This article aims at contributing to the debate on the possibility to extend to pilots of unmanne... more This article aims at contributing to the debate on the possibility to extend to pilots of unmanned ships the shipmaster’s duty to render assistance at sea, as well as on the overall compatibility with the said duty of the advent of such ships. To this end, the content and scope of the duty to render assistance at sea, as well as of the related obligations, are briefly described. This will allow not only to consider these obligations applicable to pilots of unmanned ships, but also to argue that the use of such ships does not conflict, in principle, with their content. On the other hand, in assessing the compatibility of the use of unmanned ships with respect to the aforementioned duty, the investigation will be extended beyond the aspects relating to a possible violation of the duty in the strict sense, examining the overall consistency of the search and rescue legal regime, as well as its future effectiveness. On the basis of this analysis, the need to integrate the regulatory framework will be supported, and some possible solutions will be indicated within the framework of the recent trends that characterize the regulatory activity conducted by the International Maritime Organization.
This article aims at providing a general assessment of the legal regime
applicable to the optiona... more This article aims at providing a general assessment of the legal regime applicable to the optional clause system, as developed in the case-law of the International Court of Justice (ICJ). In particular, the said regime appears to be sui generis and autonomous, conceptually different from both the treaty regime and the one pertaining to unilateral acts. From this perspective, at least some of the inconsistencies which prima facie characterise the Court’s approach could be solved. At the same time, this essay will also shed light on some of the ambiguities that nonetheless seemingly exist in the ICJ’s case-law.
In judgment No. 1677 of 16 January 2020, the Italian Supreme Court dismissed the appeal against t... more In judgment No. 1677 of 16 January 2020, the Italian Supreme Court dismissed the appeal against the judgment of the Court of Appeal of Brescia, which had acknowledged the existence of the conditions for the extradition to Albania of the mother of a child under three years. In particular, the Italian Supreme Court excluded the application by analogy to the extradition procedure of the mandatory ground for refusal provided for by current Article 18 (p), of Law n. 69 of 2005, implementing Framework Decision 2002/584/JHA on the European arrest warrant. Nevertheless, the Court made the extradition conditional upon the existence, in the State of destination, of specific forms of protection of the psychophysical integrity of the child, the mother and the whole family. The paper highlights the lack of coherence that the Italian Supreme Court has showed in comparing extradition and the European arrest warrant, which contributed, inter alia, to the incomplete assessment of the best interests of the child.
State-building in Kosovo is one of the most emblematic examples of internationallyled State-build... more State-building in Kosovo is one of the most emblematic examples of internationallyled State-building experiments. Yet, despite the progress made, Kosovo is still characterised by an unstable institutional situation, as well as by high rates of organised crime and corruption. Besides, tensions between Kosovo and Serbia have recently intensified, resulting, inter alia, in the imposition by the former of high tariffs on imported goods from the latter, in the concurrent Serbian diplomatic campaign aimed at encouraging the withdrawal of the recognition of Kosovo by other States, and in a prolonged paralysis of the EU-facilitated dialogue. This contribution aims at interpreting the recent events affecting Kosovo in the prism of state-building dynamics. To this end, the main stages of the Kosovar state-building process will be briefly reviewed, in order to highlight the most interesting peculiarities and the main critical issues.
This article aims at elaborating some considerations on freedom of religion in both the European ... more This article aims at elaborating some considerations on freedom of religion in both the European and the Inter-American human rights systems. Precisely, it has a double purpose: on the one hand, it focuses on the peculiar features and critical aspects concerning the protection of the aforementioned freedom in the two regional regimes; on the other hand, it intends to shed light on the similarities and differences between those systems. Actually, the two aspects are rather interrelated. In this regard, whilst the two regional systems are characterised by a certain degree of similarity as far as the normative facet is concerned, i.e. in the way religious freedom is governed in the relevant texts, way less alike is the evolution due to the activity of regional human rights bodies. In particular, whereas, in the last decades, the Strasbourg Court has developed a rich – yet often criticised – case-law in the field of freedom of religion, the Inter-American context is characterised by the almost complete lack of any case-law of the San José Court in this domain. Notwithstanding these dissimilarities, it may be still possible to detect a silver thread: both Courts struggle to contribute, in an evolutive way, in setting the standards in relation to religious freedom.
La sentenza della Corte di Lussemburgo sul caso Aranyosi e Căldăraru: una (difficile) coesistenza... more La sentenza della Corte di Lussemburgo sul caso Aranyosi e Căldăraru: una (difficile) coesistenza tra tutela dei diritti fondamentali e mandato di arresto europeo di Gabriele Asta -Dottore di ricerca in Ordine internazionale e diritti umani, Università "Sapienza" di Roma ABSTRACT: The judgment delivered by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in the Aranyosi and Căldăraru case owns the potential to become an important piece in the area of freedom, security and justice's mosaic. In this decision, the CJEU not only confirms that the principles of mutual trust and recognition are not absolute, but it also provides for an explicit situation in which this limit applies. Namely, the Court of Luxembourg recognizes the duty for the executing judicial authority to suspend the execution of a European arrest warrant (EAW) in case of a real risk of inhuman or degrading treatment because of the conditions of detention of the person concerned in the Member State where the EAW was issued, and ask for detailed information. If, after a two-step test, the existence of that risk cannot be discounted within a reasonable period of time, the judicial authority can decide not to execute the EAW. In substance, the CJEU recognizes a further non-mandatory ground for non-execution. Still, the Aranyosi judgment raises many issues, which could lead to difficulties in the implementation by national judicial authorities of the principles therein contained, and to possible contrasts with the European Court of Human Rights. To that regard, the recent judgment issued by the Italian Corte di cassazione (Barbu case) represents an importantalbeit not exhaustivetest bench. In conclusion, this article affirms the extreme difficulty, at present, in balancing effective respect for human rights and efficient functioning of the EAW system, due to the current situation of widespread deficiencies in the detention conditions of many Member States.
Composizione e stampa: Futura Print Service -Messina Fotocopie per uso personale del lettore poss... more Composizione e stampa: Futura Print Service -Messina Fotocopie per uso personale del lettore possono essere effettuate nei limiti del 15% di ciascun volume/fascicolo di periodico dietro pagamento alla SIAE del compenso previsto dall'art. 68, comma 4 della legge 22 aprile 1941 n. 633 ovvero dall'accordo stipulato tra SIAE, AIE, SNS e CNA, CONFARTIGIANATO, CASA, CLAAI, CONFCOM-MERCIO, CONFESERCENTI il 18 dicembre 2000. Le riproduzioni ad uso differente da quello personale potranno avvenire, per un numero di pagine non superiore al 15% del presente volume, solo a seguito di specifica autorizzazione rilasciata da AIDRO, via delle Erbe, n. 2, LA NOZIONE DI RESPONSIBILITY WHILE PROTECTING (RWP): NASCITA, EVOLUZIONE, PROSPETTIVE SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa: RtoP, crisi libica e paralisi siriana. -2. Nozione di RwP e rapporti con la RtoP. -3. Risposta della comunità internazionale alla RwP. -4. Inquadramento sistemico della RwP e prospettive future.
SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione. -2. Pluralità di interessi nel contesto dei procedimenti consultivi. -... more SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione. -2. Pluralità di interessi nel contesto dei procedimenti consultivi. -3. Eterogeneità nelle modalità di partecipazione ai procedimenti. -3.1 Diritto di partecipazione ai procedimenti consultivi. -3.2 Segue. Il riconoscimento di altri diritti processuali. -3.3 Partecipazione su autorizzazione/invito dell'organo giurisdizionale. -3.4 Alcuni esempi di forme indirette di partecipazione. -3.5 Elementi, rinvenibili nel lessico delle corti internazionali, che avvalorano la modulazione nelle forme di partecipazione. -4. Flessibilità procedurale nella pratica delle corti in ragione dell'esistenza di particolari interessi in questione. -5. Difficoltà ad assimilare la partecipazione ai procedimenti consultivi all'istituto dell'intervento. -6. Parziale inadeguatezza della nozione di amicus curiae generalmente accolta. -7. Osservazioni conclusive: ipotesi di graduazione nelle forme di partecipazione ai procedimenti consultivi.
SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione -2. La competenza consultiva della Corte europea: dal Protocollo n. 2 a... more SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione -2. La competenza consultiva della Corte europea: dal Protocollo n. 2 alla Conferenza di Brighton -3. Struttura e contenuto del Protocollo n. 16 -4. Profili critici -5. Quale impatto sul sistema europeo di protezione dei diritti umani?
Ai sensi della legge sui diritti d'Autore e del codice civile è vietata la riproduzione di questo... more Ai sensi della legge sui diritti d'Autore e del codice civile è vietata la riproduzione di questo libro o di parte di esso con qualsiasi mezzo, elettronico, meccanico, per mezzo di fotocopie, microfilms, registrazioni o altro, senza il consenso dell'autore e dell'editore.
Ringraziamenti 7 INTRODUZIONE 1. Oggetto e piano dell'indagine 15 2. La funzione consultiva tra o... more Ringraziamenti 7 INTRODUZIONE 1. Oggetto e piano dell'indagine 15 2. La funzione consultiva tra ordinamenti nazionali e ordinamento internazionale 19 3. Alcune osservazioni preliminari sul fondamento giuridico della competenza consultiva delle corti internazionali e sulla definizione del procedimento consultivo come modello giuridico "teleologico" 24 3.1 Segue: sulla natura giuridica e sugli effetti del parere consultivo 28 CAPITOLO PRIMO LA FUNZIONE CONSULTIVA DELLA CORTE INTERNAZIONALE DI GIUSTIZIA: TERMINE DI CONFRONTO PER L'INDAGINE SULLA FUNZIONE CONSULTIVA DELLE CORTI REGIONALI DEI DIRITTI UMANI
This article aims at contributing to the debate on the possibility to extend to pilots of unmanne... more This article aims at contributing to the debate on the possibility to extend to pilots of unmanned ships the shipmaster’s duty to render assistance at sea, as well as on the overall compatibility with the said duty of the advent of such ships. To this end, the content and scope of the duty to render assistance at sea, as well as of the related obligations, are briefly described. This will allow not only to consider these obligations applicable to pilots of unmanned ships, but also to argue that the use of such ships does not conflict, in principle, with their content. On the other hand, in assessing the compatibility of the use of unmanned ships with respect to the aforementioned duty, the investigation will be extended beyond the aspects relating to a possible violation of the duty in the strict sense, examining the overall consistency of the search and rescue legal regime, as well as its future effectiveness. On the basis of this analysis, the need to integrate the regulatory framework will be supported, and some possible solutions will be indicated within the framework of the recent trends that characterize the regulatory activity conducted by the International Maritime Organization.
This article aims at providing a general assessment of the legal regime
applicable to the optiona... more This article aims at providing a general assessment of the legal regime applicable to the optional clause system, as developed in the case-law of the International Court of Justice (ICJ). In particular, the said regime appears to be sui generis and autonomous, conceptually different from both the treaty regime and the one pertaining to unilateral acts. From this perspective, at least some of the inconsistencies which prima facie characterise the Court’s approach could be solved. At the same time, this essay will also shed light on some of the ambiguities that nonetheless seemingly exist in the ICJ’s case-law.
In judgment No. 1677 of 16 January 2020, the Italian Supreme Court dismissed the appeal against t... more In judgment No. 1677 of 16 January 2020, the Italian Supreme Court dismissed the appeal against the judgment of the Court of Appeal of Brescia, which had acknowledged the existence of the conditions for the extradition to Albania of the mother of a child under three years. In particular, the Italian Supreme Court excluded the application by analogy to the extradition procedure of the mandatory ground for refusal provided for by current Article 18 (p), of Law n. 69 of 2005, implementing Framework Decision 2002/584/JHA on the European arrest warrant. Nevertheless, the Court made the extradition conditional upon the existence, in the State of destination, of specific forms of protection of the psychophysical integrity of the child, the mother and the whole family. The paper highlights the lack of coherence that the Italian Supreme Court has showed in comparing extradition and the European arrest warrant, which contributed, inter alia, to the incomplete assessment of the best interests of the child.
State-building in Kosovo is one of the most emblematic examples of internationallyled State-build... more State-building in Kosovo is one of the most emblematic examples of internationallyled State-building experiments. Yet, despite the progress made, Kosovo is still characterised by an unstable institutional situation, as well as by high rates of organised crime and corruption. Besides, tensions between Kosovo and Serbia have recently intensified, resulting, inter alia, in the imposition by the former of high tariffs on imported goods from the latter, in the concurrent Serbian diplomatic campaign aimed at encouraging the withdrawal of the recognition of Kosovo by other States, and in a prolonged paralysis of the EU-facilitated dialogue. This contribution aims at interpreting the recent events affecting Kosovo in the prism of state-building dynamics. To this end, the main stages of the Kosovar state-building process will be briefly reviewed, in order to highlight the most interesting peculiarities and the main critical issues.
This article aims at elaborating some considerations on freedom of religion in both the European ... more This article aims at elaborating some considerations on freedom of religion in both the European and the Inter-American human rights systems. Precisely, it has a double purpose: on the one hand, it focuses on the peculiar features and critical aspects concerning the protection of the aforementioned freedom in the two regional regimes; on the other hand, it intends to shed light on the similarities and differences between those systems. Actually, the two aspects are rather interrelated. In this regard, whilst the two regional systems are characterised by a certain degree of similarity as far as the normative facet is concerned, i.e. in the way religious freedom is governed in the relevant texts, way less alike is the evolution due to the activity of regional human rights bodies. In particular, whereas, in the last decades, the Strasbourg Court has developed a rich – yet often criticised – case-law in the field of freedom of religion, the Inter-American context is characterised by the almost complete lack of any case-law of the San José Court in this domain. Notwithstanding these dissimilarities, it may be still possible to detect a silver thread: both Courts struggle to contribute, in an evolutive way, in setting the standards in relation to religious freedom.
La sentenza della Corte di Lussemburgo sul caso Aranyosi e Căldăraru: una (difficile) coesistenza... more La sentenza della Corte di Lussemburgo sul caso Aranyosi e Căldăraru: una (difficile) coesistenza tra tutela dei diritti fondamentali e mandato di arresto europeo di Gabriele Asta -Dottore di ricerca in Ordine internazionale e diritti umani, Università "Sapienza" di Roma ABSTRACT: The judgment delivered by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in the Aranyosi and Căldăraru case owns the potential to become an important piece in the area of freedom, security and justice's mosaic. In this decision, the CJEU not only confirms that the principles of mutual trust and recognition are not absolute, but it also provides for an explicit situation in which this limit applies. Namely, the Court of Luxembourg recognizes the duty for the executing judicial authority to suspend the execution of a European arrest warrant (EAW) in case of a real risk of inhuman or degrading treatment because of the conditions of detention of the person concerned in the Member State where the EAW was issued, and ask for detailed information. If, after a two-step test, the existence of that risk cannot be discounted within a reasonable period of time, the judicial authority can decide not to execute the EAW. In substance, the CJEU recognizes a further non-mandatory ground for non-execution. Still, the Aranyosi judgment raises many issues, which could lead to difficulties in the implementation by national judicial authorities of the principles therein contained, and to possible contrasts with the European Court of Human Rights. To that regard, the recent judgment issued by the Italian Corte di cassazione (Barbu case) represents an importantalbeit not exhaustivetest bench. In conclusion, this article affirms the extreme difficulty, at present, in balancing effective respect for human rights and efficient functioning of the EAW system, due to the current situation of widespread deficiencies in the detention conditions of many Member States.
Composizione e stampa: Futura Print Service -Messina Fotocopie per uso personale del lettore poss... more Composizione e stampa: Futura Print Service -Messina Fotocopie per uso personale del lettore possono essere effettuate nei limiti del 15% di ciascun volume/fascicolo di periodico dietro pagamento alla SIAE del compenso previsto dall'art. 68, comma 4 della legge 22 aprile 1941 n. 633 ovvero dall'accordo stipulato tra SIAE, AIE, SNS e CNA, CONFARTIGIANATO, CASA, CLAAI, CONFCOM-MERCIO, CONFESERCENTI il 18 dicembre 2000. Le riproduzioni ad uso differente da quello personale potranno avvenire, per un numero di pagine non superiore al 15% del presente volume, solo a seguito di specifica autorizzazione rilasciata da AIDRO, via delle Erbe, n. 2, LA NOZIONE DI RESPONSIBILITY WHILE PROTECTING (RWP): NASCITA, EVOLUZIONE, PROSPETTIVE SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa: RtoP, crisi libica e paralisi siriana. -2. Nozione di RwP e rapporti con la RtoP. -3. Risposta della comunità internazionale alla RwP. -4. Inquadramento sistemico della RwP e prospettive future.
SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione. -2. Pluralità di interessi nel contesto dei procedimenti consultivi. -... more SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione. -2. Pluralità di interessi nel contesto dei procedimenti consultivi. -3. Eterogeneità nelle modalità di partecipazione ai procedimenti. -3.1 Diritto di partecipazione ai procedimenti consultivi. -3.2 Segue. Il riconoscimento di altri diritti processuali. -3.3 Partecipazione su autorizzazione/invito dell'organo giurisdizionale. -3.4 Alcuni esempi di forme indirette di partecipazione. -3.5 Elementi, rinvenibili nel lessico delle corti internazionali, che avvalorano la modulazione nelle forme di partecipazione. -4. Flessibilità procedurale nella pratica delle corti in ragione dell'esistenza di particolari interessi in questione. -5. Difficoltà ad assimilare la partecipazione ai procedimenti consultivi all'istituto dell'intervento. -6. Parziale inadeguatezza della nozione di amicus curiae generalmente accolta. -7. Osservazioni conclusive: ipotesi di graduazione nelle forme di partecipazione ai procedimenti consultivi.
SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione -2. La competenza consultiva della Corte europea: dal Protocollo n. 2 a... more SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione -2. La competenza consultiva della Corte europea: dal Protocollo n. 2 alla Conferenza di Brighton -3. Struttura e contenuto del Protocollo n. 16 -4. Profili critici -5. Quale impatto sul sistema europeo di protezione dei diritti umani?
Ai sensi della legge sui diritti d'Autore e del codice civile è vietata la riproduzione di questo... more Ai sensi della legge sui diritti d'Autore e del codice civile è vietata la riproduzione di questo libro o di parte di esso con qualsiasi mezzo, elettronico, meccanico, per mezzo di fotocopie, microfilms, registrazioni o altro, senza il consenso dell'autore e dell'editore.
Ringraziamenti 7 INTRODUZIONE 1. Oggetto e piano dell'indagine 15 2. La funzione consultiva tra o... more Ringraziamenti 7 INTRODUZIONE 1. Oggetto e piano dell'indagine 15 2. La funzione consultiva tra ordinamenti nazionali e ordinamento internazionale 19 3. Alcune osservazioni preliminari sul fondamento giuridico della competenza consultiva delle corti internazionali e sulla definizione del procedimento consultivo come modello giuridico "teleologico" 24 3.1 Segue: sulla natura giuridica e sugli effetti del parere consultivo 28 CAPITOLO PRIMO LA FUNZIONE CONSULTIVA DELLA CORTE INTERNAZIONALE DI GIUSTIZIA: TERMINE DI CONFRONTO PER L'INDAGINE SULLA FUNZIONE CONSULTIVA DELLE CORTI REGIONALI DEI DIRITTI UMANI
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Papers by Gabriele Asta
of the duty to render assistance at sea, as well as of the related obligations, are briefly described. This will allow not only to consider these obligations applicable to pilots of unmanned ships, but also to argue that the use of such ships does not conflict, in principle, with their content. On the other hand, in assessing the compatibility of the use of unmanned ships with respect to the aforementioned duty, the investigation will be extended beyond the aspects relating to a possible violation of the duty in the strict sense, examining the overall consistency of the search and rescue legal regime, as well as its future effectiveness. On the basis of this analysis, the need to integrate the regulatory framework will be supported, and some possible solutions will be indicated within the framework of the recent trends that characterize the regulatory activity conducted by the International Maritime Organization.
applicable to the optional clause system, as developed in the case-law of the International Court of Justice (ICJ). In particular, the said regime appears to be sui generis and autonomous, conceptually different from both the treaty regime and the one pertaining to unilateral acts. From this perspective, at least some of the inconsistencies which prima facie
characterise the Court’s approach could be solved. At the same time, this essay will also shed light on some of the ambiguities that nonetheless seemingly exist in the ICJ’s case-law.
provided for by current Article 18 (p), of Law n. 69 of 2005, implementing Framework Decision 2002/584/JHA on the European arrest warrant. Nevertheless, the Court made the extradition conditional upon the existence, in the State of destination, of specific forms of protection of the psychophysical integrity of the child, the mother and the whole family. The paper highlights the lack of coherence that the Italian Supreme Court has showed in comparing extradition and the European arrest warrant, which contributed, inter alia, to the incomplete assessment of the best interests of the child.
inter alia, in the imposition by the former of high tariffs on imported goods from the latter, in the concurrent Serbian diplomatic campaign aimed at encouraging the withdrawal of the recognition of Kosovo by other States, and in a prolonged paralysis of the EU-facilitated dialogue. This contribution aims at interpreting the recent events affecting Kosovo in the prism of state-building dynamics. To this end, the main stages of the Kosovar state-building process will be briefly reviewed, in order to highlight the most interesting peculiarities and the main critical issues.
Books by Gabriele Asta
of the duty to render assistance at sea, as well as of the related obligations, are briefly described. This will allow not only to consider these obligations applicable to pilots of unmanned ships, but also to argue that the use of such ships does not conflict, in principle, with their content. On the other hand, in assessing the compatibility of the use of unmanned ships with respect to the aforementioned duty, the investigation will be extended beyond the aspects relating to a possible violation of the duty in the strict sense, examining the overall consistency of the search and rescue legal regime, as well as its future effectiveness. On the basis of this analysis, the need to integrate the regulatory framework will be supported, and some possible solutions will be indicated within the framework of the recent trends that characterize the regulatory activity conducted by the International Maritime Organization.
applicable to the optional clause system, as developed in the case-law of the International Court of Justice (ICJ). In particular, the said regime appears to be sui generis and autonomous, conceptually different from both the treaty regime and the one pertaining to unilateral acts. From this perspective, at least some of the inconsistencies which prima facie
characterise the Court’s approach could be solved. At the same time, this essay will also shed light on some of the ambiguities that nonetheless seemingly exist in the ICJ’s case-law.
provided for by current Article 18 (p), of Law n. 69 of 2005, implementing Framework Decision 2002/584/JHA on the European arrest warrant. Nevertheless, the Court made the extradition conditional upon the existence, in the State of destination, of specific forms of protection of the psychophysical integrity of the child, the mother and the whole family. The paper highlights the lack of coherence that the Italian Supreme Court has showed in comparing extradition and the European arrest warrant, which contributed, inter alia, to the incomplete assessment of the best interests of the child.
inter alia, in the imposition by the former of high tariffs on imported goods from the latter, in the concurrent Serbian diplomatic campaign aimed at encouraging the withdrawal of the recognition of Kosovo by other States, and in a prolonged paralysis of the EU-facilitated dialogue. This contribution aims at interpreting the recent events affecting Kosovo in the prism of state-building dynamics. To this end, the main stages of the Kosovar state-building process will be briefly reviewed, in order to highlight the most interesting peculiarities and the main critical issues.