Papers by REVISTA INGENIERIA Y COMPETITIVIDAD
Ingeniería y Competitividad, 2017
The construction sector is currently facing two important challenges with regard to minimizing th... more The construction sector is currently facing two important challenges with regard to minimizing the environmental impact of its projects and improving the efficacy of the construction processes, providing clients with adequate solutions that meet their requirements. In response to the need to complete projects that satisfy environmental requirements, methodologies for project integration known as Building Information Modeling (BIM) have emerged in recent years. These methodologies enable the generation of digital models that contribute to minimizing errors and to the early detection of incompatibilities, and they allow participants to work in an integrated manner. These methodologies show notable synergy with sustainability, as digital modeling provides information about the performance of projects during their useful life, enabling the analysis of different options to minimize their environmental impact. The objective of the present study is to examine the performance of a construction project in Colombia in terms of sustainability by using a BIM platform to determine the electrical energy consumption, the carbon footprint of materials, and the total energy incorporated into the project using simulations. In addition, the generation of alternative designs and the analysis of the results will be performed considering the economic viability of the proposed scenarios.
Ingeniería y Competitividad, 2017
The aim of this work was to evaluate the operation of spray drying to obtain powder curcumin from... more The aim of this work was to evaluate the operation of spray drying to obtain powder curcumin from turmeric extract blended with maltodextrin. An experimental design (central composite design) with two statistical factors was used. These factors were the inlet air temperature (140-160ºC) and outlet air temperature (75-95ºC),
with the rotation speed kept constant (28000 RPM). Statistical optimization was established by considering the response surfaces analysis where the hygroscopicity was minimized and the curcumin concentration was maximized. The optimal conditions for the spray drying process were inlet and outlet air temperatures of 149ºC and 75ºC, respectively, at an atomization speed of 28000 RPM. These settings provided the following results: hygroscopicity (11.71% ± 0.03) and final concentration of curcumin (9.03 ± 0.44 mg/g), which were
statistically significant
Ingenieria y Competitividad, 2017
Anaerobic Digestion (AD) of food waste (FW) reduces risks to human health and environment, also i... more Anaerobic Digestion (AD) of food waste (FW) reduces risks to human health and environment, also increases the life of landfills, and mainly is an important strategy to produce energy renewable as methane. Kinetic models can determine the influence of the factors that affect the process of AD and predicts more precisely methane production in order to prevent overestimation or underestimation, which may lead to the definition of real criteria to implement the technology. This study evaluated by means of Biochemical Methane Potential (PBM) assays, the AD of FW from a
university restaurant using as inoculum sludge from a UASB reactor in charge of treating municipal wastewater. The factor evaluated was the influence of Substrate-Inoculum (S/I: 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 gVSsubstrate·gVSinoculum -1) ratio. For the
prediction of methane were applied the kinetic models: Transfer Function, Logistics Function and Modified Gompertz models. It was found that the S/I ratio affect both, the efficiency of AD process and prediction of methane production,
presenting the better results for S/I ratio below one. Within the kinetic models evaluated, the Logistic Function presented the best settings for predicting methane production and lag phase (R2> 0.9).
Ingeniería y Competitividad, 2017
Since October 2015 Colombia has suffered a shortage in the capacity to generate electricity due t... more Since October 2015 Colombia has suffered a shortage in the capacity to generate electricity due to the significant reduction in the levels of rainfall, a consequence of the climatic phenomenon of El Niño. The drought has caused a possible threat
of rationing and the intervention by the regulator which is encouraging the voluntary reduction of energy consumption.
This article proposes to use strategies for obtaining data known as ALL DATA to design demand management programs (DMP) in industrial users. It establishes that the data used must come from technical, economic, social and environmental aspects, so you can have a holistic aspect involved in the consumption of energy.
In addition, it is proposed that the data obtained be supplied by the main agents that make up the marketing chain of electrical energy and finally, to identify the activities that would be developed by the DMP agent using the ALL DATA strategies to ensure the effective strategies in saving energy will continue over time.
Ingeniería y Competitividad, 2017
The aim of this paper is to present a methodological approach to obtain the cost-benefit impact a... more The aim of this paper is to present a methodological approach to obtain the cost-benefit impact at environmental and socioeconomic level, related to the integration of Advanced Measurement Infrastructure into utilities and their residential customers. The methodology used to quantify the costs and benefits of implementing such technology was established by the European Union and adjusted to the local context. It is worth highlighting that this methodology can be used to evaluate any kind of Smart Grid project. The socioeconomic benefits estimated in this research were related to job creation, energy consumption decrease, reduction of non-technical losses, and the reduction of CO2 emissions. An economic analysis using the net present value is presented here for assessing the impact caused by smart metering implementation
Ingeniería y Competitividad, 2017
Domestic wastewater (DW) has been used as a substrate for both microalgae biomass production and ... more Domestic wastewater (DW) has been used as a substrate for both microalgae biomass production and nutrient removal.
Biological treatment with photosynthetic microalgae provides aeration, reducing operating costs and the risk of volatilization of contaminants. It also provides oxygen to the bacteria for degradation of organic compounds. In this study, a microalga was isolated and identified as Scenedesmus sp. An experimental trial was performed using synthetic wastewater with different concentrations of N (40, 90 and 150 mg/L) and P (4, 15 and 50 mg/L). Each assay was inoculated with 1x106 cells/ml under 16h of continuous light at 50-μmol m-2 s-1 at and 120 rpm for 7 days. Samples were taken at 0, 3, 5 and 7 days to determine the growth of microalgae and the concentration of nitrates, ammonium and phosphorus. The same treatment was carried out using real DW. Synthetic water of low and medium concentration had higher removal
percentages. These were between 50 and 60 for nitrogen and 40 and 70 for phosphorus, with a maximum growth of 1x107 cells /ml. For real DW, the removal was 65% for phosphorus and 80% for nitrogen. These results suggest Scenedesmus sp
could be used to treat DW, enhancing nutrient removal and obtaining biomass for other purposes
Ingeniería y Competitividad, 2017
This article shows the implementation of simulation software which aims to facilitate learning th... more This article shows the implementation of simulation software which aims to facilitate learning the RIPng
protocol (for IPv6). This is based on an IPv6 network with loop topology, on which it is possible to
program the tear down moment for one of the least-cost links; said link has been previously used in the
routing table calculations which were operating before the tear down. Simulation includes three options
which allow the user to choose the control strategy which helps avoiding routing loops: PoisonReverse,
SplitHorizon and NoSplitHorizon. The software was developed under the programming environment of
the NS-3 network simulator.
Ingeniería y Competitividad, 2017
This paper presents a methodology for the identification of high spatial density mode shapes of a... more This paper presents a methodology for the identification of high spatial density mode shapes of a dynamical system under harmonic excitation that use information from a mobile sensor. The methodology is verified numerically and experimentally with uniform simply supported beams under sinusoidal excitation. High correlation is found between the theoretical and the numerically identified mode shapes in the simulations.
High correlation is also obtained between the operational mode shape identified using a traditional modal identification approach and the one using the proposed methodology during the experimental validation.
The methodology minimizes errors in the identification process due to the influence of the non-resonant modes and it is robust to uncertainties in the initial identification of the natural frequencies.
Electric power systems are subject to high electricity demand variations during short periods due... more Electric power systems are subject to high electricity demand variations during short periods due to consumption habits of end-users. In these periods, the operation of distribution networks is expensive, energy losses are increased and voltages may drop for buses located far from feeders. These negative effects can be avoided when Demand Response (DR) schemes are considered. Currently, policies for
promoting DR in Colombia rise and it is fundamental the establishment of criteria for identifying the impact of DR in Colombian electricity market. This work tends to classify and identify the impact of DR on Usage Costs of Distribution Systems. Based on the current rate scheme, results show that this impact can be classified in five aspects: equipment capacity, energy sales, energy losses, payments between network operators and energy service quality. Finally, parameters of current methodology for
the calculation of Usage Costs that are sensitive to DR are identified and classified.
Ingeniería y Competitividad, 2017
Here we present a study on the preparation of scaffolding for nanofibers composed of chitosan (QS... more Here we present a study on the preparation of scaffolding for nanofibers composed of chitosan (QS) and fibroin from cocoon silkworm (Bombyx mori) (FGS) for its potential use in biomedicine. The scaffolds conformed by nanofibers were prepared from different mixtures of QS and FGS. They were characterized with analytical techniques such as scanning electron microscopy-SEM, infrared spectroscopy-FTIR, X-ray diffraction-XRD, Thermogravimetric Analysis-TGA, Differential Scanning Calorimetry-DSC and Citocompatibility tests, to determine its morphology, functional groups, thermal transitions, and cell viability of the scaffolding QS/FGS. Nanofibers of different diameters of QS/FGS (8-177 nm) were obtained and compared with the fibers of cocoons (22-36 μm) and fibroin (7-13 μm). The best scaffolds were achieved from a physical mixture with a weight ratio QS: FGS (1:3) dissolved in trifluoroacetic acid under the following electrospinning parameters. Voltage: 20 kV, injection flow: 0.5 ml/h, needle-collector distance: 12 cm, relative humidity: 28% Temperature: 25 ° C. It was determined that the scaffolding QS/FGS possessed fibers with nanometric diameters less than 200 nm, which allow optimal cell adhesion and thermal stability at the application site, with a view to control the degradation of the scaffold. Thermal analyses, supplemented with XRD studies reveal the internal structure of the fibers. Besides Cytocompatibility test on prepared cell scaffolds, it indicates that the integrity requirement was achieved and the necessity to control the pH to achieve an increased cell viability. The results show that nanofibers QS/FGS can be a good candidate for tissue engineering in biomedical applications such as scaffolds
Ingeniería y Competitividad, 2017
The principles and some applications of the digital lensless holographic microscopy (DLHM) to stu... more The principles and some applications of the digital lensless holographic microscopy (DLHM) to study the microworld are shown in this paper. The recording and reconstruction processes of the DLHM are analyzed to study its lateral resolution power. The effect of the spatial coherence in the study of a section of the head of a Drosophila melanogaster fly are presented. DLHM is applied to study dwynamic and static colloidal systems as a proof of the capability of achieving micrometer spatial lateral resolution without the use of lenses
Ingeniería y Competitividad, 2017
Bee pollen is characterized by its high nutritional value that could be used in human diet, speci... more Bee pollen is characterized by its high nutritional value that could be used in human diet, specifically for its value in protein and antioxidant capacity. Different studies emphasize that pollen shows a restriction in nutrient absorption caused by its complex external cell wall, being not easily digestible by monogastric species as bees and humans. The objective of this study was to apply different pretreatments: enzymatic, alkaline, dry thermal and wet thermal. In order to evaluate the effect of each pretreatment, protein by Bradford method, in vitro digestibility, antioxidant capacity and total phenols were quantified. Protein estimated by Bradford method decreased in pretreated pollen, due to the breakage of peptide bonds, and the digestibility raise from 62% in untreated pollen to 85-98% in pretreated pollen. In relation to antioxidant capacity, it showed a non-representative decrease regarding other vegetable matrices, with the exception of a raise in phenols for some pretreatments. Such results coincide with microstructural changes observed in pretreated pollen micrographs. Finally, the variables assessed by principal component analysis showed differences for every pretreatment.
Ingeniería y Competitividad, 2017
Calcium phosphates are ceramics materials used in the manufacture of bone substitutes,... more Calcium phosphates are ceramics materials used in the manufacture of bone substitutes, due to their composition which is similar to the bones, they are bioactive, osteoconductivity and works in favor of forming porous structures, allowing vascularization and cell adhesion; furthermore they stand out for their biocompatibility. They are currently employed in the replacement of bone tissue in several clinical applications such as bone cements and fillers. Within this paper, nanoparticles of different calcium phosphates were obtained and characterized by two methods reported in the literature, centrifugation and hydrothermal treatment from precipitation reaction. The powders were characterized by XRD and FE-SEM. The results prove that both methods are suitable for the obtaining of nanoparticles of calcium phosphates, which is verified in the micrographs obtained where different morphologies are observed. Particles in nanoscale for most powders obtained have average diameter between 44.98 and 82.21 nm and average length between 123.91 and 151.48 nm. Diffractograms by both methods show the presence of calcium phosphates with different potential applications in bone tissue engineering, for the hydrothermal method was found that the temperature and time are major factors during stabilizing of phases. From this study it was concluded that both synthesis methods are suitable for obtaining nanoparticles and stabilization of different phases of calcium phosphate, being protocols 1, 3 and 4 the most suitable for biomedical applications
Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) has been an object of different investigations in the recent years, princ... more Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) has been an object of different investigations in the recent years, principally to its applications in solar cells due to its interesting optic, electric and magnetic properties. In this work is presented the dielectric response study of activated carbon doped TiO2 in pressed pills in different Molar relations. The electric behavior of the composites is obtained by bringing the samples to a Nitrogen and Helium atmosphere and studying with complex impedance spectroscopy, in the 50Hz to 5 MHz frequency interval and from room temperature to 723 K. The experimental results showed that the Nitrogen atmos-phere leads to an anionic doping, in which an nitrogen anion (A) gets into the TiO2 lattice, replacing an oxygen and forming TiO2-x Ax.
Ingeniería y Competitividad, 2017
QPSK modulation format with electronic compensation is an alternative to increase the ... more QPSK modulation format with electronic compensation is an alternative to increase the capacity and reach in the next generation passive optical networks (NG-PON), in response to demanding services and applications. We perform simulations to compare the performance of two electronic compensation techniques Constant Modulus Algorithm (CMA) and Backpropagation, in a NG-PON with QPSK modulation and coherent detection for the compensation of the chromatic dispersion. We use CMA in the access network to increase the data bit rate up to 40 Gb/s and the reach up to 33.5 km, reducing the computational requirements compared with Backpropagation
Ingeniería y Competitividad, 2017
Palm oil (PO) was used as new solvent for the elaboration of low density polyethylene (LDPE) flat... more Palm oil (PO) was used as new solvent for the elaboration of low density polyethylene (LDPE) flat sheet membranes via TIPS method. Phase diagram LDPE/PO was determined, and the effect of parameters such as polymer content (20, 30% w/w), temperature of coagulation bath (0, 25°C) and polymer size (#12, #6 mesh) on thickness, pore size, water vapor permeability and water intrusion pressure of the LDPE membranes was studied. The only parameter that significantly affects the membrane characteristics was polymer content (exempting thickness membrane). By an increase of polymer content, pore size and water vapor permeability decrease (2.7 and 1.2 times, respectively), while water intrusion pressure increases (>1.2 times). Membranes with a thickness of less than 400 μm and pore sizes between 2.3 and 0.8 μm were obtained. Membranes with 0.8 μm pore size were selected to concentrate ethanol-water and glucose solutions by vacuum membrane distillation. Membranes permeated 0.0667 and 0.0508 mol.m-2.s-1, respectively in 2 h of experimentation. Moreover, a 2.1 concentration factor was found using ethanol-water solutions
Ingeniería y Competitividad, 2017
This paper presents the results of a study pursuing the evaluation of the CO2 emissions behavior ... more This paper presents the results of a study pursuing the evaluation of the CO2 emissions behavior by fossil fuel combustion from the agricultural equipment used during the land sequence preparation and pre-harvest activities in a sugarcane crop corresponding to a sugar mill of the Valle del Cauca state, as a local study case. A simulation model from the system dynamics point of view was developed as a research methodology. The main results reveal that the land sequence preparation activities represent 73% of the total CO2 emissions in respect of the pre-harvest activities considered in this study, like the fertilization and the weed control. Through some sensitivity analyses by considering a complete conversion from commercial to organic area for the next 25 years, it is not possible to observe significant changes in the cumulative levels of CO2 emissions (decrease of 2.3%). However, changing the land sequence preparation from “conventional” to “light 3”, these emissions reduced up to 22.65%. Thus, we obtained a carbon footprint of 70,103.8 t of CO2-eq and a level of cost savings of 64% compared to the diesel fuel. Finally, this research shows that the adoption of specific agricultural practices by agro-ecological zones represents an opportunity to reduce the long-term CO2 emissions.
Monocular cameras are commonly used in communication devices, entertainment, and industrial envir... more Monocular cameras are commonly used in communication devices, entertainment, and industrial environments
since they allow people to recognize rapidly scenes and objects. On the other hand, thermal cameras are mostly
known in industrial environments to visualize the objects’ thermic radiance but they lose their visual details.
This work presents the design and implementation of a thermography inspection tool – INVIfusion – to fuse
infrared and visual spectrum images. This tool includes three modules: image acquisition and calibration
module, multimodal image fusion module, and report generation module. The main contribution of this work
compared with other software inspection tools is INVIfusion supports cameras from different manufacturers
(infrared and visible spectrum), having different field of view and spatial resolutions. To validate the suggested
system’s functionality and accuracy, quantitative and qualitative tests were performed considering different
camera configurations. In all cases the thermal camera was a FLIR E320. Quantitative tests were performed
measuring the mean symmetric re-projection error obtaining a maximum error of 2.08 ± 1.8 pixels
This article presents the methodology and results obtained from the Environmental Excellence Dist... more This article presents the methodology and results obtained from the Environmental Excellence District Program – PREAD – assessment, which belong’s to the Secretaría Distrital de Ambiente - SDA- program who is in charge to feed the District information systems, according to the active industry in Bogotá city, quantifying their environmental impacts, classifying their performances and efficiencies, determining market trends and encouraging the postulated and improvement of environmental management systems
giving public acknowledgements to companies with the best environmental performances. This assessment used as a methodological basis the Strategic Environmental Assessment - EAE - tool used for the analysis of public policies which use an environmental
development looking that is not in the scope of Environmental Impact Studies – EIA-, because them only analyze quantitatively aspects and environmental impacts but leave out political and administrative aspects related to the prospective analysis of public policies.
Took into account the program evolution over time, considering the periods 2001-2003 and 2004-2013, deficiencies in documentation and continuous monitoring improvement and built the perception of the enterprises in the city about the program and the institutions responsible for its implementation, through a random sampling, in order to formulate tools for its improvement and updating. Finally, recommendations for postulated in all stages of the program are structured, taking into account the inter-institutional communication, the documentary record, quality control and communication protocols and interaction with the population object for the program and
inclusive policies in this .
Surface water (SUP) and groundwater (SUB) interact inside the hydrological cycle according to geo... more Surface water (SUP) and groundwater (SUB) interact inside the hydrological cycle according to geomorphologic
and climatic characteristics that compose the landscape. Therefore, the impact on any of these compounds will
inevitably affect the quantity and/or quality of the other. In this context, a simple method was proposed based
on the general water balance equation; which incorporates the exchange flow of superficial and groundwater in
the estimate of the total water availability (OHtotal) in a watershed, starting from minimum hydroclimologic
and hydrogeologic data. This method was applied to the micro-basin of La Arenosa-La Margarita creek
(Pereira, Colombia) and it was noticed that the input of the groundwater flow influences in the estimate of the
water availability. Also, it was analyzed that these results are quite similar to the ones obtained by widely used
theoretical models used in hydrology; such as the SCS, UNESCO, added tanks, Long-term hydric balance and
Hydric Efficiency for the same study area. Thus, it was concluded that the proposed method is viable to be
applied in micro-basins with little hydrologic and hydrogeological information
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Papers by REVISTA INGENIERIA Y COMPETITIVIDAD
with the rotation speed kept constant (28000 RPM). Statistical optimization was established by considering the response surfaces analysis where the hygroscopicity was minimized and the curcumin concentration was maximized. The optimal conditions for the spray drying process were inlet and outlet air temperatures of 149ºC and 75ºC, respectively, at an atomization speed of 28000 RPM. These settings provided the following results: hygroscopicity (11.71% ± 0.03) and final concentration of curcumin (9.03 ± 0.44 mg/g), which were
statistically significant
university restaurant using as inoculum sludge from a UASB reactor in charge of treating municipal wastewater. The factor evaluated was the influence of Substrate-Inoculum (S/I: 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 gVSsubstrate·gVSinoculum -1) ratio. For the
prediction of methane were applied the kinetic models: Transfer Function, Logistics Function and Modified Gompertz models. It was found that the S/I ratio affect both, the efficiency of AD process and prediction of methane production,
presenting the better results for S/I ratio below one. Within the kinetic models evaluated, the Logistic Function presented the best settings for predicting methane production and lag phase (R2> 0.9).
of rationing and the intervention by the regulator which is encouraging the voluntary reduction of energy consumption.
This article proposes to use strategies for obtaining data known as ALL DATA to design demand management programs (DMP) in industrial users. It establishes that the data used must come from technical, economic, social and environmental aspects, so you can have a holistic aspect involved in the consumption of energy.
In addition, it is proposed that the data obtained be supplied by the main agents that make up the marketing chain of electrical energy and finally, to identify the activities that would be developed by the DMP agent using the ALL DATA strategies to ensure the effective strategies in saving energy will continue over time.
Biological treatment with photosynthetic microalgae provides aeration, reducing operating costs and the risk of volatilization of contaminants. It also provides oxygen to the bacteria for degradation of organic compounds. In this study, a microalga was isolated and identified as Scenedesmus sp. An experimental trial was performed using synthetic wastewater with different concentrations of N (40, 90 and 150 mg/L) and P (4, 15 and 50 mg/L). Each assay was inoculated with 1x106 cells/ml under 16h of continuous light at 50-μmol m-2 s-1 at and 120 rpm for 7 days. Samples were taken at 0, 3, 5 and 7 days to determine the growth of microalgae and the concentration of nitrates, ammonium and phosphorus. The same treatment was carried out using real DW. Synthetic water of low and medium concentration had higher removal
percentages. These were between 50 and 60 for nitrogen and 40 and 70 for phosphorus, with a maximum growth of 1x107 cells /ml. For real DW, the removal was 65% for phosphorus and 80% for nitrogen. These results suggest Scenedesmus sp
could be used to treat DW, enhancing nutrient removal and obtaining biomass for other purposes
protocol (for IPv6). This is based on an IPv6 network with loop topology, on which it is possible to
program the tear down moment for one of the least-cost links; said link has been previously used in the
routing table calculations which were operating before the tear down. Simulation includes three options
which allow the user to choose the control strategy which helps avoiding routing loops: PoisonReverse,
SplitHorizon and NoSplitHorizon. The software was developed under the programming environment of
the NS-3 network simulator.
High correlation is also obtained between the operational mode shape identified using a traditional modal identification approach and the one using the proposed methodology during the experimental validation.
The methodology minimizes errors in the identification process due to the influence of the non-resonant modes and it is robust to uncertainties in the initial identification of the natural frequencies.
promoting DR in Colombia rise and it is fundamental the establishment of criteria for identifying the impact of DR in Colombian electricity market. This work tends to classify and identify the impact of DR on Usage Costs of Distribution Systems. Based on the current rate scheme, results show that this impact can be classified in five aspects: equipment capacity, energy sales, energy losses, payments between network operators and energy service quality. Finally, parameters of current methodology for
the calculation of Usage Costs that are sensitive to DR are identified and classified.
since they allow people to recognize rapidly scenes and objects. On the other hand, thermal cameras are mostly
known in industrial environments to visualize the objects’ thermic radiance but they lose their visual details.
This work presents the design and implementation of a thermography inspection tool – INVIfusion – to fuse
infrared and visual spectrum images. This tool includes three modules: image acquisition and calibration
module, multimodal image fusion module, and report generation module. The main contribution of this work
compared with other software inspection tools is INVIfusion supports cameras from different manufacturers
(infrared and visible spectrum), having different field of view and spatial resolutions. To validate the suggested
system’s functionality and accuracy, quantitative and qualitative tests were performed considering different
camera configurations. In all cases the thermal camera was a FLIR E320. Quantitative tests were performed
measuring the mean symmetric re-projection error obtaining a maximum error of 2.08 ± 1.8 pixels
giving public acknowledgements to companies with the best environmental performances. This assessment used as a methodological basis the Strategic Environmental Assessment - EAE - tool used for the analysis of public policies which use an environmental
development looking that is not in the scope of Environmental Impact Studies – EIA-, because them only analyze quantitatively aspects and environmental impacts but leave out political and administrative aspects related to the prospective analysis of public policies.
Took into account the program evolution over time, considering the periods 2001-2003 and 2004-2013, deficiencies in documentation and continuous monitoring improvement and built the perception of the enterprises in the city about the program and the institutions responsible for its implementation, through a random sampling, in order to formulate tools for its improvement and updating. Finally, recommendations for postulated in all stages of the program are structured, taking into account the inter-institutional communication, the documentary record, quality control and communication protocols and interaction with the population object for the program and
inclusive policies in this .
and climatic characteristics that compose the landscape. Therefore, the impact on any of these compounds will
inevitably affect the quantity and/or quality of the other. In this context, a simple method was proposed based
on the general water balance equation; which incorporates the exchange flow of superficial and groundwater in
the estimate of the total water availability (OHtotal) in a watershed, starting from minimum hydroclimologic
and hydrogeologic data. This method was applied to the micro-basin of La Arenosa-La Margarita creek
(Pereira, Colombia) and it was noticed that the input of the groundwater flow influences in the estimate of the
water availability. Also, it was analyzed that these results are quite similar to the ones obtained by widely used
theoretical models used in hydrology; such as the SCS, UNESCO, added tanks, Long-term hydric balance and
Hydric Efficiency for the same study area. Thus, it was concluded that the proposed method is viable to be
applied in micro-basins with little hydrologic and hydrogeological information
with the rotation speed kept constant (28000 RPM). Statistical optimization was established by considering the response surfaces analysis where the hygroscopicity was minimized and the curcumin concentration was maximized. The optimal conditions for the spray drying process were inlet and outlet air temperatures of 149ºC and 75ºC, respectively, at an atomization speed of 28000 RPM. These settings provided the following results: hygroscopicity (11.71% ± 0.03) and final concentration of curcumin (9.03 ± 0.44 mg/g), which were
statistically significant
university restaurant using as inoculum sludge from a UASB reactor in charge of treating municipal wastewater. The factor evaluated was the influence of Substrate-Inoculum (S/I: 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 gVSsubstrate·gVSinoculum -1) ratio. For the
prediction of methane were applied the kinetic models: Transfer Function, Logistics Function and Modified Gompertz models. It was found that the S/I ratio affect both, the efficiency of AD process and prediction of methane production,
presenting the better results for S/I ratio below one. Within the kinetic models evaluated, the Logistic Function presented the best settings for predicting methane production and lag phase (R2> 0.9).
of rationing and the intervention by the regulator which is encouraging the voluntary reduction of energy consumption.
This article proposes to use strategies for obtaining data known as ALL DATA to design demand management programs (DMP) in industrial users. It establishes that the data used must come from technical, economic, social and environmental aspects, so you can have a holistic aspect involved in the consumption of energy.
In addition, it is proposed that the data obtained be supplied by the main agents that make up the marketing chain of electrical energy and finally, to identify the activities that would be developed by the DMP agent using the ALL DATA strategies to ensure the effective strategies in saving energy will continue over time.
Biological treatment with photosynthetic microalgae provides aeration, reducing operating costs and the risk of volatilization of contaminants. It also provides oxygen to the bacteria for degradation of organic compounds. In this study, a microalga was isolated and identified as Scenedesmus sp. An experimental trial was performed using synthetic wastewater with different concentrations of N (40, 90 and 150 mg/L) and P (4, 15 and 50 mg/L). Each assay was inoculated with 1x106 cells/ml under 16h of continuous light at 50-μmol m-2 s-1 at and 120 rpm for 7 days. Samples were taken at 0, 3, 5 and 7 days to determine the growth of microalgae and the concentration of nitrates, ammonium and phosphorus. The same treatment was carried out using real DW. Synthetic water of low and medium concentration had higher removal
percentages. These were between 50 and 60 for nitrogen and 40 and 70 for phosphorus, with a maximum growth of 1x107 cells /ml. For real DW, the removal was 65% for phosphorus and 80% for nitrogen. These results suggest Scenedesmus sp
could be used to treat DW, enhancing nutrient removal and obtaining biomass for other purposes
protocol (for IPv6). This is based on an IPv6 network with loop topology, on which it is possible to
program the tear down moment for one of the least-cost links; said link has been previously used in the
routing table calculations which were operating before the tear down. Simulation includes three options
which allow the user to choose the control strategy which helps avoiding routing loops: PoisonReverse,
SplitHorizon and NoSplitHorizon. The software was developed under the programming environment of
the NS-3 network simulator.
High correlation is also obtained between the operational mode shape identified using a traditional modal identification approach and the one using the proposed methodology during the experimental validation.
The methodology minimizes errors in the identification process due to the influence of the non-resonant modes and it is robust to uncertainties in the initial identification of the natural frequencies.
promoting DR in Colombia rise and it is fundamental the establishment of criteria for identifying the impact of DR in Colombian electricity market. This work tends to classify and identify the impact of DR on Usage Costs of Distribution Systems. Based on the current rate scheme, results show that this impact can be classified in five aspects: equipment capacity, energy sales, energy losses, payments between network operators and energy service quality. Finally, parameters of current methodology for
the calculation of Usage Costs that are sensitive to DR are identified and classified.
since they allow people to recognize rapidly scenes and objects. On the other hand, thermal cameras are mostly
known in industrial environments to visualize the objects’ thermic radiance but they lose their visual details.
This work presents the design and implementation of a thermography inspection tool – INVIfusion – to fuse
infrared and visual spectrum images. This tool includes three modules: image acquisition and calibration
module, multimodal image fusion module, and report generation module. The main contribution of this work
compared with other software inspection tools is INVIfusion supports cameras from different manufacturers
(infrared and visible spectrum), having different field of view and spatial resolutions. To validate the suggested
system’s functionality and accuracy, quantitative and qualitative tests were performed considering different
camera configurations. In all cases the thermal camera was a FLIR E320. Quantitative tests were performed
measuring the mean symmetric re-projection error obtaining a maximum error of 2.08 ± 1.8 pixels
giving public acknowledgements to companies with the best environmental performances. This assessment used as a methodological basis the Strategic Environmental Assessment - EAE - tool used for the analysis of public policies which use an environmental
development looking that is not in the scope of Environmental Impact Studies – EIA-, because them only analyze quantitatively aspects and environmental impacts but leave out political and administrative aspects related to the prospective analysis of public policies.
Took into account the program evolution over time, considering the periods 2001-2003 and 2004-2013, deficiencies in documentation and continuous monitoring improvement and built the perception of the enterprises in the city about the program and the institutions responsible for its implementation, through a random sampling, in order to formulate tools for its improvement and updating. Finally, recommendations for postulated in all stages of the program are structured, taking into account the inter-institutional communication, the documentary record, quality control and communication protocols and interaction with the population object for the program and
inclusive policies in this .
and climatic characteristics that compose the landscape. Therefore, the impact on any of these compounds will
inevitably affect the quantity and/or quality of the other. In this context, a simple method was proposed based
on the general water balance equation; which incorporates the exchange flow of superficial and groundwater in
the estimate of the total water availability (OHtotal) in a watershed, starting from minimum hydroclimologic
and hydrogeologic data. This method was applied to the micro-basin of La Arenosa-La Margarita creek
(Pereira, Colombia) and it was noticed that the input of the groundwater flow influences in the estimate of the
water availability. Also, it was analyzed that these results are quite similar to the ones obtained by widely used
theoretical models used in hydrology; such as the SCS, UNESCO, added tanks, Long-term hydric balance and
Hydric Efficiency for the same study area. Thus, it was concluded that the proposed method is viable to be
applied in micro-basins with little hydrologic and hydrogeological information