Economics

Global environmental governance can be defined as a multi-level governance (i.e. Various authors have analysed legitimacy as the lack of institutions’ authority in the field of environmental governance). Grassroots organisations have been given a particular focus in order not to reproduce the over-analysis on NGOs and other international powerful actors.

Extending the structural analysis to the level of international system, we can argue that the leave vote represents a decolonialization of the UK from Europe demanded by the disenfranchised periphery against globalization. Fired up by parts of the British media and the adversarial nature of British politics, Euroscepticism has become ‘normalised’ in public discourse to an extent that it remains largely unchallenged. It did not matter whether the migrants themselves were perceived as European, nor what the logic of the colonial power was in allegedly encouraging the resettlement: what was important was the postulated encroachment by the migrants on the status and well-being of the natives, and the fact that European integration was blamed for that.

Our paper, it will particularly focus on the AKP government's discourse on national consensus, and the restructuring of the military and the field of security. In order to examine this conflict within by examining both the domestic and international spheres, this paper will, firstly, briefly discuss civil-military relations in Turkey in accordance with its theoretical framework drawn from Marxism. Thirdly, it will discuss the aftermath of the failed coup attempt in relation to the hegemonic project of neoliberal-Islamism. Secondly, it will briefly discuss the relationship between the AKP (Adalet ve Kalkinma Partisi – Justice and Development Party) government and the Gulen movement since the coup plotters were allegedly disciples and allies of the Gulen movement (Gulenists) according to their own confessions. Finally, it will conclude that the secular and democratic Republican regime with the rule of law should be defended, and that the class antagonisms and ill-doings of capitalism should be collectively voiced. However, the failed coup revealed the fierce and prolonged conflict within the state apparatus which can be dated back to the Ergenekon (named after a Turkish saga of rebirth) and Balyoz (Sledgehammer) trials. On 15 July 2016, Turkey saw a failed coup attempt, which was undertaken by certain factions of the military, and which saw more than three-hundred killed, more than a thousand wounded, and thousands detained. Therefore, contrary to the hegemonic liberal-conservative paradigm that has portrayed the military as an elitist institution with a pro-coup mind-set (Heper, 2012; Mardin, 1973), this paper considers civil-military relations as a field of class struggle. Regarding civil-military relations in Turkey, since the relationship between the military and the civilian sphere can be regarded as a response to and a result of the changes in relations of production, the Turkish military intervened in politics as an intermediary in moments of hegemonic crisis to restructure the pattern(s) of capital accumulation and class relations in the last instance in order to maintain the capitalist mode of production after having acquired consent of particular social class(es).

Everybody knows her, but nonetheless, it's embarrassing to meet her in the street. The truth is like the town whore. -Borchert Our paper, it will particularly focus on the AKP government's discourse on national consensus, and the restructuring of the military and the field of security. In order to examine this conflict within by examining both the domestic and international spheres, this paper will, firstly, briefly discuss civil-military relations in Turkey in accordance with its theoretical framework drawn from Marxism. Secondly, it will briefly discuss the relationship between the AKP (Adalet ve Kalkinma Partisi -Justice and Development Party) government and the Gulen movement since the coup plotters were allegedly disciples and allies of the Gulen movement (Gulenists) according to their own confessions. Thirdly, it will discuss the aftermath of the failed coup attempt in relation to the hegemonic project of neoliberal-Islamism. Finally, it will conclude that the secular and democratic Republican regime with the rule of law should be defended, and that the class antagonisms and ill-doings of capitalism should be collectively voiced. However, the failed coup revealed the fierce and prolonged conflict within the state apparatus which can be dated back to the Ergenekon (named after a Turkish saga of re-birth) and Balyoz (Sledgehammer) trials. On 15 July 2016, Turkey saw a failed coup attempt, which was undertaken by certain factions of the military, and which saw more than three-hundred killed, more than a thousand wounded, and thousands detained.

A Covid-19 e a pobreza "The millions upon millions of people who are "ultra-vulnerable" may die without a piece of bread but many more may die deprived of human compassion." Qamar Rafiq Após décadas de redução gradual, estima-se que o número de pobres tenha aumentado entre oitenta e oito e cento e quinze milhões de pessoas em 2020. A Covid-19, conflitos e alterações climáticas são as principais ameaças para a realização do Objectivo 1 da Agenda 2030. Até 2030, eliminar a pobreza extrema para todas as pessoas no mundo, actualmente medida como as que vivem com menos de 1,25 dólares por dia, como reza a meta

What is also more obvious is the role of ecological compromise. Tauros are not genetically identical to aurochs. Marsican bears didn't historically eat domesticated apples. Wolves did not evolve to hunt small mammals in French and Italian vineyards. But so what? The purism sustained by a crisp divide between the wild and domestic is no longer helpful. The blending of nature and culture over time requires different categories.

What is also more obvious is the role of ecological compromise. Tauros are not genetically identical to aurochs. Marsican bears didn't historically eat domesticated apples. Wolves did not evolve to hunt small mammals in French and Italian vineyards. But so what? The purism sustained by a crisp divide between the wild and domestic is no longer helpful. The blending of nature and culture over time requires different categories.

A Covid-19 e o dióxido de carbono "Our current model of economic growth has led to increasing deforestation and loss of biodiversity, accelerated urbanization, intensive animal farming, global travel-all factors known to increase the risk of zoonotic viruses jumping to human hosts and spreading with alarming ease. Scientists and public health experts around the world have been warning us for many years that a pandemic caused by an unknown virus was not a matter of "if" but of "when", and that we needed to prepare."

Do capitalismo industrial ao digital "Digital Capitalism identifies how digital technology has captured contemporary society in a reification of capitalist priorities, and also describes digital capitalism as an ideologically "invisible" framework that is realized in technology." The Critique of Digital Capitalism Michael Betancourt

Um cartão postal do futuro "On top of the confinement, today we are faced not only with the greenhouse effect of global warming but also that of incarceration within the tighter and tighter limits of an accelerating sphere, a dromosphere, where depletion of the time distances involved in the geodiversity of the Globe rounds off the depletion of the substances produced by biodiversity."

O "efeito de ricochete" hipotético "Little will be done in the near future to reduce greenhouse gas emissions-providing an opportunity to develop programmes for research, subsidization, and regulation." Thomas C. Schelling Costs And Benefits Of Greenhouse Gas Reduction No movimento ambiental, a redução histórica das emissões de gases com efeito de estufa não foi bem recebida como uma boa notícia. Foi imediatamente assinalado o risco de um "efeito de ricochete", apagando o declínio causado pela catástrofe sanitária de 2021. Não foi isto o que aconteceu no rescaldo da crise financeira de 2009? Esta visão foi transmitida em França pelo Alto Conselho para o Clima, um organismo independente criado por Emmanuel Macron no auge da

The history of tourism traces back to ancient civilizations, with evidence of early travels for leisure and cultural exchange dating back thousands of years. The development of modern tourism can be traced back to the Grand Tour of Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries, where wealthy European nobles would travel for educational and cultural purposes.
The Industrial Revolution played a significant role in the growth of mass tourism, as improvements in transportation and increased leisure time allowed for more people to travel for pleasure. The rise of global tourism in the 20th century was fueled by advancements in technology and transportation, making it easier and more affordable for people to travel to far-off destinations. The history of tourism is closely intertwined with economic development, as many countries have relied on the industry as a major source of revenue and job creation.  The impact of tourism on local communities and the environment has become a major concern in recent years, as overcrowding and environmental degradation have become significant issues in popular tourist destinations.