Papers by Scott Freundschuh
The environment can constrain the way we think and act within it. Such an influence has been larg... more The environment can constrain the way we think and act within it. Such an influence has been largely ignored within the domain of spatial language, which has largely focused on objects and their identities, independently of the environments in which they occur. To investigate whether the environment also has an influence, we instructed participants to place a located object either near or far from a reference object within survey perspectives of manipulated 3D environments. When a geographical feature in that environment was present and had meaningful semantic content, it systematically altered the distance, direction and orientation of the placements, with these alterations well beyond the range expected based on a geometric definition of the spatial term. This environmental influence is consistent with a situated view of cognition.
This thesis is approved and it is acceptable in quality and in form for publication: Approved by ... more This thesis is approved and it is acceptable in quality and in form for publication: Approved by the Thesis Committee:
This report highlights a trio of research papers presented at the First Vehicle Navigation and In... more This report highlights a trio of research papers presented at the First Vehicle Navigation and Information System Conference (VNIS ’89), in Toronto, Canada on September 11-13, 1989. The conference consisted of fifteen paper sessions, including Programs and Policy, System and Technology Evaluation, Driver Response to Real-time Traffic Information, Digital Maps and Geographic Information Systems, Traffic Management Applications, and Human Factors. The papers reproduced here are intended to assist others in the study of human navigation, navigation systems, or spatial cognition in general. Their content is essentially the same as in the conference proceedings, although a few minor changes and corrections have been made, and the papers have been re-formatted and re-paginated.
Imagine that you get such certain awesome experience and knowledge by only reading a book. How ca... more Imagine that you get such certain awesome experience and knowledge by only reading a book. How can? It seems to be greater when a book can be the best thing to discover. Books now will appear in printed and soft file collection. One of them is this book spatial information theory 12th international conference cosit 2015 santa fe nm usa october 12 16 2015 proceedings lecture notes in computer science. It is so usual with the printed books. However, many people sometimes have no space to bring the book for them; this is why they can't read the book wherever they want.
Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 2021
Locatives, or spatial concepts, are phrases or words that denote place location and are essential... more Locatives, or spatial concepts, are phrases or words that denote place location and are essential for descriptions of locations in space. Despite their importance, how locatives are used and understood in largescale geographical spaces has received little attention in the literature. Existing research on the cognitive development of locatives by English speakers has focused primarily on locative understanding in one spatial context, that of small-scale tabletop spaces. In addition, these studies have provided few data about the development of locative understanding beyond the age of about seven years. In this article we report the results of a portion of a multiyear study that examined the understanding of locatives in both a small-scale tabletop space and a large landscape model space. Participants of ages three, four, five, seven, and nineyears old and an adult control group responded to these instructions: "Put the [object] [using a locative term] the [in relation to a referent]" in either the tabletop model or the landscape model. The location and the context of object placement were recorded and analyzed. This article focuses on the results of object placement in the model town. Results show a developmental progression in all but two of the twenty locatives tested. In addition, results show that scale and context are important for locative understanding in geographic environments.
Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 2018
Cognitive Mapping, 2018
Cognitive Mapping Cognitive Mapping is a comprehensive account of all facets of cognitive mapping... more Cognitive Mapping Cognitive Mapping is a comprehensive account of all facets of cognitive mapping research. This book provides an overview of the historical genesis of the subject area, a description of the current states-of-play, and a'map' of what future research should investigate. Each ...
Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 2015
When locations of individual-level health data are released in the form of published maps, the id... more When locations of individual-level health data are released in the form of published maps, the identity of these individuals could be identified through reverse geocoding. Spatial data can, therefore, not be released unless the locations have been modified, for example, using aggregation or geographic masking. Geographic masking techniques apply translation or perturbations to decrease the likelihood of re-identification of individuals through reverse geocoding. The current study proposes a new geographic masking technique referred to as "location swapping." Location swapping replaces an original location with a masked location selected from all possible locations with similar geographic characteristics within a specified neighborhood. Strengths and weaknesses of location swapping will be discussed relative to existing geographic masking techniques. The approach will be illustrated using several example data sets and a custom toolset developed for ArcGIS to automate the location swapping algorithm.
Conference Record of papers presented at the First Vehicle Navigation and Information Systems Conference (VNIS '89)
The author asserts that developers of vehicle navigation aids should not persist in using an intr... more The author asserts that developers of vehicle navigation aids should not persist in using an intradisciplinary approach to solving an interdisciplinary problem. It is demonstrated that research in differing disciplines can be intertwined, and that theories and models often can be borrowed. It is suggested that though interdisciplinary results can be supporting, caution should be taken when interpreting these. The
International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, 2009
Map perception is the process of using the human senses to acquire spatial information about the ... more Map perception is the process of using the human senses to acquire spatial information about the surrounding environment from maps. Maps, in this sense, are defined quite broadly as any representation that demonstrates spatial relationships (where things are in relation to each other) in an environment. Map cognition, on the other hand, involves mental (or brain) functions and capabilities that facilitate the acquisition and integration of spatial knowledge from maps through reasoning, intuition, and/or perception. To understand the significant breadth and scope of map perception and cognition, one must consider the historical developments of the four different research areas that have evolved in this field. These four areas were essentially born 60 years ago with the publication of Arthur Robinson’s The Look of Maps in 1952. The Look of Maps focused on issues of map design, spawning a large body of psychophysical studies that explored the perception of ‘graphic marks’, – what people see when they look at maps. Born from this early psychophysical work was the idea that maps are devices for communication and that they convey a coherent message set forth by the cartographer. Models for communication were borrowed from psychology and adapted for the perception of maps. Next to develop was a very multidisciplinary branch of research on maps and cognition. This body of work explored how maps facilitate spatial knowledge and behavior, and delved into the underlying cognitive structures and functions that maps effect. The most recent body of work is called geographic visualization (GVis). GVis comprises the techniques and technologies (whose development was informed by previous psychophysical studies, previous models for map communication, and previous cognitive models for spatial knowledge and behavior) that facilitate the understanding of complex spatial phenomena via both traditional and nontraditional maps and other spatial representations.
Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization, 1995
The purpose of this study is to assess the geographical content of a sample of popular children&#... more The purpose of this study is to assess the geographical content of a sample of popular children's storybooks. We surveyed twenty-five children's story-books, ranging in reading level from pre-school to grade four, for the kinds of locatives (spatial concepts) used to communicate, and the kinds of spaces used to illustrate, each locative. Results suggest that story-books for children reflect Bracken's developmental progression as to locative terms in story-books for children of different ages. Results also suggest prototype locatives (which are a basic subset of locatives that can be used communicate spatial relationships) in the development of spatial image schemata. Lastly, results indicate an absence of references to geographic spaces. Recommendations are made that encourage the creation of children's story-books strong in geographical content.
Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 1992
One aspect of a fundamental theory of spatial representations is human-cognitive representation. ... more One aspect of a fundamental theory of spatial representations is human-cognitive representation. This research includes a review of cognitive models of spatial knowledge across disciplines, upon which a proposed comprehensive model is based. This model includes geographic facts, route, and configurational knowledge as kinds of (spatial) geographical knowledge. This research also investigates the acquisition of spatial knowledge. An experiment was designed to test the hypothesis that a regular environment (gridded road pattern) promotes the acquisition of metrical configurational knowledge from procedural knowledge and greater navigation experience, whereas an irregular environment (serpentine road pattern) does not. A irregular and regular environment were used in this study. Forty subjects performed orientation, distance, and location estimation tasks in each environment, and performance was compared. The results of the experiment were varied. There was, however, tentative support to suggest that the pattern of the environment does effect the accuracy of spatial knowledge.
Cognitive and Linguistic Aspects of Geographic Space, 1991
... in Golledge, R.(1988)'Integrating Spatial Knowledge', Paper presented at the Intern... more ... in Golledge, R.(1988)'Integrating Spatial Knowledge', Paper presented at the InternationalGeographical Union Conference, Sydney ... Heft, H. and Wohlwill, JF (1987)'Environmental Cognition in Children', in Stokols, D., and Altman, I.(Eds.), Handbook of Environmental ...
Cognitive Aspects of Human-Computer Interaction for Geographic Information Systems, 1995
Human spatial cognition appears to operate differently in manipulable (small scale) spaces and in... more Human spatial cognition appears to operate differently in manipulable (small scale) spaces and in geographic (large scale) spaces. Although some fundamental spatial concepts may apply for both kinds of spaces, the relative salience of the concepts may be quite different. Geographic information systems (GIS) represent geographic spaces and the entities in them, but users interact with these systems as if they were manipulable, through representations that appear in manipulable spaces. This difference in scales of representation and action is not new, as people have long reasoned about geographic spaces while looking at or remembering graphical maps, which, like GIS displays and equipment, are manipulable entities. Part of the power and utility of maps comes from their natural space-in-space representations, but since geographic and manipulable spaces are different in how people think and reason about them, graphical maps to some extent misrepresent the geographic spaces that they show. Montello captured the essence of this dilemma when he asserted: Maps represent [geographical] spaces, but are themselves instances of [manipulable] space...[he] therefore expect[s] the psychological study of map use to draw directly on the psychology of [manipulable] space rather than on the psychology of [geographical] space. [14, p. 315]
Encyclopedia of Geographic Information Science
Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2015
Since its inception in Elba (Italy) in 1993 (COSIT was born out of COSIT 0 in Pisa, Italy in 1992... more Since its inception in Elba (Italy) in 1993 (COSIT was born out of COSIT 0 in Pisa, Italy in 1992), the COSIT biennial conference series (www.cosit.org) has brought together leading researchers from all cognate disciplines reflecting the interdisciplinary breadth of spatial information theory, including (but not limited to) geography, psychology, cognitive science, computer science, information science, and linguistics. Following the conference on the North Sea coast in Scarborough (UK) in 2013, the 12th COSIT conference returned to the USA for the fifth time. The COSIT 2015 conference was held in Santa Fe, New Mexico, during October 12-16, 2015 in the oldest capital city of the USA, located near the foothills of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. We received 52 full papers, which were each thoroughly reviewed by at least three Program Committee members; 22 were selected for presentation at the conference and are included in this volume. The breadth of the topics in this volume also reflects the breadth of the disciplines involved in fundamental research related to geographic information theory. Excitingly, traditional research topics, such as space-time representations, spatial relations, navigation, (strong) spatial cognition, etc., are still alive and well. Empirical research on how to extract and analyze spatial information from rapidly growing user-generated online multimedia databases, for example, produced in a citizen science context, has clearly emerged as a new and popular research frontier in the field. Meanwhile, "big picture" theories and human behavioral studies have recently yielded fewer contributions (although still represented herein), despite being of great value to this interdisciplinary field. In addition to the single-track paper session, COSIT 2015 also offered four peerreviewed workshops and one tutorial before the conference, and a doctoral colloquium after the main conference as in previous years. These events were intended as complementary opportunities to additionally facilitate dialogue across disciplinary boundaries and research expertise. Two keynote speakers, a poster session, as well as social events rounded off the stimulating COSIT 2015 conference activities in the beautiful city of Santa Fe in the U.S. South West, renowned for the natural beauty of its landscape. Organizing a successful conference is not possible without the commitment, additional effort, and diligent help of many people. We would like to thank the international Program Committee for their timely and thorough reviews and the sponsors and supporters for providing travel support for students and keynote speakers, for supplying materials at the conference, and for supporting social events. Furthermore, the organizers of the workshops, tutorials, and doctoral colloquium contributed an important part of the overall program. We would also like to thank the conference organizing crew for all the hard work in front of and behind the scenes. Our special thanks go to Tumasch Reichenbacher in the Department of Geography at the University of Zurich who efficiently handled proceedings production matters, and Danqing Xiao in the Department of Geography at the University of New Mexico for setting up and managing conference registration. Finally, we would like to thank the most important people at any conferencethose who attended COSIT 2015 to present and discuss their work, and who by so doing demonstrated the continuing strength of spatial information theory as a research field in its own right.
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Papers by Scott Freundschuh