Linguistics

In this paper we introduce the category of phrasal verbs in Croatian lexicon and grammar description in order to show their influence on semantic relations, namely synonymy and polysemy in Croatian WordNet (henceforth CroWN). We discuss the practical and theoretical implications that arise from the introduction of the category of phrasal verbs in the description of the Croatian lexicon. We also address the interaction of synonymy and polysemy as manifested in the semantic relations of phrasal verbs to their monolexemic counterparts and facilitated by the structure of CroWN. The lemmatization of phrasal verbs in Croatian dictionaries and its modification for purposes of improving semantical relations in CroWN is also discussed. We also propose building of the Croatian phrasal verbs database, describe its structure and its further expanison which would facilitate extraction and incorporation of phrasal verbs into CroWN, and thus improve MT systems and information extraction via this computational lexical resource.

Wordnet is a standard semantic resource for several Natural Language Processing tasks and it is available for an increasing number of languages. The Croatian Wordnet (CroWN) was a relatively small resource with 10.026 synsets and 31.367 synset-variant pairs covering only 45.91% of the so-called Core WordNet. Comparing these figures with the size of the Princeton WordNet for English version 3.0, that has 117,659 synsets and 206,975 synset-variant pairs, it is clear that the CroWN should be expanded. First experiments for the expansion of the CroWN were performed using the WN-Toolkit, a set of Python programs for wordnet creation and expansion using dictionary, Ba-belnet and parallel-corpora based strategies. The WN-Toolkit was previously successfully applied to other languages as Spanish, Catalan and Galician. After this first expansion, CroWN reached 70.63% of the core wordnet. In the second step we used CroDeriv, a derivational database for Croatian and the manual creation of 1,457 synset-variant pairs until reaching 100% of the Core WordNet. After second step was completed, CroWN reached 23,137 synsets and 47,931 synset-lemma pairs.

The paper analyzes a syntactic construction with the verbs doživjeti ‘experience-perf’and doživljavati ‘experience-impf’. Similar constructions are well recorded and described in Croatian and international literature. Verbs doživjeti and doživljavati can evoke a prototypical transitive structure, but can also be accompanied with a third complement which, according to the approach selected, is analyzed and termed secondary predication, predicate instrumental, predicate expansion or is together with an accusative nominal analyzed as a small clause. The instrumental nominal or adjective is sometimes considered as parallel to the kao-phrase (‘as-phrase’). The paper first provides Croatian literature on the topic, thereafter follows a survey of international literature, mainly based on generative tradition. On the basis of presented literature and our own research we have concluded that (a) a second and a third complement with the verbs doživjeti and doživljavati (in some cases) can be analyzed as a small clause, and that (b) small clauses with a predicate instrumental and a kao-phrases are possibly not identical structures.

E-Glava is an online valency dictionary of Croatian verbs. The theoretical approach to valency follows the German tradition, particularly that of the VALBU dictionary, with some minor changes and adjustments. The main principle of our valency approach is to link valency patterns to specific verb meanings. The verb list is compiled semi-automatically on the basis of the Croatian Frequency Dictionary and Croatian language textbooks. Currently, e-Glava contains descriptions of 57 psychological verbs with 187 meanings and 375 valency patterns. The lexicographic articles are written in Tschwanelex. A Document Type Definition editing module has been used, and the description of verbs follows a three-level linguistic schema prepared for lexicographers. Verbs are distributed throughout 34 semantic classes, and examples are extracted manually from Croatian corpora. Fully processed data for each semantic class will be publicly available in the form of a browsable HTML dictionary. The paper also presents a comparison between e-Glava and other cognate resources, as well as a summary of its main advantages, disadvantages, and potential applied uses.

Ovaj rječnik donosi detaljan valencijski opis pedeset sedam (57) psiholoških glagola u hrvatskome jeziku. Semantička skupina psiholoških glagola obrađena u rječniku izabrana je kao prva, pokusna skupina glagola zbog svoje značenjske povezanosti i razmjerne odvojenosti od drugih semantičkih skupina. Semantičkoj skupini psiholoških glagola posvećeno je dosta pozornosti u svjetskoj i domaćoj literaturi (Belleti i i Rizzi 1988, Landau 2010, Šaravanja 2011, Brač i Matas 2016, Oraić Rabušić 2016). Glagoli obrađeni u ovome rječniku pod nazivom psihološki često se u hrvatskim gramatikama nazivaju glagolima osjećanja, glagolima duševnoga stanja i glagolima htijenja (npr. Barić i dr. 1997: 518–520). Rječnik je također i mrežno dostupan na adresi valencije.ihjj.hr.

Valencijski rječnik psiholoških glagola u hrvatskome jeziku namijenjen je znanstvenicima koje zanima valentnost hrvatskih glagola, profesorima i učiteljima hrvatskoga jezika, studentima hrvatskoga jezika, naprednim učenicima hrvatskoga kao inoga jezika te svima ostalima koji žele znati nešto više o značenjima glagola i okolinama u kojima se oni pojavljuju. Nastao je kao rezultat dvaju projekata Instituta za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje, neposredno Baze hrvatskih glagolskih valencija (od 2013.) te posredno i projekta Valencijski rječnik hrvatskih glagola (2007. – 2013.). U izradi Valencijskoga rječnika psiholoških glagola sudjelovalo je šestero autora (Matea Birtić, Tomislava Bošnjak Botica, Ivana Brač, Ivana Matas Ivanković, Ivana Oraić Rabušić i Siniša Runjaić). Koncepciju je rječnika u najvećoj mjeri osmislila Matea Birtić, uz pomoć ostalih suradnika. Ivana Brač i Siniša Runjaić bili su posebno uključeni u stvaranje abecedarija. Ivana Brač u velikoj je mjeri bila angažirana i pri razdiobi glagola u semantičke skupine. Za povezivanje rječničkoga modela s ustrojem i poljima računalne baze koja je poslužila kao temelj stvaranja Valencijskoga rječnika psiholoških glagola ponajviše je zaslužan Siniša Runjaić. Samu bazu i sučelje za obradu natuknica u okviru leksikografskoga programa Tschwanelex za potrebe valencijskoga rječnika prilagodio je Bruno Nahod. Svi su navedeni suradnici, osim Brune Nahoda, obrađivali glagolske natuknice. Na projektu Valencijski rječnik hrvatskih glagola pod vodstvom Mirka Petija od 2007. do 2008. sudjelovale su suradnice projekta Baza hrvatskih glagolskih valencija Tomislava Bošnjak Botica, Ivana Oraić Rabušić i Matea Birtić. Osim njih na projektu su surađivali Jurica Budja i Alen Milković. Vođenje projekta preuzela je poslije Matea Birtić, kao i vođenje Baze. Treba napomenuti da je Baza hrvatskih glagolskih valencija izrasla iz projekta Valencijski rječnik hrvatskih glagola te su dijelovi rada na tome projektu kao i stečena iskustva ugrađena i u ovaj rječnik.