) <b... more <i>Bia pucallpa</i> Casagrande &amp; Penz, NEW SP. (Figs 8 e, 10l, 11f, 12) <b>Diagnosis.</b> Defined by the following combination of characters: (1) M DFW white apical ocelli large, proportionately larger than in other species. (2) M DFW orange band extremely diffuse and narrow, barely visible in some specimens. (3) M DFW iridescent band from anal margin to M2 or above, decreasing in width and intensity from posterior to anterior end, and blending with the orange band. (4) M DFW androconial organ on the CuA- CuA1-CuA2 intersection dark. (5) M DHW discal androconial pad nearly black, darker than the hairpencil. (6) M DHW discal hairpencil dark light to brown. Female unknown. <b>Description.</b> Male FW length 28–29 mm, n=3. HEAD: As described for the genus. THORAX: Vestiture, wing venation and shape as described for the genus. M DFW and DHW mostly brown. DFW with two large white apical ocelli below R3 and R4; one dark brown, diffuse ocellus below M1; a thin and highly diffuse orange crescent band (similar to <i>caelestis</i>); and an iridescent blue patch from DFW tornus to cell M3, wide at tornus and becoming narrower and more diffuse in cells above. DHW plain brown, anal region pale. VFW with ripple pattern that fades posteriorly; oceli mirror the dorsal side, with ocellus below M1 being the most conspicuous, and having a purple pupil. VHW with widespread ripple pattern, some of which in silvery white color; distal wing edge with a yelloworange line followed by a brown line; one simple, yellow-orange ocellus always present below Sc+R, others may be present below Rs and M1, irregular ocellus with linear pupil below CuA1 always present; tail darkening towards tip. Androconial organ on the DFW CuA-CuA1-CuA2 intersection dark, and a sparse cluster of modified, hair-like scales is located posteriorly to it. DHW with a nearly black androconial pad and brown associated hairpencil inside the discal cell; posterior hairpencil between 1A+2A and 3A cream-colored. Legs as described for the genus. ABDOMEN: General morpholog [...]
<i>Bia peruana</i> Röber (Figs 9 a–e, 11g, 12) <b>Diagnostic re-description.<... more <i>Bia peruana</i> Röber (Figs 9 a–e, 11g, 12) <b>Diagnostic re-description.</b> General characters as described for the genus. Defined by the following combination of characters: (1) MF DFW white apical ocelli medium-small. (2) MF DFW orange band moderately wide to very thin and diffuse (Peru, Chuchurras). (3) M DFW iridescent band absent or very small, at tornus only. F DFW iridescent band similar in size to that of <i>rebeli</i>, but slightly more diffuse. (4) M DFW androconial organ on the CuA-CuA1- CuA2 intersection pale, contrasting scale color of surrounding area. (5) M DHW discal androconial pad off white to cream. (6) M DHW discal hairpencil light brown to cream. (7) F VFW ripple pattern of the postmedial area similar to that of M (but only one female was examined). (8) M DHW with conspicuous blue iridescence that varies from being divided in three segments that do not expand into the discal cell (Peru, Pucallpa), to a solid spot that expands into the discal cell (other localities). F DHW with diffuse blue iridescence in the same wing area. Male genitalia: Fig. 11 g. The two dissected males differ in the shape and length of the tegumen in lateral view, and also the shapes of the uncus, gnathos and valva. The valva tip is narrow, and the spiny projection is long—both morphological features are shared with <i>rebeli</i> from the same geographical region. <b>Type material.</b> Lectotype M (Fig. 1 b), deposited at SMT, seven labels separated by // and transcribed verbatim: Chanchamayo, Peru // Lectotype <i>Bia actorion peruana</i> Röber, 1904 By G. Lamas '94 // Co type // Staatl. Museum für Tierkunde Dresden // Stauding. &amp; Bang-Haas Dresden, Ankauf 1961 // GART specimen ID: 0 2420 Exemplar + Etiketten dokumentiert specimen + label data documented 2003 // Dre-01-10. Genitalia dissected and examined by TJS. See also http://butterfliesofamerica.com/L/t/ Bia _a.htm (last accessed 30 August 2016). <b>Distribution and examined specimens.</b> Fig. 12 and Appendix. <b>Remarks.</b> We found some variation in the [...]
<i>Bia caelestis</i> Penz &amp; DeVries, NEW SP. (Figs 8 a–d, 10k, 11e, 12) <b... more <i>Bia caelestis</i> Penz &amp; DeVries, NEW SP. (Figs 8 a–d, 10k, 11e, 12) <b>Diagnosis.</b> Defined by the following combination of characters: (1) MF DFW white apical ocelli large, proportionately larger than in other species. (2) MF DFW orange band extremely diffuse and narrow, barely visible in some specimens. (3) M DFW iridescent band from anal margin to M2, decreasing in width and intensity from posterior to anterior ends, and blending with the orange band. F DFW blue iridescence somewhat narrow and slightly faded. (4) M DFW androconial organ on Cu-CuA2 pale, contrasting scale color of surrounding area. (5) DHW discal androconial pad light brown to chocolate-brown, similar to or lighter than associated hairpencil. (6) M DHW discal hairpencil light brown to dark brown. (7) F VFW ripple pattern similar to that of M (but only two females were examined). <b>Description.</b> Male FW length 25.2–26.5 mm, n=3; female FW length 29.7, n=2. HEAD: As described for the genus. THORAX: Vestiture, wing venation and shape as described for the genus. DFW and DHW mostly brown in both sexes; female paler than male, female DHW usually paler than DFW. Sexually dimorphic, but sharing basic color pattern components. DFW with two large white apical ocelli below Rs3 and Rs4; one dark brown, diffuse ocellus below M1; a thin and highly diffuse orange crescent band (more than in all other taxa and barely visible in some specimens) variable in position between sexes (female band slightly more proximal than male band); male with an iridescent blue patch from DFW tornus to cell M3 or above, sometimes reaching the Rs veins (Fig. 8 a), wide at tornus and becoming narrower and more diffuse in cells above; female with blue patch more proximal and less intensely iridescent than that in male. DHW plain brown, anal region pale. VFW with ripple pattern that fades posteriorly; ocelli mirror the dorsal side, with ocellus below M1 being the most conspicuous, and having a purple pupil. VHW with ripple pattern that does not differ between sexes; som [...]
<i>Bia rebeli tapajos</i> Penz &amp; Simonsen, NEW SSP. (Figs 7 d–f, 12) <b>... more <i>Bia rebeli tapajos</i> Penz &amp; Simonsen, NEW SSP. (Figs 7 d–f, 12) <b>Diagnostic description.</b> Defined by the following combination of characters: (1) MF DFW white apical ocelli medium-small. (2) MF DFW orange band moderately wide (in one specimen from Santarém, this band is quite wide, reaching the discal cell); in the M orange scales somewhat extended proximally along veins. (3) M DFW iridescent band from anal margin to approximately half of the CuA2 cell, usually with discrete edges, but in some specimens the iridescence fades anteriorly towards CuA2. F DFW iridescent band more diffuse and narrower than that of <i>actorion</i>, especially noticeable below CuA2 where the iridescence is less extended towards the tornus. (4) M DFW androconial organ on Cu-CuA2 pale, contrasting scale color of surrounding area. (5) DHW discal androconial pad usually cream, sometimes light brown. (6) DHW discal hairpencil cream to light brown. (7) F VFW ripple pattern similar to that of M. <b>Etymology.</b> This subspecies is named after the Tapajós, indigenous people from the Amazonian region. <b>Type material.</b> Holotype M (Fig. 7 d), deposited in the DZUP collection, four labels separated by // and transcribed verbatim: HOLOTYPUS // Brazil, Pará, Belterra, 02°51'03.8"S 54°57'24.9"W, A.L.Lopes leg. // DZUP 32.933 // Holotypus <i>Bia rebeli tapajos</i> Penz &amp; Simonsen, 2017. Paratypes are listed in Appendix, and Fig. 7 e shows a paratype M. <b>Distribution and examined specimens.</b> Fig. 12 and Appendix. <b>Remarks.</b> Two females from Brazil, Tocantins, Ilha do Bananal were tentatively identified as <i>rebeli tapajos</i> based on locality, given that no corresponding males have been collected in that area.
<i>Bia rebeli cuprea</i> Penz &amp; Casagrande, NEW SSP. (Figs 7 a–c, 10j, 12) &l... more <i>Bia rebeli cuprea</i> Penz &amp; Casagrande, NEW SSP. (Figs 7 a–c, 10j, 12) <b>Diagnostic description.</b> Defined by the following combination of characters: (1) MF DFW white apical ocelli small. (2) MF DFW orange band wide, orange scales extended proximally along veins, including the anterior tip of discal cell. (3) M DFW iridescent band absent or barely visible at tornus only. F DFW iridescent band shorter, more diffuse and narrower than that of <i>actorion</i>, especially noticeable below CuA2 where the iridescence is less extended towards the tornus. (4) DFW androconial organ on Cu-CuA2 pale, contrasting scale color of surrounding area. (5) M DHW discal androconial pad cream-colored. (6) M DHW discal hairpencil pale brown to cream-colored. (7) F VFW ripple pattern usually slightly less dense than that of M, with the VFW postmedial area showing a more predominantly yellow color. <b>Etymology.</b> Cuprum is the Latin word for copper, which is used in reference to the fact that males of <i>rebeli cuprea</i> lack blue iridescence, being only orange and brown dorsally. <b>Type material.</b> Holotype M (Fig. 7 a), deposited in the DZUP collection, five labels separated by // and transcribed verbatim: HOLOTYPUS // Comunidade Paxiúba, Rio Abacaxis, Borba, Amaz [onas], 2–4-VI -2008, 4°28'48''S 58°34'24'' Mielke &amp; Casagrande leg. // gen.[itália] prep.[arada] Casagrande, 2011 // DZ 16.378 // Holotypus <i>Bia rebeli cuprea</i> Penz &amp; Casagrande, 2017. Paratypes are listed in Appendix, and Fig. 7 b–c show paratypes F and M. <b>Distribution and examined specimens.</b> Fig. 12 and Appendix. <b>Remarks.</b> Eurides Furtado (private collection, Appendix) provided photographs of two females seemingly of <i>rebeli cuprea</i> from Brazil, Amazonas, Maués (Penera River). Note that the examined material includes one male and two females from the Amazonian municipality of Manacapuru, which extends north and south of the Solimões River. Although we find it less likely that <i>B. rebeli cuprea</i> was collected north of t [...]
<i>Bia rebeli aegina</i> Penz &amp; Simonsen, NEW SSP. (Figs 5 c–f, 10g, 12) <... more <i>Bia rebeli aegina</i> Penz &amp; Simonsen, NEW SSP. (Figs 5 c–f, 10g, 12) <b>Diagnostic description.</b> Defined by the following combination of characters: (1) MF DFW white apical ocelli medium-small (most of the range) showing a cline to very small or absent (the DFW and VFW apical ocelli, and the VFW ocellus below M1 are very small or absent in Bolivian specimens). (2) M DFW orange band moderately wide, usually opaque; orange scales somewhat extended proximally along veins. (3) M DFW iridescent band from anal margin to approximately half of the CuA2 cell in most specimens, nearly reaching CuA 2 in others, and less frequently reaching CuA2 (southern Peru; variable within localities). F DFW iridescent band more diffuse and narrower than that of <i>actorion</i>, especially noticeable below CuA2 where the iridescence is less extended towards the tornus. (4) M DFW androconial organ on the CuA-CuA1-CuA2 intersection pale, contrasting scale color of surrounding area. (5) M DHW discal androconial pad varying from pale brown to silvery brown. (6) DHW discal hairpencil brown, darker in color than discal androconial pad. (7) F VFW ripple pattern less dense than that of M. <b>Etymology.</b> In Greek mythology, Aegina, daughter of the river god Asopus, married Actor, son of king Deioneus of Phocis and his wife Diomede. Here we name one of the <i>Bia rebeli</i> subspecies after the nymph Aegina as means of acknowledging that this species is separate from <i>Bia actorion</i>. <b>Type material.</b> Holotype M (Fig. 5 c), deposited in the PJD collection, two labels separated by // and transcribed verbatim: Peru: Madre de Dios, 250m Los Amigos Research Center 12o34'10.0"S, 70o06'01.4'W 13 May 2004 FW 25.7 P.J. DeVries Trap: 4 und // HOLOTYPE <i>Bia rebeli aegina</i> Penz &amp; Simonsen, 2017. Paratypes are listed in Appendix, and Fig. 5 d shows a paratype F. <b>Distribution and examined specimens.</b> Fig. 12 and Appendix. <b>Remarks.</b> Specimens from Bolivia slightly differ from Peruvian by their minute (sometimes absent) [...]
<i>Bia rebeli acreana</i> Casagrande &amp; Penz, NEW SSP. (Figs 6 a–b, 10h, 12) &... more <i>Bia rebeli acreana</i> Casagrande &amp; Penz, NEW SSP. (Figs 6 a–b, 10h, 12) <b>Diagnostic description.</b> Defined by the following combination of characters: (1) MF DFW white apical ocelli small. (2) MF DFW orange band moderately wide, opaque, orange scales somewhat extended proximally along veins. (3) M DFW iridescent band not reaching CuA2, and appearing less intense than in other taxa. F DFW iridescent band less intense and of a paler hue; this band is narrower and shorter than that of other <i>rebeli</i> subspecies, extending less than half the height of the discal cell and not reaching the tornus. (4) M DFW androconial organ on the CuA- CuA1-CuA2 intersection pale, contrasting scale color of surrounding area. (5) DHW discal androconial pad cream-colored. (6) DHW discal hairpencil brown, darker than scales of the associated androconial pad. (7) F VFW ripple pattern slightly less dense than, or similar to, that of M. <b>Etymology.</b> This subspecies is named after the Brazilian state of Acre. <b>Type material.</b> Holotype M (Fig. 6 a), deposited in the DZUP collection, four labels separated by // and transcribed verbatim: HOLOTYPUS // 23–30-VIII-2014, Rio Moa, P [ar]q.[ue] Nac.[ional] Serra do Divisor (Séde), Mâncio Lima, Acre, Brasil. Mielke, Casagrande, Carneiro, Dias, Dolibaina, Siewert &amp; Salik leg. 7°26'52''S. 73°30'55''// DZ 32.591 // Holotypus <i>Bia rebeli acreana</i> Casagrande &amp; Penz, 2017. Paratypes are listed in Appendix, and Fig. 6 b shows a paratype F. <b>Distribution and examined specimens.</b> Fig. 12 and Appendix. <b>Remarks.</b> The dorsal hind wing discal androconial pad of <i>rebeli acreana</i> (Fig. 10 h) is as light as that of <i>rebeli rebeli</i> (Figs 1 c, 6a), but the hairpencil of the latter seems to be lighter in color. These two subspecies are allopatric. The male dorsal forewing orange band of <i>rebeli acreana</i> is more similar to <i>rebeli aegina</i> than to <i>rebeli arikeme</i> and <i>rebeli pareci</i>.
<i>Bia rebeli arikeme</i> Penz &amp; Casagrande, NEW SSP. (Figs 6 c–f, 10i, 12) &... more <i>Bia rebeli arikeme</i> Penz &amp; Casagrande, NEW SSP. (Figs 6 c–f, 10i, 12) <b>Diagnostic description.</b> Defined by the following combination of characters: (1) MF DFW white apical ocelli vary from medium to small. (2) MF DFW orange band moderately wide, orange scales usually extended proximally along veins. F DFW band narrow in some localities (Brazil, Amazonas, Arimã). (3) DFW iridescent band varying in size as a cline: small, limited to tornus or extending from anal margin to approximately half of the CuA2 cell. F DFW iridescent band more diffuse and narrower than that of <i>actorion</i>, especially noticeable below CuA2 where the iridescence is less extended towards the tornus. (4) M DFW androconial organ on the CuA-CuA1-CuA2 intersection pale, contrasting scale color of surrounding area. (5) M DHW discal androconial pad varying from medium to light brown, never darker than associated hairpencil. (6) M DHW discal hairpencil brown, similar in color to, or darker than discal androconial pad. (7) F VFW ripple pattern slightly less dense than that of M, or similar to that of M in some localities (Brazil, Amazonas, Arimã). <b>Etymology.</b> This species is named after the Arikeme, indigenous people from the region of Rondônia. <b>Type material.</b> Holotype M (Fig. 6 c), deposited in the OM collection, four labels separated by // and transcribed verbatim: HOLOTYPUS // 20-XI-1991, Faz[enda] Rancho Grande, Cacaulândia, Ariquemes, RO[NDONIA] Mielke leg. // OM 27.664 // Holotypus <i>Bia rebeli arikeme</i> Penz &amp; Casagrande, 2017. Paratypes are listed in Appendix, and Fig. 6 d–f show paratypes M and F. <b>Distribution and examined specimens.</b> Fig. 12 and Appendix. <b>Remarks.</b> <i>Bia rebeli arikeme</i> is parapatric with <i>rebeli pareci</i>, described below.
<i>Bia decaerulea cayana</i> Simonsen &amp; Penz, NEW SSP. (Figs 4 c–f, 10e, 12) ... more <i>Bia decaerulea cayana</i> Simonsen &amp; Penz, NEW SSP. (Figs 4 c–f, 10e, 12) <b>Diagnostic description.</b> Defined by the following combination of characters: (1) MF DFW white apical ocelli medium-large. (2) MF DFW orange band somewhat diffuse, in M very wide and often extended into the discal cell (fading proximally); orange scales broadly extended proximally along veins, lining cross-veins at the distal edge of discal cell. (3) M DFW iridescent band absent; a glistening sheen is visible across the entire forewing. F DFW blue iridescence well developed but variable; usually extended across the entire DC, diffuse anteriorly; usually visible at the CuA1-CuA2 intersection; below the discal cell, the iridescent area is wide and may spread towards the tornus to meet the edge of the orange band, being similar to that of <i>actorion</i> but wider than in <i>decaerulea decaerulea</i>. (4) M DFW androconial scales on the CuA-CuA1-CuA2 intersection dark brown, matching scale color of surrounding area and intermingled with orange scales. (5) M DHW discal androconial pad dark brown, nearly black, always darker than associated hairpencil. (6) M DHW discal hairpencil dark brown, but lighter in color than discal androconial pad. (7) F VFW ripple pattern less dense than that of M, with the VFW postmedial area showing a more predominantly yellow color and with one or two pale markings sometimes present across DC. <b>Etymology.</b> The name <i>cayana</i> refers to the locality Cayenne in French Guiana. <b>Type material.</b> Holotype M (Fig. 4 c), deposited in the CMNH collection, three labels separated by // and transcribed verbatim: Mana River, Fr. Guiana, May, 1917. Acc. 6008. // 12–18 dissected by C.M. Penz // HOLOTYPE <i>Bia decaerulea cayana</i> Penz &amp; Simonsen, 2017. Paratypes are listed in Appendix, and Fig. 4 d–f show paratypes (two M, one F) deposited at CMNH. Note variation in the extent of orange coloration on the M DFW. <b>Distribution and examined specimens.</b> Fig. 12 and Appendix. <b>Remarks.</b> Males of [...]
<i>Bia decaerulea decaerulea</i> Weymer (Figs 4 a–b, 10d, 11c, 12) <b>Diagnosti... more <i>Bia decaerulea decaerulea</i> Weymer (Figs 4 a–b, 10d, 11c, 12) <b>Diagnostic description.</b> Defined by the following combination of characters: (1) MF DFW white apical ocelli medium-large. (2) MF DFW orange band somewhat diffuse, moderately wide (more than <i>B. decaerulea pallida,</i> less than <i>B. decaerulea cayana</i>); orange scales broadly extended proximally along veins, often lining cross-veins at the distal edge of discal cell. (3) M DFW iridescent band generally absent, but the location of the band might be visible under the scope when the specimen is tilted (a sheen is visible near tornus), a faint blue color is sometimes present. F DFW blue iridescence well developed but variable; usually extended across the entire DC, diffuse anteriorly; usually visible at the CuA1-CuA2 intersection; below the discal cell, the iridescent area is wide but usually does not spread towards the tornus. (4) M DFW androconial scales on the CuA-CuA1-CuA2 intersection dark brown, matching scale color of surrounding area and intermingled with orange scales. (5) M DHW discal androconial pad dark brown, nearly black, always darker than associated hairpencil. (6) M DHW discal hairpencil dark brown, but lighter in color than discal androconial pad. (7) F VFW ripple pattern less dense than that of M, with the VFW postmedial area showing a more predominantly yellow color and with one or two pale markings sometimes present across DC. <b>Distribution and examined specimens.</b> Fig. 12 and Appendix. <b>Remarks.</b> Some specimens from Guyana and Suriname (Appendix) seem to be intermediate between <i>actorion</i> and <i>decaerulea</i> (see explanation in <i>actorion actorion</i> subspecies account above).
<i>Bia actorion</i> (Linnaeus) (Figs 1a, 3, 11 a–b, 12) Type species. <b>Diagno... more <i>Bia actorion</i> (Linnaeus) (Figs 1a, 3, 11 a–b, 12) Type species. <b>Diagnostic re-description.</b> General characters as described for the genus. (1) MF DFW white apical ocelli small to large. (2) MF DFW orange band varies from thin (Venezuela, Alto Orinoco) to medium-wide; orange scales extended proximally along veins, including the anterior tip of discal cell in some specimens (Brazil, Amazonas, Manaus, but not all specimens). (3) M DFW iridescent band from anal margin to approximately half of the CuA2 cell (one specimen from Venezuela with DFW iridescence clearly reaching CuA2); F DFW iridescent band well developed but variable; usually broad below CuA2, and more extended towards tornus than those of female <i>decaerulea decaerulea</i> and <i>rebeli</i>. (4) M DFW androconial organ on the CuA-CuA1-CuA2 intersection dark brown, matching scale color of surrounding area. This character is shared by <i>B. actorion</i> and <i>B. decaerulea</i>. (5) M DHW discal androconial pad varies from being nearly black and darker than associated hairpencil (Venezuela; Guyana; Suriname; Brazil, Manaus) to dark brown and of similar color to hairpencil (photos from Colombian specimens, Ecuador, northern Peru; Brazil, northern Pará). (6) M DHW discal hairpencil dark brown. (7) F VFW ripple pattern of the postmedial area slightly less dense than that of M in some localities (Brazil and Guyana) and clearly less dense in others (Venezuela, Ecuador). Male genitalia (Figs 2 and 11 a): tip of valva usually narrow, spiny projection usually of medium height, infrequently tall, spines larger in specimens from the Guyana region; gnathos wide (Guyana region) to narrow (other localities). <b>Type material.</b> The iconotype designated by Hemming (1964) from Clerck's Icones (Fig. 1a) does not show the color of androconial organs and also lacks locality data, both of which are important attributes for definitive identification of <i>actorion</i>. We therefore recognize that a neotype should be selected for this species, which will be done [...]
<i>Bia actorion occulta</i> Casagrande &amp; Penz, NEW SSP. (Figs 3 e–f, 10c, 12)... more <i>Bia actorion occulta</i> Casagrande &amp; Penz, NEW SSP. (Figs 3 e–f, 10c, 12) <b>Diagnostic description.</b> Defined by the following combination of characters: (1) MF DFW white apical ocelli medium-small. (2) MF DFW orange band moderately wide and in M orange scales not conspicuously extended along veins. (3) M DFW iridescent band from anal margin to usually more than half of the CuA2 cell, with a scatter of scales reaching CuA2 (one specimen differed, where the band was ca. half of the cell). F DFW blue iridescence well developed but variable; usually extended across the entire DC, diffuse anteriorly; usually visible at the CuA1-CuA2 intersection; below the discal cell, the iridescent area is wide and it spreads towards the tornus. F seems indistinguishable from <i>actorion actorion</i>. (4) M DFW androconial organ on the CuA-CuA1-CuA2 intersection dark brown, matching scale color of surrounding area. (5) DHW discal androconial pad chocolate-brown, comparable in color to the associated hairpencil. (6) M DHW discal hairpencil dark brown. (7) F VFW ripple pattern of the postmedial area similar to that of M. <b>Etymology.</b> The name <i>occulta</i> originates from the Latin word for hidden, alluding to the fact that this subspecies occupies the southeastern edge of the species' geographical range. <b>Type material.</b> Holotype M (Fig. 3 e), deposited in the DZUP collection, four labels separated by // and transcribed verbatim: HOLOTYPUS // Pará, Acará, Alça Viária Km 20, 23-VII-2006, P.Jauffret leg. // DZ 22.447 // Holotypus <i>Bia actorion occulta</i> Casagrande &amp; Penz, 2017. Paratypes are listed in Appendix, and Fig. 3 f shows a paratype F. <b>Distribution and examined specimens.</b> Fig. 12 and Appendix. <b>Remarks.</b> Male specimens from Brazil, Pará, Caxiuanã have a much reduced male dorsal forewing iridescent band. This band is absent in two specimens from Pará, Carajás and Maranhão, Imperatriz. Inasmuch as these specimens markedly differ from those of other localities, we tentatively assign them [...]
Eurybia elvina larvae produce substrate-borne vibrations by grating a cervical membrane studded w... more Eurybia elvina larvae produce substrate-borne vibrations by grating a cervical membrane studded with teeth against hemispherical protuberances scattered along the surface of the head.
FIGURE 12. Map showing collection localities of Bia species and subspecies (see Appendix). Some c... more FIGURE 12. Map showing collection localities of Bia species and subspecies (see Appendix). Some close localities are represented by one single dot. Dubious label data, localities that could not be accurately identified or were incomplete (e.g., Brazil, Pará) were not placed on map.
FIGURE 6. Adults in dorsal and ventral views. Taxon names appear below each set. Bia rebeli acrea... more FIGURE 6. Adults in dorsal and ventral views. Taxon names appear below each set. Bia rebeli acreana Casagrande & Penz, new ssp.: a, male holotype, Brazil, Acre, Mâncio Lima (OM); b, female paratype Brazil, Acre, Mâncio Lima (DZUP). Bia rebeli arikeme Penz & Casagrande, new ssp.: c, male holotype, Brazil, Rondônia, Ariquemes (DZUP); d, female paratype, Brazil, Rondônia, Ariquemes (CCGM); e, male paratype, Brazil, Amazonas, São Paulo de Olivença (CMNH); f, female paratype, Brazil, Amazonas, São Paulo de Olivença (CMNH). Bia rebeli pareci Penz & DeVries, new ssp: g, male holotype, Brazil, Rondônia, Vilhena (DZUP); h, female paratype, Brazil, Rondônia, Vilhena (DZUP).
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