Background: To determine the prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and impaired glucose regulation... more Background: To determine the prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and impaired glucose regulation (impaired fasting glucose [IFG] and impaired glucose tolerance [IGT]) in an urbanizing rural population of Bangladesh and associated cardiometabolic risk indicators and depression. Methods: A total of 2,293 subjects aged ≥20 years in an urbanizing rural Bangladeshi community were investigated. Socio-demographic and anthropometric details, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2 hours after 75 g plasma glucose (2hPG), glycosylated hemoglobin, fasting serum insulin and lipid profiles were studied. Presence of depressive symptoms using Montogomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale was also assessed. Results: The prevalence of IFG, IGT, IFG+IGT, and T2DM were 3.4%, 4.0%, 1.2%, and 7.9%, respectively. The prevalence of T2DM and impaired glucose regulation differed between males and females, but, both increased with age in both sexes. FPG and 2hPG had positive correlation. Employing logistic regression, it was found that increased age, waist to hip ratio, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and depression were independent risk indicators for diabetes. Both insulin resistance and β-cell deficiency were significantly related for causation of diabetes. Among the study population, 26.2% had general obesity, 39.8% central obesity, 15.5% hypertension, 28.7% dyslipidemia, 17.6% family history of diabetes, and 15.3% had depression. Physical inactivity and smoking habits were significantly higher in male. Conclusion: Rising prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose regulation in this urbanizing rural population exist as a significant but hidden public health problem. Depression and other cardiometabolic risk indicators including obesity, hypertension, and dyslipdemia were also prevalent in this population.
Vascular complications are common in diabetes mellitus and are leading causes of morbidity and mo... more Vascular complications are common in diabetes mellitus and are leading causes of morbidity and mortality due to the disease. Platelet hyper-aggregation and coagulation factor abnormalities have been implicated in the increased prevalence of vascular complications. The cross sectional analytical study was done on 50 young, non-obese, normo-to hypoinsulinemic normotensive and untreated Bangladeshi diabetic patients to help in understanding the pathogenesis of platelet hyper-aggregation and coagulation factor abnormalities in diabetes mellitus for their platelet aggregation response to ADP, plasma fibrinogen and Von Willebrand Factors (vWF). Mean age was 23.7 ± 2.26 years in control and 24.33 ± 3.29 years in patients. The lipid profile, C-peptide, C-peptide: glucose and other anthropometric measurements of the diabetic and control subjects were also measured to find out any possible correlation. Platelet aggregation was measured by optical aggregometry, plasma vWF and plasma fibrinogen were measured by radial immuno-diffusion method. The platelet aggregation with ADP in diabetics was found to be significantly higher in diabetics 76.56 ± 16.92 compared to controls 62.90 ± 12.35 (P< 0.27). Plasma fibrinogen were found to be significantly higher in young diabetics 1075.90 mg/L compared to the non-diabetic counterparts and plasma vWF 1.372 iu/ml in diabetic patients. In young diabetics, platelet hyperaggregation and coagulation factor abnormalities appear quite early and seem to play important role in the natural history of vasculopathy in diabetes mellitus. Diabetic condition (as evidenced by hyperglycemia), by itself, may create platelet hyperaggregation and coagulation factor abnormalities, however, there seems to be no straightforward relationship between those abnormalities and the degree of hyperglycemia.
A case of typical Turner's syndrome with short stature, broad chest with widely spaced nipple, pr... more A case of typical Turner's syndrome with short stature, broad chest with widely spaced nipple, prominent carrying angle, short metacarpels and absence of secondary sex characters is reported. The cytological observation showed sex chromatin negative and 45, XO chromosomal constitution.
Oral glucose tolerance response to blood glucose, serum immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and plasma f... more Oral glucose tolerance response to blood glucose, serum immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and plasma free fatty acid (FFA) levels were studied on 159 offsprings of both parent diabetics (connubials). Fasting serum cholesterol, triglyceride, phospholipid and total lipids were also measured in these subjects. We detected 6 diabetics out of 159 connubials at the time of our study. FFA level in 6 diabetic connubials were higher all time intervals than 153 non-diabetics connubials. Fasting and one hour post glucose response were less in 6 diabetic connubial but two hours post glucose IRI response to both 6 diabetic connubials and 153 non-diabetic connubials were same indicating a delayed insulin secretion in response to oral glucose level in 6 diabetic connubials.
Coccinia indica is a creeper which grows wildly in Bangladesh and in many parts of the Indian sub... more Coccinia indica is a creeper which grows wildly in Bangladesh and in many parts of the Indian sub-continent. The plant has been used since ancient times as an antidiabetic drug by physicians who practice the Indian system of medicine known as Ayurvedha. We have conducted a double blind control trial with preparation from the leaves of the plant on uncontrolled, maturity onset diabetics. The trial lasted for six weeks for an individual patient. Out of the 16 patients who received the experimental preparations 10 showed marked improvement in their glucose tolerance while none out of the 16 patients in the dummy group showed such a marked improvement. This difference is highly significant (kappa 2 with Yates' correction = 11.7, P < 0.001).
Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research and Reviews, Oct 1, 2015
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Recent data shown that both general and central obesity indices are significa... more BACKGROUND AND AIMS Recent data shown that both general and central obesity indices are significantly associated with diabetes (T2DM) and prediabetes (impaired glucose tolerance [IGT] and impaired fasting glucose [IFG]). Data regarding association of obesity with T2DM and prediabetes in rural Bangladeshi population is scarce. This study aims to observe the association of general and central obesity with diabetes (T2DM) and prediabetes in rural Bangladeshi population. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 2293 rural Bangladeshi adults aged ≥20 years were randomly selected in a population-based, cross-sectional survey which was conducted in 2009. The association of general (defined by body mass index [BMI]) and central obesity (defined by waist circumference [WC] and waist hip ratio [WHR]) with T2DM and prediabetes was assessed by using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis and logistic regression. RESULTS Subjects with T2DM, IGT and IFG had a higher rate of general and central obesity than normal subjects. WHR was more closely associated with T2DM than WC and BMI. However, all three obesity indices were significantly associated with IGT and IFG. CONCLUSIONS In rural Bangladeshi population, both general and central obesity showed good association with T2DM and prediabetes.
In alpha-chain disease a number of apparent cures have been obtained with cytotoxic drugs or tetr... more In alpha-chain disease a number of apparent cures have been obtained with cytotoxic drugs or tetracycline either alone or in combination with prednisolone.' Early diagnosis, at a stage when secreted free alpha chains may not be easily detectable, is therefore important. We have found that a sensitive immunofluorescence test of biopsy specimens can analyse individual plasma cells simultaneously for alpha chain and light chain production. This technique should contribute to early diagnosis.
Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, Sep 1, 2000
In a multivariate analysis BMI, duration, age, HbAi¢ and therapy with sulphonylureas could only e... more In a multivariate analysis BMI, duration, age, HbAi¢ and therapy with sulphonylureas could only explain 17% of ppCp variation. Sixteen patients with low ppCp (<0.6 nmol/1) were identified, indicating a need for more intensified insulin therapy, but in the majority of our patients ppCp was not clinically useful in choosing treatment. Based on these data routine analysis of postprandial C-peptide in patients with type 2 diabetes cannot be recommended.
Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, Sep 1, 2000
Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) has become a serious concern as it contributes to 90% of the total diabetic... more Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) has become a serious concern as it contributes to 90% of the total diabetic population. The high glucose levels in diabetic patients result in damage to eyes, kidneys and nerves collectively known as microvascular complications. The paper presents a critical review of existing statistical and machine learning models with respect to such complications namely retinopathy, neuropathy and nephropathy. The statistical tests like chi-square, odds ratio, t-test, ANOVA enables inferential and descriptive analysis. On the other side, machine learning models like support vector machines, k-nearest neighbour, deep neural network, naive bayes also assures predictive analytics. It is worth mentioning that both analytics can reverse impaired glucose regulation early in its course resulting in the prevention of long-term complications associated with T2D. Despite variation in both analytic techniques, their integration in medical health practices can assist patients to effectively adapt a healthy lifestyle and reduce significant healthcare overheads for an individual's family as well as society.
Background and aim: This study was to evaluate atorvastatin in the management of hypercholesterol... more Background and aim: This study was to evaluate atorvastatin in the management of hypercholesterolemia of cardiovascular risk patients as well as the implication of National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Adult Treatment Panel (ATP) III guidelines in Bangladesh. Methods: A total 1685 patients aged 28 years or older who had evidence of hypercholesterolemia with or without Coronary Heart Diseases (CHD) and cardiovascular risk factors were assigned to receive atorvastatin for 2 months. The change of fasting LDL at baseline visit and after 2 months of the statin treatment was measured. Results: One thousand six hundred (95%) patients out of 1685 who were assigned to receive atorvastatin with TLC were found significant mean reduction (26.1%↓) in their LDL levels from baseline visit. Triglycerides and total cholesterols were also reduced (16.6% ↓ and 21.6% ↓ respectively) wheras high-density lipoprotein was increased (16.5% ↑) significantly. LDL of 23% patients was decreased more than 30 mg/dl after 2 months of atorvastatin treatment. Fifty nine percent of the patients reached the treatment goal of reducing LDL > 20 mg/dl. Conclusion: Atorvastatin would achieve a good effective control in the management of hypercholesterolemic patients with or without CHD and risk factors following the guidelines of US NCEP ATP III.
Aim and methods: This study is to explore utility of paired FT 4 and TSH test as a tool to classi... more Aim and methods: This study is to explore utility of paired FT 4 and TSH test as a tool to classify functional status of Thyroid. We classified 58166 paired test results into the all 9 possible classes and determined frequency of class; reference ranges of FT 4 and TSH for class, their mean differences (MD) between classes and pattern of association in class and in their cohorts. Results: FT 4 and TSH of Euthyroid class (43242) are (14.65 to 14.70 pmol/ml) and (2.44 to 2.46 µIU/ml) as 95% Confidence Interval respectively and there is no association between them (r-.049; sig.000). Major bulk of abnormal thyroid function (98.26%) is constituted by 4 classes of primary category-namely Primary Hypothyroid, Primary Hyperthyroid, Compensated Hypothyroid and Compensated Hyperthyroid. These 5 classes have significant correlation between their FT 4 and TSH (sig. of r .000) and their hormones levels are different among all classes (sig. of MDs .000). The rest 4 classes of secondary category-namely Secondary Hypothyroid, Secondary Hyperthyroid, Isolated Hypothyroximia and Isolated Hyperthyroximia are rare, correlations between their hormones are not significant in any class (sig. of r ≥.063) and all hormones are not different among all classes of this category. Cohort analysis supported the findings on correlations. So, during classification the tool exploits Thyro-pituitary axis status and its euthyroid and all 4 classes of primary category have homogenous thyro-pituiary feedback control. Conclusion: Paired Test defines 9 classes with class specific correlation pattern between FT 4 and TSH and their ranges. We opine to use this tool; because in diagnostic setting it will reduce the burden of etiological investigations to a few for a class and in follow-up setting use of the reference range of FT 4 of the Euthyroid class as the biochemical target of treatment will ensure a cost effective strategy in Thyroid medicine.
Aim and methods: To understand the utility of paired FT4 and TSH test in determining functional s... more Aim and methods: To understand the utility of paired FT4 and TSH test in determining functional status of Thyroid in diagnostic and follow up settings, we studied 34159 test results. We divided the population into all 9 nine possible classes by using the reference values of the FT4 and TSH. Then we determined class frequency, reference ranges of FT4 and TSH for each class, their Mean Differences (MD) between classes and pattern of association between them within a class. Results: Euthyroid population has FT4 and TSH (14.83–14.90 pmol/ml) and (2.40–2.43 μIU/ml) respectively as 95% Confidence Interval and there is no association between them (r=-0.056; sig. 0.000). Major bulk of abnormal thyroid function (98.15%) is constituted by 4 classes namely Primary Hypothyroid, Primary Hyperthyroid, Compensated Hypothyroid and Compensated Hyperthyroid. The MDs of hormones between groups/ classes are significant (sig.<0.009) in 91.67% (66 of 72) equations and documented FT4 alone can identify...
Background: To determine the prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and impaired glucose regulation... more Background: To determine the prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and impaired glucose regulation (impaired fasting glucose [IFG] and impaired glucose tolerance [IGT]) in an urbanizing rural population of Bangladesh and associated cardiometabolic risk indicators and depression. Methods: A total of 2,293 subjects aged ≥20 years in an urbanizing rural Bangladeshi community were investigated. Socio-demographic and anthropometric details, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2 hours after 75 g plasma glucose (2hPG), glycosylated hemoglobin, fasting serum insulin and lipid profiles were studied. Presence of depressive symptoms using Montogomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale was also assessed. Results: The prevalence of IFG, IGT, IFG+IGT, and T2DM were 3.4%, 4.0%, 1.2%, and 7.9%, respectively. The prevalence of T2DM and impaired glucose regulation differed between males and females, but, both increased with age in both sexes. FPG and 2hPG had positive correlation. Employing logistic regression, it was found that increased age, waist to hip ratio, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and depression were independent risk indicators for diabetes. Both insulin resistance and β-cell deficiency were significantly related for causation of diabetes. Among the study population, 26.2% had general obesity, 39.8% central obesity, 15.5% hypertension, 28.7% dyslipidemia, 17.6% family history of diabetes, and 15.3% had depression. Physical inactivity and smoking habits were significantly higher in male. Conclusion: Rising prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose regulation in this urbanizing rural population exist as a significant but hidden public health problem. Depression and other cardiometabolic risk indicators including obesity, hypertension, and dyslipdemia were also prevalent in this population.
Vascular complications are common in diabetes mellitus and are leading causes of morbidity and mo... more Vascular complications are common in diabetes mellitus and are leading causes of morbidity and mortality due to the disease. Platelet hyper-aggregation and coagulation factor abnormalities have been implicated in the increased prevalence of vascular complications. The cross sectional analytical study was done on 50 young, non-obese, normo-to hypoinsulinemic normotensive and untreated Bangladeshi diabetic patients to help in understanding the pathogenesis of platelet hyper-aggregation and coagulation factor abnormalities in diabetes mellitus for their platelet aggregation response to ADP, plasma fibrinogen and Von Willebrand Factors (vWF). Mean age was 23.7 ± 2.26 years in control and 24.33 ± 3.29 years in patients. The lipid profile, C-peptide, C-peptide: glucose and other anthropometric measurements of the diabetic and control subjects were also measured to find out any possible correlation. Platelet aggregation was measured by optical aggregometry, plasma vWF and plasma fibrinogen were measured by radial immuno-diffusion method. The platelet aggregation with ADP in diabetics was found to be significantly higher in diabetics 76.56 ± 16.92 compared to controls 62.90 ± 12.35 (P&amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.27). Plasma fibrinogen were found to be significantly higher in young diabetics 1075.90 mg/L compared to the non-diabetic counterparts and plasma vWF 1.372 iu/ml in diabetic patients. In young diabetics, platelet hyperaggregation and coagulation factor abnormalities appear quite early and seem to play important role in the natural history of vasculopathy in diabetes mellitus. Diabetic condition (as evidenced by hyperglycemia), by itself, may create platelet hyperaggregation and coagulation factor abnormalities, however, there seems to be no straightforward relationship between those abnormalities and the degree of hyperglycemia.
A case of typical Turner's syndrome with short stature, broad chest with widely spaced nipple, pr... more A case of typical Turner's syndrome with short stature, broad chest with widely spaced nipple, prominent carrying angle, short metacarpels and absence of secondary sex characters is reported. The cytological observation showed sex chromatin negative and 45, XO chromosomal constitution.
Oral glucose tolerance response to blood glucose, serum immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and plasma f... more Oral glucose tolerance response to blood glucose, serum immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and plasma free fatty acid (FFA) levels were studied on 159 offsprings of both parent diabetics (connubials). Fasting serum cholesterol, triglyceride, phospholipid and total lipids were also measured in these subjects. We detected 6 diabetics out of 159 connubials at the time of our study. FFA level in 6 diabetic connubials were higher all time intervals than 153 non-diabetics connubials. Fasting and one hour post glucose response were less in 6 diabetic connubial but two hours post glucose IRI response to both 6 diabetic connubials and 153 non-diabetic connubials were same indicating a delayed insulin secretion in response to oral glucose level in 6 diabetic connubials.
Coccinia indica is a creeper which grows wildly in Bangladesh and in many parts of the Indian sub... more Coccinia indica is a creeper which grows wildly in Bangladesh and in many parts of the Indian sub-continent. The plant has been used since ancient times as an antidiabetic drug by physicians who practice the Indian system of medicine known as Ayurvedha. We have conducted a double blind control trial with preparation from the leaves of the plant on uncontrolled, maturity onset diabetics. The trial lasted for six weeks for an individual patient. Out of the 16 patients who received the experimental preparations 10 showed marked improvement in their glucose tolerance while none out of the 16 patients in the dummy group showed such a marked improvement. This difference is highly significant (kappa 2 with Yates' correction = 11.7, P < 0.001).
Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research and Reviews, Oct 1, 2015
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Recent data shown that both general and central obesity indices are significa... more BACKGROUND AND AIMS Recent data shown that both general and central obesity indices are significantly associated with diabetes (T2DM) and prediabetes (impaired glucose tolerance [IGT] and impaired fasting glucose [IFG]). Data regarding association of obesity with T2DM and prediabetes in rural Bangladeshi population is scarce. This study aims to observe the association of general and central obesity with diabetes (T2DM) and prediabetes in rural Bangladeshi population. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 2293 rural Bangladeshi adults aged ≥20 years were randomly selected in a population-based, cross-sectional survey which was conducted in 2009. The association of general (defined by body mass index [BMI]) and central obesity (defined by waist circumference [WC] and waist hip ratio [WHR]) with T2DM and prediabetes was assessed by using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis and logistic regression. RESULTS Subjects with T2DM, IGT and IFG had a higher rate of general and central obesity than normal subjects. WHR was more closely associated with T2DM than WC and BMI. However, all three obesity indices were significantly associated with IGT and IFG. CONCLUSIONS In rural Bangladeshi population, both general and central obesity showed good association with T2DM and prediabetes.
In alpha-chain disease a number of apparent cures have been obtained with cytotoxic drugs or tetr... more In alpha-chain disease a number of apparent cures have been obtained with cytotoxic drugs or tetracycline either alone or in combination with prednisolone.' Early diagnosis, at a stage when secreted free alpha chains may not be easily detectable, is therefore important. We have found that a sensitive immunofluorescence test of biopsy specimens can analyse individual plasma cells simultaneously for alpha chain and light chain production. This technique should contribute to early diagnosis.
Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, Sep 1, 2000
In a multivariate analysis BMI, duration, age, HbAi¢ and therapy with sulphonylureas could only e... more In a multivariate analysis BMI, duration, age, HbAi¢ and therapy with sulphonylureas could only explain 17% of ppCp variation. Sixteen patients with low ppCp (<0.6 nmol/1) were identified, indicating a need for more intensified insulin therapy, but in the majority of our patients ppCp was not clinically useful in choosing treatment. Based on these data routine analysis of postprandial C-peptide in patients with type 2 diabetes cannot be recommended.
Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, Sep 1, 2000
Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) has become a serious concern as it contributes to 90% of the total diabetic... more Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) has become a serious concern as it contributes to 90% of the total diabetic population. The high glucose levels in diabetic patients result in damage to eyes, kidneys and nerves collectively known as microvascular complications. The paper presents a critical review of existing statistical and machine learning models with respect to such complications namely retinopathy, neuropathy and nephropathy. The statistical tests like chi-square, odds ratio, t-test, ANOVA enables inferential and descriptive analysis. On the other side, machine learning models like support vector machines, k-nearest neighbour, deep neural network, naive bayes also assures predictive analytics. It is worth mentioning that both analytics can reverse impaired glucose regulation early in its course resulting in the prevention of long-term complications associated with T2D. Despite variation in both analytic techniques, their integration in medical health practices can assist patients to effectively adapt a healthy lifestyle and reduce significant healthcare overheads for an individual's family as well as society.
Background and aim: This study was to evaluate atorvastatin in the management of hypercholesterol... more Background and aim: This study was to evaluate atorvastatin in the management of hypercholesterolemia of cardiovascular risk patients as well as the implication of National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Adult Treatment Panel (ATP) III guidelines in Bangladesh. Methods: A total 1685 patients aged 28 years or older who had evidence of hypercholesterolemia with or without Coronary Heart Diseases (CHD) and cardiovascular risk factors were assigned to receive atorvastatin for 2 months. The change of fasting LDL at baseline visit and after 2 months of the statin treatment was measured. Results: One thousand six hundred (95%) patients out of 1685 who were assigned to receive atorvastatin with TLC were found significant mean reduction (26.1%↓) in their LDL levels from baseline visit. Triglycerides and total cholesterols were also reduced (16.6% ↓ and 21.6% ↓ respectively) wheras high-density lipoprotein was increased (16.5% ↑) significantly. LDL of 23% patients was decreased more than 30 mg/dl after 2 months of atorvastatin treatment. Fifty nine percent of the patients reached the treatment goal of reducing LDL > 20 mg/dl. Conclusion: Atorvastatin would achieve a good effective control in the management of hypercholesterolemic patients with or without CHD and risk factors following the guidelines of US NCEP ATP III.
Aim and methods: This study is to explore utility of paired FT 4 and TSH test as a tool to classi... more Aim and methods: This study is to explore utility of paired FT 4 and TSH test as a tool to classify functional status of Thyroid. We classified 58166 paired test results into the all 9 possible classes and determined frequency of class; reference ranges of FT 4 and TSH for class, their mean differences (MD) between classes and pattern of association in class and in their cohorts. Results: FT 4 and TSH of Euthyroid class (43242) are (14.65 to 14.70 pmol/ml) and (2.44 to 2.46 µIU/ml) as 95% Confidence Interval respectively and there is no association between them (r-.049; sig.000). Major bulk of abnormal thyroid function (98.26%) is constituted by 4 classes of primary category-namely Primary Hypothyroid, Primary Hyperthyroid, Compensated Hypothyroid and Compensated Hyperthyroid. These 5 classes have significant correlation between their FT 4 and TSH (sig. of r .000) and their hormones levels are different among all classes (sig. of MDs .000). The rest 4 classes of secondary category-namely Secondary Hypothyroid, Secondary Hyperthyroid, Isolated Hypothyroximia and Isolated Hyperthyroximia are rare, correlations between their hormones are not significant in any class (sig. of r ≥.063) and all hormones are not different among all classes of this category. Cohort analysis supported the findings on correlations. So, during classification the tool exploits Thyro-pituitary axis status and its euthyroid and all 4 classes of primary category have homogenous thyro-pituiary feedback control. Conclusion: Paired Test defines 9 classes with class specific correlation pattern between FT 4 and TSH and their ranges. We opine to use this tool; because in diagnostic setting it will reduce the burden of etiological investigations to a few for a class and in follow-up setting use of the reference range of FT 4 of the Euthyroid class as the biochemical target of treatment will ensure a cost effective strategy in Thyroid medicine.
Aim and methods: To understand the utility of paired FT4 and TSH test in determining functional s... more Aim and methods: To understand the utility of paired FT4 and TSH test in determining functional status of Thyroid in diagnostic and follow up settings, we studied 34159 test results. We divided the population into all 9 nine possible classes by using the reference values of the FT4 and TSH. Then we determined class frequency, reference ranges of FT4 and TSH for each class, their Mean Differences (MD) between classes and pattern of association between them within a class. Results: Euthyroid population has FT4 and TSH (14.83–14.90 pmol/ml) and (2.40–2.43 μIU/ml) respectively as 95% Confidence Interval and there is no association between them (r=-0.056; sig. 0.000). Major bulk of abnormal thyroid function (98.15%) is constituted by 4 classes namely Primary Hypothyroid, Primary Hyperthyroid, Compensated Hypothyroid and Compensated Hyperthyroid. The MDs of hormones between groups/ classes are significant (sig.<0.009) in 91.67% (66 of 72) equations and documented FT4 alone can identify...
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