Department of English

hen early prophase PtK 1 or Indian muntjac cells are exposed to topoisomerase II (topo II) inhibitors that induce little if any DNA damage, they are delayed from entering mitosis. We show that this delay is overridden by inhibiting the p38, but not the ATM, kinase. Treating early prophase cells with hyperosmotic medium or a histone deacetylase inhibitor similarly delays entry into mitosis, and this delay can also be prevented by inhibiting p38. Together, these results reveal that agents or stresses that W induce global changes in chromatin topology during G2 delay entry into mitosis, independent of the ATM-mediated DNA damage checkpoint, by activating the p38 MAPK checkpoint. The presence of this pathway obviates the necessity of postulating the existence of multiple "chromatin modification" checkpoints during G2. Lastly, cells that enter mitosis in the presence of topo II inhibitors form metaphase spindles that are delayed in entering anaphase via the spindle assembly, and not the p38, checkpoint.

PAMAM dendrimers are cationic polymers that have been used for the delivery of genes and oligonucleotides to cells. However, little is known about the behavior of dendrimer-nucleic acid complexes once they reach the cell interior. To pursue this issue, we prepared dendrimers conjugated with the fluorescent dye Oregon green 488. These were used in conjunction with oligonucleotides labeled with a red (TAMRA) fluorophore in order to visualize the subcellular distribution of the dendrimer-oligonucleotide complex and of its components by two-color digital fluorescence microscopy. The 2′-O-methyl antisense oligonucleotide sequence used in these studies was designed to correct splicing at an aberrant intron inserted into a luciferase reporter gene; thus effective delivery of the antisense agent results in the expression of the reporter gene product. The dendrimer-oligonucleotide complex remained associated during the process of uptake into vesicular compartments and eventual entry into the nucleus. Since the pharmacological activity of the antisense compound was manifest under these conditions, it suggests that the dendrimer-oligonucleotide complex is functionally active. A surprising result of these studies was that the Oregon green 488-conjugated dendrimer was a much better delivery agent for antisense compounds than unmodified dendrimer. This suggests that coupling of relatively hydrophobic small molecules to PAMAM dendrimers may provide a useful means of enhancing their capabilities as delivery agents for nucleic acids.

In the poem Tintern Abbey the poet has expressed his tender feeling towards nature. He has specially recollected his poetic idea of Tintern Abbey where he had gone first time in 1793. This is his second visit to this place. Wordsworth has expressed his intense faith in nature, finds the image of God in it. He got sensuous delight. The poet studies nature with open eyes and imaginative mind. He has been the lover of nature form the core of his heart, and with purer mind. He feels a sensation of love for nature in his blood and high pleasure and deep power of joy in natural objects. The focus given to nature in literature is perceivable in the literary theory known as ecocriticism'. He advises everyone to learn from the past. This is perceptible in the words of Geoffrey H. Hartman (1964) who claims that " Wordsworth's poetry looks back in order to look forward the better ". Thus, the poem, " Tintern Abbey " , is a typical ecocritical work which strives to promote a relationship between Nature and human being and anthropocentric attitude towards nature. Wordsworth's claim seems to be analogous to the views of Heidegger. Nature, Wordsworth argues, discloses the one underlying principle, which the people have failed to identify. He advises every human being to recognize this animating principle.. The poem opens with a slow, dragging rhythm and the repetition of the word 'five' all designed to emphasize the weight of time which has separated the poet from this scene. The first section establishes the setting for the meditation. But it emphasizes the passage of time: five years have passed, five summers, five long winters… But when the poet is back to this place of natural beauty and serenity, it is still essentially the same He has again come to the same place where there are lofty cliffs, the plots of cottage ground, orchards groves and copses. He is glad to see again hedgerows, sportive wood, pastoral farms and green doors. This lonely place, the banks of the river and rolling waters from their mountain springs present a beautiful panoramic light. The solitary place remands the poet of vagrant dwellers and hermits' .he can see wreaths of smoke probably coming from some hermits making fire in their cave hermitages. These images evoke not only a pure nature as one might expect, they evoke a life of the common people in harmony with the nature. The second section begins with the meditation. The poet now realizes that these 'beauteous' forms have always been with him, deep-seated in his mind, wherever he went. This vision has been " Felt in the blood, and felt alone the heart " that is. It has affected his whole being .In hours of weariness, frustration and anxiety, these things of nature used to make him feel sweet sensations in his very blood, and he used to feel it at the level of the impulse rather than in his waking consciousness and through reasoning. From this point onward Wordsworth begins to consider the sublime of nature, and his mystical awareness becomes clear. Wordsworth's idea

Schools also advertise through their slogans. Fifteen renowned slogans of District Gujrat Schools are collected to analyze. It is a qualitative research and describes semantic perspective of these slogans. Rhetorical figure theory supports as a theoretical frame work which asserts that in a situation there are number of ways to express any proposition and to sway an audience some of them are most effective. For that, Hyperbole is mostly used. While short sentences, inspiring and motivational words are also used. They are an effective way to advertise.

Urdu and Punjabi case markers are important to create a syntactic configuration, and they play a vital role in portraying their semantics. In different contexts, they expose different semantics. Urdu ko is equivalent to Punjabi nuN and they mostly perform the same function in both languages. Data are taken from Punjabi and Urdu speakers. Punjabi nuN, like Urdu ko, reveals a contrasting semantics in active and passive sentences, because it can be used as dative and accusative. Dative nuN and accusative nuN being different case markers show distinctive functions, they sometimes show semantic ambiguity in the active and passive construction in the same sentence. This the inanimate object takes accusative case marker [ko] only because of demonstrative is against them. However, it approves their findings for the ambiguous role of Urdu ko in active and passive sentences by bringing the same results for Punjabi nuN.

English in Pakistan is influenced by Pakistani languages, and the influence of these languages on English is one of the reasons for developing new features in Pakistani English. This paper documents the variant use of articles in Pakistani English which is a result of the absence of the article system in Pakistani languages. Data for the present study have been taken from Pakistani English newspapers. To design a corpus, one month of data have been collected from six national dailies. ANTCONC software is used to investigate the new features of article use. In this study, the new features of articles found in Pakistani newspapers are explored which support the view that Pakistani variety does not follow the rules of British English but has developed its own features. It has been observed that the nativization in the use of articles is due to the influence of Pakistani languages. Data from the newspapers is very helpful to explain these features. This article is an extension of the limited findings of Rahman (2014) and Mahboob (2013) regarding variant use of articles by Pakistani writers.

Keywords: World Englishes; Features of Pakistani English; Use of articles in New Englishes; Pakistani English newspapers.

The present study investigates the Punjabi infixes which inflect the nouns for gender, number and case marking. The patterns of genders are formed by three infixes , those of numbers by three infixes and the ones of vocative case by two infixes (-ej- ,-ij-). Punjabi dictionaries have been consulted to collect the respective data. After the insertion of infixes, the scheme is to scrutinize the mechanism of the insertion in Punjabi word-formation. For this purpose, the eighteen constraints of all the infixation patterns are observed. The suitability of the fabrication of patterns is determined through the constraint-based analysis. Such analysis checks the well-formedness of all the descriptive data in line with Optimality Theory (Prince & Smolensky, 1993). Conforming to Optimality Theory, the observed constraints assist the data to be inspected for optimal structures. The analysis has been presented in tableaux. The data analysis shows the universality of constraints due to an active role of markedness constraints and faithfulness constraints. The devised markedness and alignment constraints are seen as language-particular constraints. Alignment constraints are devised in terms of six potential pivots (Yu, 2007). The study has further discussed some examples regarding infixation of other languages in relation to Punjabi inflection. In fact, this study provides the researchers an insight to probe the structure of Punjabi language.

This study examines the evaluative features from film reviews. The evaluative features of the almost similar grammatical category have been identified in each sub-value and the results have been generalized. This study inquires evaluative features from Lollywood and Hollywood film reviews comparatively. The reviews of Hollywood and Lollywood films have been selected randomly to compile corpora. Each corpus comprises 50 film reviews. The methodology used for the study is the mixture of qualitative and quantitative research designs. For the selection of data, a time frame has been fixed. The reviews from 2010 to 2016 are taken as the data. The softwares, Antconc and Sketch Engine have been used to process the data. After processing the data, the frequency of evaluative features observed in the corpora has been shown and afterwards the evaluative features have been interpreted. The findings show that core evaluative parameters, being central and inner parameters, manifest the highest inconsistencies. The evaluators of these parameters are rigid in their use. In the English language, they are handled by their native users easily but the non-native users are not able to use them freely and easily. On the contrary, the peripheral evaluative parameters are freely and easily used by both native and non-native users of a language because they do not possess rigidity of expressions. Even their extended use does not need much skill. Another interesting aspect is obvious that some evaluators of core evaluative parameters are combined with one another. For example, the evaluator clear is included in two sub-values. This evaluator is located in the sub-value of reliability but it is also combined with the sub-value of comprehensible because the word clear gives the meaning of genuine, comprehensible and

The study investigates the predicated thematic structures in the English text and its Urdu translation. The first objective is to define the variations in the Urdu translation of English predicated thematic structures. The second objective is to define how the variations in Urdu translation affect the thematic progression. The data has been collected from the English novel Things Fall Apart by Achebe (1958) and its Urdu translation Bikharti Duniya by Ullah (1991). The UAM Corpus Tool has been used to annotate the data and to find predicated thematic structures and their thematic progression. The findings show that the Urdu translation of English predicated themes is ambiguous and misleading. The English predicated themes have been translated as Urdu unmarked and marked ideational themes. Such unmotivated displacement of themes affects thematic progression. There occur some variations in the thematic progression of translated Urdu themes.

The study documents the morphological processes involved in the broken plural system of Urdu words. The pluralization system of Urdu is introduced briefly, however, a detailed investigation of morphological complexities of broken plural is given. The study reveals that Urdu has two types of plurals: Sound Plurals and Broken Plurals. Sound plurals are devised by attaching the suffixes to the stem, and this is a native pattern.Some of the native and borrowedsuffixes are enlisted which are used as plural markers. Both native and borrowed suffixes can be used with native words as well as loan words. Two processes, in fact, are involved in the formation of Urdu plurals: morphological process and phonological process. Morphological process attaches the plural marker to the stem while phonological process makes the devised form pronounceable by deleting or alternating the vowel segments and by re-syllabifying the plural form. The broken plurals, a pattern borrowed from Arabic, are formed by inserting the plural markers: infixes, circumfixes and transfixes, and by modification of the stem. This study is in sharp contrast to Hardie's (2004) claim that only suffixes are involved in the inflectional morphology of Urdu. The formation of broken plurals through infixes, circumfixes and transfixespresents another case, different from regular plurals by only suffixes.Prince &Smolensky's (1993) Optimality Theory (OT) has been utilized to analyze the complexities of broken plurals.

The present study deals with metafunctional diversity of thematic relations i.e. ideational, interpersonal and textual in English and Urdu. The objectives are: (1) to describe the functional significance particular to thematic progression (McCabe, 1999) of thematic structures in the English and the Urdu texts, and (2) to discuss how effectively the English thematic structures have been translated into Urdu. The English text Things Fall Apart by Achebe (1994) and its Urdu translation, Bikharti Duniya by Ullah (1991) have been annotated through the annotation scheme of the UAM Corpus Tool (O`Donnell, 2008). The annotated English and Urdu clauses are analyzed to discuss their thematic structures. The results show that the functional significance and thematic progression patterns are identical, but because of the unmotivated displacement of themes, the translation choices become ambiguous. To resolve ambiguities, possible translation choices have been suggested.

This study describes the facework system in effect during oral argument in US state supreme courts. Drawing on two cases that occurred in the California Supreme Court in which attorneys and justices explored the legality of California's marriage laws, the study argues that the facework system in operation during oral argument is one of minimal politeness. That facework system, one that uses selected address forms, argument meta-language, case references, and frequent interruptions that go unmarked, constructs an impersonal, professional face in which politeness is uncalled for. The first part of the analysis illustrates the features and suggests how these discourse features do their interpretive work. The second part of the analysis examines a deviant case: an exchange where an attorney and the justices gave significant attention to each others' positive face. The paper uses the deviant case to make clear what the typical facework in appellate oral argument looks like, as well as to give a sense of appellate procedures when that norm is altered. The conclusion draws out implications for future face and politeness theorizing.

The aim of this paper is to re-examine the notions of indirectness and politeness as applied to requests. It is argued that (contrary to current theories of politeness) the two notions do not represent parallel demensions; indirectness does not necessarily imply politeness, The relationship between the two was examined in a series of experiments designed to tap native speakers' perceptions of politeness and indirectness in Hebrew and English. The results indicate that the two notions are perceived as different from each other: The most indirect request strategies were not judged as the most polite. The strategies rated as the most polite, on a scale of politeness, were conventional indirect requests ('on record' indirectness); the strategies rated as the most indirect, on a scale of indirectness, were. hints used fom requests ('off record' indirectness).

The purpose of this paper is to analyze a written discourse which is in the form of an official letter. There are many approaches for discourse analysis. The difference between these approaches is that a few of them include analysis of the texts and others don't (Fairclough, 2000). The letter under observation will be analyzed in the light of the two approaches of Discourse Analysis namely; CDA and Cohesion.

T.S.Eliot as a metaphysical poet portrays his ideas dynamically unique way. His view on Unification of Sensibility and Dissociation of Sensibility are illustrated along with the foremost important discussed by him that is the how to define  "metaphysical" ? The elaboration of simile to farthest possibility, development of an image with thought agility on the part of the reader  along with the sudden contrasts makes a work metaphysical.