Architecture

Climate change is having short-and long-term impacts on surface and groundwater in the northern part of the African continent. This has led to a wide range of consequences that have added pressure on the groundwater systems in this part of the world. Among such pressures, we can cite the mal-distribution and the irregularity of precipitation and ice, flooding, evaporitic sediments input by the drainage net, water degradation, mud stagnation in dams, dead tranche, drought, decreasing of the natural recharge and increasing of the groundwater abstraction, conflict between trans-boundary waters, desertification, imbalance between the regions, migration, revolution, socioeconomic imbalance, etc. Actually, watermonitoring networks indicate noticeable hydrogeologic variations and a rise of the groundwater salinity. It was confirmed by the geochemical analysis of water resources that showed scattered data between the northern part characterized by low mineralized groundwater (TDS ranging 0.4-3 g/l) and the southern area where the salinity ranges from 2.5 to 90 g/l. The obtained values are far above the permissible limits for both human consumption, agricultural and tourist activities. These effects, when compounded, are anticipated to worsen the situation and to constitute veritable threats for social and economic development in these regions of North Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, etc.). The potential solutions consist of taking urgent to utilize the intelligent technology (bio and nano-technology), policies relevant policies to manage water resources, and the engagement of private, civil, and international sectors if a major crisis is to be averted (collective effort).

Several sinkhole collapses were occurred in the many sites in urban areas and/or their rural periphery; in NE Algeria, in the last few years. The abrupt collapse causes damages to properties, infra-structures, and even lives. The most spectacular oneoccurred in February 2009 inside the Cheria city, Northwest of Tebessa department, with a diameter of more than a hundred meters. This abrupt collapse is due to a sudden rupture of the roof of a large underground karst cavity. It caused panic-stricken among the population living near the crater. In order to investigate the origin of this phenomenon, we combine several geophysical and geotechnical methods, such as Ground Penetrating Radar, Electrical Resistivity Tomography, Standard Penetration Test, Mechanical Drill Core, Cave Survey Photogrammetry, etc. It appears that each method may provide specific information. Their comparison allows to precise the results itself, the limits and the application field of each. Consequently a number o...

Slope failures (SF) in mountainous terrain often occur during or after heavy rainstorms, resulting in the loss of life and damage to the natural and/or built environment. Assessing areas susceptible to SF is essential for land use planning in threatened areas. This article presents an didactic basedanalysis of the potential contribution to geo-spatial approaches for predicting SF qualitative exposure in mountainous environment. Its main aim is to assess the impact of the geologic, geomorphic, rainstorms, and anthropogenic factors in the initiation of SF in Zaarouria region. 219 events (1996-2016) were inventoried through images interpretation and field surveys and were compared to the physical parameters of the terrain to give a SF susceptibility index value using a simplified model. Vulnerability and risk maps are also established. The Standard deviation classification was used to delineate various susceptibility, vulnerability and risk zones, namely, nil, low, moderate and high. Field data on SF were employed to evaluate and validate the susceptibility zonation map. The results of this study demonstrate that SF are largely governed not only by geoenvironmental conditions but also by human activities, mainly roads and construction.

The Gafsa mining basin district in Southwestern Tunisia is one of the most important producers of phosphate in the world. The exploitation of this district started at the beginning of the twentieth century a few years after the first discovery of this valuable resource. The over-exploitation of groundwater to wash the phosphate caused water-level decline in the main aquifers and the corollaries of drying springs, loss of artesian condition, and water quality degradation, presumably due to mixing with relatively highly mineralized deep groundwater. The beginning of the Tunisian revolution bumped things up: total stopping of phosphate washing by groundwater during an important period. Following significant rainfall events, which regenerated the initial state of the natural and the artificial springs in the mining basin. The objective of the present work is to explain the process and the model simulation of groundwater inrush caused by reactivation fault in the Gafsa basin (Phosphate m...

Tunisia is rich in geothermal resources from ancient civilizations. Hydrothermal activity in Tunisia has been related to three main stages: magmatic and tectonic activities, eustatisme (Atlantic and Mediterranean coupling) and climate change. The principal factor and the responsable of this phenomenon is the meteoric water by piston flow processes. It constitue the catalyst of volcanism. The Trozza basin, well known since the Roman period for the importance of its thermo-mineral waters, is characterized by a large occurrence of thermal fluid discharges whose main thermal aquifer. Hydrochemical pattern is mainly controlled by the dissolution of evaporitic sediments (halite, gypsum and/or anhydrite) as well as by the incongruent dissolution of carbonate minerals. This reservoir represents the only vapor hydrothermal system in Tunisia. It is constitute the deepest formation cropping out in the study area. The Triassic deposits and the filonic of Pb-Zn/S caused the contamination of the ...

Purpose. To analyze the sliding from the geotechnical point of view and to identify the plausible causes that influence it. Methodology. To analyze the sliding from the geotechnical point of view and to identify the plausible causes that influence it, our study follows the following chronological order. Firstly, a feedback reconstructs the slip from the geotechnical point of view; a backanalysis is required to confirm the surface failure. Next, a check will be made of the surface failure through the finite differ ence method and using the shear strength reduction by finite difference method (SSRFD). A parametric study on the influence of the geometric parameters is performed to see the influence of the latter on the stability. The plausible cause that has directly influenced this sliding is shown. findings. This paper considers the application of three methods: limit equilibrium method (LEM), finite element method (FEM) and finite difference method (FDM) to perform back analysis and find out the layer of slope failure in an open pit mine. originality. Three different approaches LEM, FEM and FDM were used to perform the backanalysis the rock mass properties and to investigate the slope failure mechanism and the accuracy of this method in mining engineering field. Practical value. This study has illustrated that noncompliance with the art, open pit mining standards and early planning of the mining method can most often lead to critical situations and catastrophic results. The back analysis of the slip site allowed us to reconstruct the break already observed and to draw maximum lessons on the mode, location and mechanical parameters that triggered this break.

This paper presents a GIS-based method for landslide susceptibility (LS) assessment using slope-movement inventory and field data. The study has been carried out along A1-Highway (A1-H) in Hanif region as this road section is threated by several types of mass wasting. This hilly zone is known by their landslides sensitive terrains in the North of Algeria. The terrain data are collected from a Géologic map, satellite imageries, digital elevation model, rainfall data, field suveys and ancillary data. In this paper Frequency Ratios (FR) based on bivariate statistical method are evaluated by comparing the observed landslides to their controlling factors. The product of the linear summation of the FR values was a landslide susceptibility index (LSI) map. It was categorized using the natural breaks classification method. The resultant LS zonation map delineates the area into five hierarchic zones. The results confirms that the angle of the slope, plays the most role in wasting especially ...

Groundwater is considered a major source of drinking water and its quality a basis for good population health. In order to identify groundwater hydro-chemical characteristics and pollution conditions in Songnen Plain, groundwater hydro-chemical characteristics and nitrate-nitrogen (NO 3-N) spatial distribution characteristics and the health risks were analyzed. Results showed that groundwater hydro-chemical type was mainly HCO 3-Ca, which was associated with the action of calcite and silicate mineral weathering dissolution. The over standards rate of NO 3-N accounted for 50.8%, the coeffi cient of variation was 183.57% which was high spatial variability, the high-risk area accounted for 88.78% of the total study area, and the high-risk area covered the area with water quality of classes IV, V, and part of class III. The high-risk area is mainly distributed in the eastern high plains and in the central low plains, while the low-risk zone accounts for only 11.22% of the total area and is mainly distributed in the western alluvial plain with scattered distribution in other areas.

The rock fragmentation reflects the degree of control of blasting. Despite the accuracy of screening analysis to determine the size distribution of blasted rocks, this technique remains complex and long because of the large volume of blasted rocks. The digital image processing method can overcome these constraints of accuracy and speed. Our method uses the empirical model of KuzRam and numerical method (Digital image processing) through two image processing software’s (WipFrag and Split-Desktop) to analyze the particle size distribution of rocks fragmented by explosives in Jebel Medjounes limestone quarry. The digital image processing is based on the photography of the pile of blasted rock analyzed using image processing techniques. The objective of this work is to evaluate and compare the results obtained for each blast from the two methods and to discuss the similarities and differences among them. Three different blasts with the same design were analyzed through the two methods. ...

Heavy rainfall in Aïn Draham province in the NorthWestern of Tunisia lead to the formation of some landslides which could poses danger to lives and properties. The geological outcrops of the region mainly consist of Numidian flysch rocks. In this study, field based 15 undisturbed samples were taken, from 11 boreholes drilled in 4 landslide points, to understand the real behaviour of soils when landslides occur. For this purpose, the geotechnical characterization of all samples was carried out. The grain size distribution shows that the clay and silt fractions prevail. The clay fraction ranges between 4% and 64% with an average of 40.4%, the silt fraction ranging from 19% to 71% averaging 39.8% and the sand fraction was between 6% and 44% with an average of 19.8%. The Casagrande plasticity chart indicates that 33.3% of samples were in the high plasticity group (CH group) and 66.6% having a medium to low plasticity. The water content varies between 12% and 31%. The direct shear strength test shows that the cohesions values range from 41 KPa to 77KPa and the internal friction angle values range widely from 12° to 27°. A statistical approach was taken to determine the most important factors responsible for the decrease of the cohesion and friction angle which are in charge of slope failure. For this, a correlation matrix of all soil properties was done. The coefficients of correlation show that the clay fraction is the most correlated parameter to the cohesion with an index of-0.872. Unfortunately, the internal ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT friction angle is very low correlated to all geotechnical parameters. The clay fraction, as the most correlated to the cohesion, and the water content, which depends on rainfall (landslide triggering factor), were considered as two independent parameters for the establishment of a multiple linear and non-linear regression models of the cohesion. The multiple linear model showed that the cohesion decrease with the increase of water content and especially the increase of clay fraction with coefficients of-0.083 and-0.441, respectively. The non linear model showed that the cohesion decrease exponentially and linearly with the increase of the clay fraction and water content, respectively. The statistical study of the effect of geotechnical parameters on the landslide triggering, shows that the clay formations and also the increases of soils clay fraction by alteration phenomena is the crucial factor in landslides genesis. During rainfall the increase of the water content of clayey soils decreases the shear strength of soils more and more.

Trepça mine was opened by traverbank from the First Tunnel and then through the central well to the depths of XI-th horizont (from 760m up to 12m), 11 horizonts were developed with vertical distance of 60m, while in the above part of the mines, between quotes 760m and 610m, 4 horizonts are developed with vertical spacing every 35m. The mine is about 750m deep and wide 2500m with an average of 20 mining bodies, which, in the horizontal cut have a size of 300 to 3000m2. In this paper it was analyzed the stability of the security plates of the ore in the "Trepça" mine in Stantërg, which are formed in ore during primary use. In the general part, will be given knowledge from the geological aspect of the mine and detailed knowledge on the exploitation systems of the mineral resource.

This study aims to present the hydrogeological and hydrochemical characteristics of Paradisos Karst aquifer system (PAS), Northeast Greece. The average area of the PAS is estimated according to Thornthwaite and Mather (1957) (T-M) procedure at 74.2 km 2. The karst system, which is largely fault-controlled, discharges through three permanent karst springs: KS15, KS20 and KS21. The average discharge rate was calculated for two of them at 0.726 m 3 /s. The time series analysis shows that: (a) the memory effect for the PAS is extremely high; and (b) the karst system is a poorly developed with high storage capacity and absence of a quick flow component. The chemical type for the majority of the groundwater samples is of Ca-HCO 3 type. The chemical properties of the groundwaters are strongly influenced by alkaline earth metals and weak acids. The presence (sporadically) of high NH 4 + content and slightly increased nitrate, ammonium and phosphate values in springs KS20 and KS21 is attributed to the presence of anthropogenic sources, especially septic tanks and agriculture. All studied groundwaters are oversaturated in calcite and aragonite, which suggests a mechanism of diffuse flow. The morphology and geology of the PAS catchment area, and data from hydrographs and chemographs, show that the hydrologic system is dominantly of diffuse flow. The use of time series analysis combined with classic hydrogeological techniques (i.e., degree of karstification, T-M procedure, chemographs and

Mediterranean basin exposed to ongoing processes of erosion and deformation. Neotectonics is the study of the geological processes involved in the deformation of the Earth’s crust. The topography of the terrain is greatly impacted by these neotectonic events, which has a considerable impact on the drainage pattern and general geomorphology of the region. In this work, the active tectonics were evaluated using the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and several Geomorphic Indices in the Ain Zerga region of Northeast Algeria. Asymmetry factor, basin form, the ratio of valley floor width to valley height, the sinuosity of mountain fronts, hypsometric integral, hypsometric curve, and transverse topographic symmetry factor were some of the indices used. These findings emphasize the tremendous tectonic activity that exists in the study area. In comparison to sub-watershed N°2, sub-watersheds N°1, N°3, and N°4 had stronger tectonic activity, according to t...

The neo-tectonic research is interested in the study of the movements of Earth's crust in recent geological times. It could explain the deformation mechanisms that lead to the structuring of drainage catchments. The Morsott-Tebessa-Youkous (Chabro) collapsed basin corresponds to a subsiding depression framed by brittle structures and filled with thick deposits. Our work aims to unveil the neo-tectonic activity and reconstruct the morphometric evolution of the landscape and the drainage network of the basin. For this task, our investigation applies a quantitative analysis of geomorphic indices extracted from the DEM of the study area. We used a GIS-based approach to compile seven morphometric factors namely Integral Hypsometry (HI), the Sinuosity of mountain fronts (Smf), the Valley Floor width to height ratio (VF), the Asymmetry Factor (AF), Basin Shape index (BS), and the topography (T). All these thematic parameters were processed in a Geo-database to calculate the study area's Relative Tectonic Activity Index (IRAT) as a result. The IRAT map was categorized into three classes. The result highlighted the distribution of relative tectonic activity in the region and unveiled some unknown faults. It associated the sinuosity of rivers and the deformation of the substratum with active tectonic anomalies. This research work succeeded in drawing up a new scheme of the neo-tectonic activity and morphostructural evolution in the collapsed basin.

Mémoire de fin d'étude en vue de l'obtention du diplôme de Master Domaine : Architecture, urbanisme et métiers de la ville (AUMV) Filière : Architecture Option : Habitat Axe : Habitat et Société , Université Ferhat Abbas Sétif1. THEME : L'espace résidentiel entre tradition et modernité, Projet d'un ensemble d'habitat intermédiaire.
Résumé en français :
Le présent travail s’appuie sur une approche abordant la problématique du rapport tradition-modernité orienté sur une conception de l’espace architectural et de ses déterminants tel qu’initié par la pensée architecturale moderne. 
Pour ce faire, nous avons procédé dans un premier temps, à l’exploration du fondement théorique se rapportant à la pensée de l’espace depuis sa genèse. Dans une deuxième étape, nous nous sommes penchées sur l’espace vécu (l’habiter », dans la société algérienne. La synthèse résultant du croisement des différentes réflexions nous a permis de confectionner une grille d’analyse, à laquelle, nous avons soumis un matériel empirique constitué de plusieurs cas d’étude réalisés en Algérie et orientés vers la conception d’un espace adapté à la société locale. Cette analyse a pour but de tenter d’expliciter le processus de genèse de ces projets ainsi que leur évolution dans le temps.
Ce travail de recherche et d’analyse a constitué le fondement du projet d’un ensemble résidentiel intermédiaire, que nous proposons au quartier de Bizard à Sétif. Ce projet est composé d’un programme d’habitat au sens large du terme, prenant en considération les dimensions : architecturologique, technique et sociale. Par ailleurs, ce projet a fait appel à la technologie de la réalité virtuelle par le biais d’une visionneuse que nous avons confectionnée au laboratoire de verre à l’institut d’optique et de mécanique de précision. L’usage de cette technologie s’intègre comme mode de représentation de l’espace ainsi qu’un outil d’aide à la conception orienté vers l’approche collaborative et participative.
L’espace architectural s’érige en objet d’étude autant par ses déterminants intrinsèques que par les différents facteurs techniques et anthropologiques.
Mots clés :
Espace, modernité, tradition, déterminants de l’espace, réalité virtuelle.