Droit et Sciences Politiques

The referral to availability status, is one of the important topics of administrative law, because it leads to a temporary suspension of functional relationship linked between the staff member and the administration, This is due to the unexpected circumstances that may encounter the staff member’s life. Consequently, we’re going through this research paper, to show the impact of the necessity of service and how is defined as a constraint imposed on the staff member’s life, and limits his freedom to benefit from this right, and if the algerian legislator have balanced between the administration and the the staff member interests, by comparing the canceled and effective of the Algerian Public function Laws, to derive the provisions that are valid for both the staff member and the administration.

Spatial variability and relationship between soil apparent electrical conductivity (ECa), soil chemical properties, and plant nutrients in soil have not been well documented in Malaysian paddy fields. For this reason precision farming has been used for assessing field conditions. ECa technique for describing soil spatial variability is used for soil data acquisition. Soil sampling provides the data used to make maps of the spatial patterns in soil properties. Maps are then used to make recommendations on the variation of application rates. The main purpose of the authors in this study was to generate variability map of soil ECa within a Malaysian rice cultivation area using VerisEC sensor. The ECa values were compared to some soil properties after delineation. Measured parameters were mapped using kriging technique and their correlation with soil ECa was determined. Through this study the authors showed that the EC sensor can determine soil spatial variability, where it can acquire the soil information quickly.

A numerical model is presented for the simulation of double-diffusive natural convection in a triangular solar collector. This design is encountered in greenhouse solar stills where vertical temperature and concentration gradients between the saline water and transparent cover induce flows in a confined space. This phenomenon plays an important function in the water distillation process and in the biological comfort. In this doublediffusion problem, the ratio Br of the relative magnitude thermal and compositional buoyancy and Rayleigh numbers are key parameters. Finite element technique is used to solve the governing equations. Numerical results are presented for the effect of the abovementioned parameters on local heat and mass transfer rate. In addition, results for the average heat and mass transfer rate are offered and discussed for the mentioned parametric conditions. Some interesting results are found in this investigation.

Problem statement: Laboratory plant testing is usually time-consuming and high-costing. Hence, plant nutrient variability must be measured rapidly and the information made known to the farmers before the new season starts. Site-specific crop management, well-established in some developed countries, is now being considered in other places such as Malaysia. Approach: The application of site-specific management principles and techniques to diverse crops and small-scale farming systems in Malaysia will present new challenges. Describing within-field variability in typical Malaysian production settings is a fundamental first step toward determining the size of management zones and the inter-relationships between limiting factors, for establishment of site-specific management strategies. Results: Measurements of rice SPAD readings and nitrogen content were obtained in a Malaysian rice paddy field. SPAD reading data was manually collected on 80DAT and measured using a Minolta SPAD 502. Leaf samples were collected at 60 points at the same time to compare results from sampling with SPAD reading values. Samples nitrogen content was analyzed in a laboratory. Analysis of variance, variogram and kriging were conducted to determine the variability of the measured parameters and also their relationship. SPAD reading and nitrogen content maps were created on the interpretation of the data was investigated. Conclusion/Recommendations: Finally the research indicated that SPAD readings are closely related to leaf N content which means the potential for technology of precision farming to understand and control variation in Malaysian production fields and also SPAD chlorophyll meter ability to monitor the N status of rice and recommend the amount of N fertilization. Additional research is needed to confirm the results with data from other fields and crops.

Vibrio cholerae O1 biotype El Tor (ET), the cause of the current 7th pandemic, has recently been replaced in Asia and Africa by an altered ET biotype possessing cholera toxin (CTX) of the classical (CL) biotype that originally caused the first six pandemics before becoming extinct in the 1980s. Until recently, the ET prototype was the biotype circulating in Peru; a detailed understanding of the evolutionary trend of V. cholerae causing endemic cholera in Latin America is lacking. The present retrospective microbiological, molecular, and phylogenetic study of V. cholerae isolates recovered in Mexico (n ‫؍‬ 91; 1983 to 1997) shows the existence of the pre-1991 CL biotype and the ET and CL biotypes together with the altered ET biotype in both epidemic and endemic cholera between 1991 and 1997. According to sero-and biotyping data, the altered ET, which has shown predominance in Mexico since 1991, emerged locally from ET and CL progenitors that were found coexisting until 1997. In Latin America, ET and CL variants shared a variable number of phenotypic markers, while the altered ET strains had genes encoding the CL CTX (CTX CL ) prophage, ctxB CL and rstR CL , in addition to resident rstR ET , as the underlying regional signature. The distinct regional fingerprints for ET in Mexico and Peru and their divergence from ET in Asia and Africa, as confirmed by subclustering patterns in a pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (NotI)-based dendrogram, suggest that the Mexico epidemic in 1991 may have been a local event and not an extension of the epidemics occurring in Asia and South America. Finally, the CL biotype reservoir in Mexico is unprecedented and must have contributed to the changing epidemiology of global cholera in ways that need to be understood.

Grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) inverter technology has advanced since it first attracted the attention of policy makers. The objective of this article is to present a survey of grid-connected PV inverters and their present technology in Malaysia. Surveyed here are 186 PV inverter products from 22 manufacturers, their power factors, system THDs, efficiencies, power inputs (from PV array), costs, sizes, and protections investigated, and their datasheets collected from various manufacturers in Europe, North America, and Asia. The data are compared within regions and subject headings. Discussed are the lowering of cost, the raising of efficiency levels, and reliability improvement.

Site-specific crop management, well-established in some developed countries, is now being considered in developing countries such as Malaysia. The apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) of the soil can be used as an indirect indicator of a number of soil physical properties and even crop yield. Commercially available ECa sensors can efficiently develop the spatially dense data sets desirable in describing within-field spatial soil variability for precision farming. The main purpose of this study was to generate a variability map of soil ECa within a Malaysian paddy field using a VerisEC sensor. The ECa values were then compared with some soil variables within classes after delineation. Measured parameters were mapped using the kriging technique and their correlation with soil ECa was determined. The study showed that the VerisEC can determine soil spatial variability, and can acquire soil ECa information quickly. Spatial variability of shallow and deep ECa showed the same patterns. Estimation of soil properties based on ECa varied from one soil parameter to another and all could be estimated better by deep ECa. Cross-validation results showed that shallow and deep ECa, and also bulk density, gave more accurate estimates compared with other variables.

The potential of ribonucleic acid (RNA) as both informational and ligand binding molecule have opened a scenario in the development of biosensors. An aminated diamond-based RNA aptasensor is presented for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) trans-activator of transcription (Tat) peptide protein detection that not only gives a labeled or label-free detection method but also provides a reusable platform for a simple, sensitive, and selective detection of proteins. The immobilized procedure was based on the binding interaction between positively charged amine terminated diamond and the RNA aptamer probe molecules with the negatively charged surface carboxylic compound linker molecule such as terephthalic acid.

bowel diseases of unknown etiology. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) was believed to be infrequent in Iran; however, unofficial reports have confessed the continuing rise in IBD. Here, we present our experience with 448 patients with IBD referred during a 10-year period, 1992 -2002.

Time is an indicator of project performance, and along with cost and quality factors, it is the project roadmap, as it determines its success. In Algeria, among the problems often encountered in the construction of projects are timeouts. A questionnaire survey was conducted with experts in the field of construction, in order to know the factors causing delays in projects. The results show that the managerial factors (relating to planning, organization and management) are the most important in Algeria. Therefore, the use of Project Management is essential, given the need to promote this area in terms of processes and tools used, to allow the various project stakeholders to optimize the planning of activities and resources, to complete the project. project in a timely manner and reach the stage of project success. Recommendations were proposed and managerial solutions were suggested using the guide of PMBOK version 5.

This study addressed Russian strategic under "Vladimir Putin" in the period from 2000 to 2014, where he focused on strategic priorities of the State of Russian Federation, which was suffering at the beginning of the new millennium from several internal and external challenges .In same time the strategic goal for Putin is to restore a global role for Russian power in the framework of a multipolar world . This study seeks to search the effectiveness of this strategy on the one hand, and on the other hand how to achieve various goals, especially those related to maintaining the interests of Russia's national security .We have focused more on the interests of Russia in South Mediterranean after the arrival of "Vladimir Putin" to rule in the Russian Federation .In same time Russian political elite's desire to change the unilateral leadership for the world by the United States to a multipolar world. Based on this, we have designed a research plan consists of three chapters, where we dealt with in the first chapter the theoretical framework of the new Russian strategy under Putin,and second chapter talked about Putin's new strategy between the perception of threats, adopt perceptions and mobilize the means to achieve the different goals ,finally the third chapter was dedicated to talk about southern Mediterranean as a study case for the application of the new Russian strategy under Putin.