Books by Andrea Zocchi
Le immagini della via Appia, raccolte in questo volume da Andrea Zocchi, non si limitano a costit... more Le immagini della via Appia, raccolte in questo volume da Andrea Zocchi, non si limitano a costituire una importante documentazione degli aspetti più pittoreschi degli straordinari paesaggi del Suburbio a sud di Roma, esse evocano soprattutto il tema del viaggio, ed in particolare del viaggio come esperienza culturale.
From the Contents:
Presentazione; Premessa; Introduzione; La via Appia: dalle origini ai giorni nostri: Dalle origini al tardo antico; Dal medioevo ad oggi; La raccolta iconografica: La documentazione cartografica; La documentazione grafica e pittorica; La documentazione fotografica; I miglio:Documentazione cartografica; Documentazione grafica e pittorica; Documentazione fotografica; 1. Porta San Sebastiano; 2. Sepolcro; 3. Asse viario e muro in opera incerta; II miglio: Documentazione cartografica; Documentazione grafica e pittorica; Documentazione fotografica; 4. Sepolcro dei Corneli; 5. Impianto residenziale; 6. Colombario; 7. Sepolcro detto di Orazio Flacco; 8. Sepolcro detto di Geta; 9. Sepolcro di Priscilla; 10. Struttura antica; 11. Nucleo di sepolcro; 12. Colombario detto dei Liberti di Augusto; 13. Colombario detto dei Liberti di Livia; 14. Sepolcro detto della Gens Atilia; 15. Nucleo di sepolcro; 16. Sepolcro in opera laterizia; valle della caffarella: Documentazione cartografica; Documentazione grafica e pittorica; Documentazione fotografica; 17. Sepolcro detto di Annia Regilla; 18. Ninfeo d' Egeria; 19. Struttura detta tempio di Cerere e Faustina; 20. Cisterna; 21. Strutture murarie; III miglio: Documentazione cartografica; Documentazione grafica e pittorica; Documentazione fotografica; 22. Sepolcri dei Fulvi, dei Canulei, dei Livii; 23. Sepolcro di Lucio Volumnio; 24. Sepolcro detto dei Calventi; 25. Sepolcro detto dei Cerceni; 26. Nucleo di sepolcro; 27. Sepolcro detto di Claudia Semne; 28. Colombario; 29. Sepolcro detto dei Gaii Caesellii; 30. Sepolcro detto degli Attili Calatini; 31. Colombario; 32. Sepolcro a tempietto; 33. Mausoleo e quadriportico di Romolo; 34. Sepolcro detto dei Servili; 35. Villa di Massenzio; 36. Circo di Massenzio; 37. Struttura detta Tempio di Proserpina; 38. Sepolcro a pianta circolare con absidi; 39. Sepolcro a pianta circolare; 40. Mausoleo di Cecilia Metella; 41. Castrum Caetani; IV-V miglio: Documentazione cartografica; Documentazione grafica e pittorica; Documentazione fotografica; 42. Mausoleo con targa trigonometrica; 43. Sepolcri a torre; 44. Nucleo di sepolcro; 45. Nucleo di sepolcro; 46. Nucleo di sepolcro; 47. Torretta medievale su strutture antiche; 48. Sepolcro detto di Servilio Quarto; 49. Sepolcro a dado; 50. Sepolcro a torretta; 51. Sepolcro detto di Seneca; 52. Mausoleo rotondo; 53. Sepolcro detto ad arco; 54. Sepolcro detto dei figli di Sesto Pompeo Giusto; 55. Struttura detta tempio di Giove; 56. Sepolcro di s. Urbano e Domus Marmeniae0; 57. Sepolcro dei Licini; 58. Sepolcro dorico; 59. Sepolcro di Ilario Fusco; 60. Sepolcro di Claudio Secondo Filippiano; 61. Colombario; 62. Sepolcro di Quinto Apuleio; 63. Sepolcro a tempietto; 64. Sepolcro dei Rabiri; 65. Nucleo di sepolcro; 66. Sepolcro a torre; 67. Sepolcro detto a festoni; 68. Sepolcro detto del frontespizio; 69. Nucleo di sepolcro; 70. Arco quadrifronte; 71. Strutture in laterizio e colombario; 72. Nucleo di sepolcro; 73. Sepolcro detto di Barica, Zabda e Achiba; 74. Nuclei di sepolcri; 75. Sepolcri a tempietto; 76. Mausoleo rotondo; 77. Strutture antiche; 78. Sepolcro detto a cuspide; VI-IX miglio: Documentazione cartografica; Documentazione grafica e pittorica; Documentazione fotografica; 79. Tumulo detto dei Curiazi; 80. Ustrinum; 81. Casale di S. Maria Nova su cisterna antica; 82. Mausoleo a piramide; 83. Sepolcro a torre; 84. Tumuli detti degli Orazi; 85. Cisterna a pianta circolare; 86. Villa dei Quintili; 87. Sepolcro detto con scala a chiocciola; 88. Casale su cisterna antica; 89. Sepolcro detto ad arco; 90. Torcular detto farmacia di S. Maria Nova; 91. Casal rotondo; 92. Mausoleo e torre selce; 93. Esedra sepolcrale; 94. Sepolcro a edicola; 95. Sepolcro detto del vaso di alabastro; 96. Struttura detta tempio di Ercole; 97. Sepolcro detto di Quinto Veranio; 98. Sepolcro detto Berretta del Prete; 99. Mausoleo detto di Gallieno; Cartografia; Conclusioni; Il dato numerico; divisione tipologica; divisione cronologica; divisione per miglia; Il dato archeologico; attendibilità del dato; l'elemento archeologico; La rappresentazione della via Appia Antica - Testimonianza artistica e documento storico; Appendice (Tabelle dei documenti); Bibliografia e fonti di archivio; Indice dei nomi; Indice dei luoghi
Papers by Andrea Zocchi
Quaderni di Archeologia della Libya 24, n.s. IV, 2021
The previously unpublished cartographic documentation presented here represents precious evidence... more The previously unpublished cartographic documentation presented here represents precious evidence of knowledge of the territory of al-Khums and Lepcis Magna at the end of the 1910’s. The documents, six maps of the city and area of al-Khums, and assorted photographs and aerial photos acquired by the Author on the antiques market, were made and/or collected by Palmiro Storti, a soldier in the Murge Brigade stationed in al-Khums from late 1918 to the first half of 1919.The most interesting documents are the five maps of the al-Khums area on a scale of 1:25.000 which were created using aerial photography and field surveys that were for the exclusive use of the Brigade. There is also a planimetry of the city of al-Khums, on a scale of 1:5.000. This documentation, apart from representing a large sector of the territory that had not been mapped on this scale by the Istituto Geografico Militare (Military Geographical Institute), provides an invaluable source of information not only regarding the territory and place-names, but also the archaeological heritage. The maps, in fact, show ruins and numerous structures which were reported in topographical documents often for the first time. These data contributed not only to identifying their positions, but also to their state of conservation and impact upon the overall territory.
Quaderni di Archeologia della Libia, n.s. III, 2020
An underground chamber tomb was recently discovered in the suburban area of Macomades Selorum, th... more An underground chamber tomb was recently discovered in the suburban area of Macomades Selorum, the ancient urban centre above which the modern Surt was built. The hypogeum, currently no longer visible or accessible, had been looted at the time of its discovery. The typology of the grave, carved into the bedrock, recalls that of the Punic tripartite hypogea, in which a staircase, extended by a stepped dromos, leads to the burial chamber. The underground room, rectangular in plan and with a vaulted roof, was decorated with painted floral patterns. An acanthus branch framed a series of niches containing box shaped cinerary urns. The remains of sixteen cremations and two inhumation burials were found inside the room within pits dug into the floor. The scarce remains of grave goods, including pottery and glass vessels, oil lamps and coins, and inscriptions on the urns allow us to date the hypogeum approximately to a period between the age of Hadrian and the end of the 2nd century.
Quaderni di Archeologia della Libya, n.s. III, 23, 2020
This paper presents the results of an architectural survey undertaken in October 2013 at Qasr el-... more This paper presents the results of an architectural survey undertaken in October 2013 at Qasr el-Banât, one of the most significant Roman mausolea of the suburban area of Lepcis Magna.
The structure is a massive three-storey, tower-type mausoleum with a funeral chamber inside the podium provided with three large niches. Thanks to the analysis of old photographs, it was possible to reconstruct much of its original aspect and to propose a 3D reconstruction which includes missing elements such as part of the upper storey and the roofing. Moreover, through accurate measurements, it was possible to establish that the Punic foot (ca. 34.5 cm) was used in its design and construction. Topographic analyses and its probable connection with an ancient land partition detected in the area, suggest that Qasr el-Banât functioned as a boundary marker of this limitatio and that it was probably built in the mid-second century AD.
Quaderni di Archeologia della Libya , 2019
This article deals with the Workshop LyDAr Database. Aims and Features of the cultural cooperatio... more This article deals with the Workshop LyDAr Database. Aims and Features of the cultural cooperation project “Tripoli
Red Castle and the Museums of Tripolitania. IT System for Cataloguing Archaeological Artefacts and Managing Archive
Documents” held in Tripoli in November 2018. On that occasion the main features of the database were presented
to the audience and, in particular, to the archaeology and heritage professionals of the Department of Antiquities of Libya.
Quaderni di Archeologia della Libya , 2019
This paper discusses the discovery, in 1924-1925, of an ancient marble head at the bottom of the ... more This paper discusses the discovery, in 1924-1925, of an ancient marble head at the bottom of the Hudson river in New
York. The event had significant media coverage thanks to the interest of the editorial board of The New York Times.
Among the hypotheses taken into account to explain the bizarre location of its discovery, prof. Bruno Roselli (1887-
1970) suggested that the Roman portrait may have been picked up from Lepcis Magna and accidentally swallowed up
by the New York bay at the beginning of the 19th century from the US Navy schooner commanded by Captain David
Porter. Another hypothesis linked the marble head to John C. King Van Rensselaer who bought it in New York and lost
it when a ferry boat caught on fire in the Hudson around 1830.
The second part of the paper deals with the dating and a possible interpretation of the portrait, currently housed at
the Millesgården Museum, in Lidingö (Stockholm). A replica in the Vatican Museums, Chiaramonti Museum, probably
belonging to a cuirassed statue, and may be another one, although idealized, in the Capitoline Museums, Palazzo
Senatorio, together with its formal analysis and comparisons, suggest that the portrait type could belong to an eminent
Roman personality (imperator?) who lived between the second triumvirate and the early Augustan age. The portrait
is indeed distinguished by individual traits and by a hairstyle influenced by those of Octavian’s portraits, particularly
the ‘Prima Porta type’, even if characterized with the distinctive detail of long hair strands on the neck. The Fasti
Triumphales provide a list of names that could be take into account, however, it is not possible to hypothesize a specific
identification. Both replicas of the ‘Chiaramonti-Millesgården type’ can be associated with an urban production.
Moreover, the proposed date of the Millesgården portrait to early Augustan age (27-20 BC) seems to be too early for an
honorary statue to be displayed in a public space at Lepcis Magna. This date precedes the Punic town becoming a typical
‘Roman’ city in its public appearance, the transformation of which occurred only between the end of the first century
BC and the beginning of the following one.
in "Quaderni di Archeologia della Libya", 22, n.s. II, 2019
A significant event took place in September 2019 in Rome. A meeting was organized on the initiati... more A significant event took place in September 2019 in Rome. A meeting was organized on the initiative of the Libyan Ambassador
in Italy and with the support of the Department of Antiquities of Libya (DoA) to discuss the cooperation possibilities
with the Italian archaeological missions during the current situation. The participants discussed the priorities of
the cultural cooperation programme in the archaeological field: restoration, training, archival documentation, scholarly
publications, and the fight against illicit trafficking. It was an important opportunity to remember the cooperative work
conducted over many years and to cement the collaboration between the Libyan and Italian institutions, to promote
the protection and enhancement of the cultural heritage of Libya and preserve it for the benefit of future generations.
Archeologia Postmedievale, 21, 2017
Quaderni di Archeologia della Libya 21, 2018
Libyan Studies, 2018
This contribution offers a new reading of the ancient landscape of the periphery of Lepcis Magna ... more This contribution offers a new reading of the ancient landscape of the periphery of Lepcis Magna thanks mainly to the data from the survey campaigns carried out by the Archaeological Mission of Roma Tre University (2007– 13) together with new archival research and GIS analysis. The new data are related to the road network of the Lepcitanian territory and its inner suburban areas. They include both the already known routes (essentially the coastal via publica and the via in mediterraneum) and new roads here presented merging the new information with the already published archaeological evidence. Beside the road network, a new topographic reading of the southeast suburb shows also traces of an ancient land partition based on Roman measurements. This latter discovery would represent, up to now, the first evidence of a cadastrian land partition in Tripolitania.
Libyan Studies, 2017
Since 1995 the Archaeological Mission to Libya of Roma Tre University has carried out several sur... more Since 1995 the Archaeological Mission to Libya of Roma Tre University has carried out several surveys in the territory and suburbs of Lepcis Magna. Besides the survey of the archaeological and historical sites, the Roma Tre team has also had the opportunity to observe and record the development of the landscape through periods of war and peace. In this article, the issues related to the cultural heritage in the area of the modern city of Khoms and in the Lepcis hinterland are analysed and particular consideration is given to the damage and destruction that has occurred since the Italian occupation (1911) until the present day. The Lepcitanian/Khoms territory is an interesting case study in which the cultural heritage has been, and still is, at risk due to 'civilian' and 'conflict' causes. Besides the damage that occurred during the Italo-Turkish War and – to a minor extent – during WWII, the main damage seems to have occurred in the last sixty years due to the expansion of Khoms and to the ongoing unstable political situation in which the lack of central government control is playing an important role. In particular, since 2011, Islamic fundamentalists have demolished in these areas several ancient marabouts, destroying one of the most characteristic aspects of the Tripolitanian/Libyan cultural landscape.
Archeologia Medievale, 2014
È dal 1995 che la missione archeologica dell'Università Roma Tre conduce ricognizioni nel territo... more È dal 1995 che la missione archeologica dell'Università Roma Tre conduce ricognizioni nel territorio di Leptis Magna (Libia). Ad oggi sono stati indagati oltre 100 km2 e documentati oltre 450 siti. Sulla base di tale ingente corpus documentario si traccia una sintesi preliminare sull’evoluzione del paesaggio rurale tripolitano tra le età tardoantica e ottomana. I dati raccolti permettono di rilevare non solo alternanze congiunturali di crescita e contrazione, ma anche trasformazioni dei sistemi insediativo-produttivi, in cui varie gamme di agricoltura e pastoralismo si avvicendano e talvolta convivono, anche in funzione dell’apertura del territorio al mercato regionale e mediterraneo. La sostanziale sopravvivenza del sistema rurale antico, incentrato su ville-fattorie dotate di torcularia per la produzione olearia, alcune delle quali tra IV e V secolo attrezzate per la difesa, entra in crisi dalla metà del V secolo, quando gli insediamenti si riducono drasticamente fin quasi a scomparire nel corso del VII secolo, lasciando immaginare la riconversione della popolazione sopravvissuta al nomadismo. Un sistema agro-pastorale si riforma nei secoli aglabiti e fatimiti, quando villaggi fortificati e torri-granaio popolano il wadi Taraglat, servendo di rifornimento e stoccaggio alle carovaniere verso Lebda. Ad un possibile intervallo nomadico-pastorale, forse spiegabile con lo spostamento delle direttrici carovaniere, segue, con la conquista ottomana, la formazione di quel paesaggio di villaggi e marabutti, che apparirà ai viaggiatori europei.
Rural Tripolitania in the Late Antique, Medieval and Ottoman Periods in the light of recent archaeological surveys in the region of Leptis Magna
Since 1995 the Archaeological Mission of University of Roma Tre has conducted surveys in the territory of Leptis Magna (Libya). To date, more than 450 sites have been surveyed in an area of about 100 Sq.Km. Based on this collection of data, an outline can be drawn as a preliminary synthesis about the Tripolitanian rural landscape from the Late-Antique to the Ottoman period. The data gathered not only make it possible to distinguish alternate phases of growth and contraction, but also to emphasize the changes in the productive and settlement system in which different modes of agriculture and sheep-farming alternated or even coexisted, due to the opening of the Tripolitanian market to the regional areas and to the Mediterranean. The survival of the ancient rural system, based on villae-farms with torcularia for the olive oil production (several of these sites in the 4th and 5th century were equipped with defensive structures), went into a decline starting in the second half of the 5th century, and settlements were reduced dramatically and almost disappeared in the 7th century when most of the surviving population probably became nomadic. New agricultural and pastoralism systems developed in the Aghlabid and Fatimid periods, when fortified villages and tower-granaries were scattered over the wadi Taraglat landscape and also acted as restocking and warehouse depots for the convoys leading to Lebda. After a possible nomadic interlude, maybe due to the shift in trade routes, with the Ottoman domination a new system of villages and marabouts was born and this was the landscape found by the European travelers.
Archeologia Postmedievale, 14 (2013), 2010
Fighting at Lepcis Magna: Libyan War Archaeology.
Just 100 years ago, declaring war on Turkey f... more Fighting at Lepcis Magna: Libyan War Archaeology.
Just 100 years ago, declaring war on Turkey for the conquest of the Ottoman provinces of Tripolitania and Cyrenaica, Italy started one of the last great colonial wars (the last should have been Mussolini’s war against Ethiopia in 1935-1936). During this conflict, the outskirts of the small village of Lebda were the location of bloody battles. The Italian troops landed at Khoms on the 21st of October 1911 and conquered the dominant hill of Ras el-Mergheb on the 27th of February 1912, but bloody fights occurred again on the 5th-6th of March, when Arab-Turks came back in order to recover the strategic position. After the Italian occupation of the ruins of Lebda (Lepcis Magna) on the 2nd of May, the opposing troops clashed on the ancient agger of Monticelli on the 12th of June. The location of Italian strongholds and the lines of Arab-Turkish attacks were roughly known through the contemporary military accounts. The more precise locations of the battlefields were accidentally recorded in one of the samples of the multi-period archaeological survey which the University of Roma Tre has conducted in the territory of Lepcis Magna since 1995. Classical and medieval archaeologists have had to examine the military evidence for more modern conflict archaeology. The discovery of elements of the munitions supplied to the two armies made it possible to identify their positions in the field. Surface finds included cartridge cases and bullets of the Italian guns Vetterli Vitali mod. 1870/87 and Carcano mod. 1891, of which there were also brass stripper clips, and the Turkish Mauser M1887. Fragments of shells and numerous shrapnel lead balls testify to the widespread use of artillery.
En 1995, à la demande du Départment des Antiquités de Libye, la Mission de l'Université Roma Tre ... more En 1995, à la demande du Départment des Antiquités de Libye, la Mission de l'Université Roma Tre dirigée par Luisa Musso commença la prospection archéologique du territoire de Leptis Magna, menacé par l'expancion des constructions et de l'agriculture, ainsi que par les travaux pharaoniques du percement d'un canal qui devait porter les eaux fossiles du Sahara dans les villes de la côte (la Grande Rivière). Depuis cette date, plus de 80 kmq furent prospectés et environ 400 sites documentés
L'Africa Romana, XVIII, 2010
Il territorio di Leptis Magna: ricognizioni tra Ras el-Mergheb e Ras el-Hammam 1 Premessa
Conference Presentations by Andrea Zocchi
The Department of Antiquities of Libya (DoA) and the Archaeological Mission at Lepcis Magna and T... more The Department of Antiquities of Libya (DoA) and the Archaeological Mission at Lepcis Magna and Tripoli directed by Luisa Musso, Roma Tre University, started a collaboration in 2015-16 to catalogue and study the maps and technical drawings of Tripolitanian archaeological sites housed in the DoA Archive (Red Castle, Tripoli). This collaboration is part of an overall reorganization conducted by the DoA, which includes the digitization and the appropriate conservation of its archival documentation that comprises about 3,000 documents produced between the 1920s and 1970s. Up to now more than 600 documents related to Lepcis Magna and its environs have been catalogued and reordered: the research group has developed a cataloguing model following international standards, which is easy to use and transferable, and is intended to be applied to the documentation of other Tripolitanian sites. This workshop is an important opportunity to discuss the possibility of comparing these data with the graphic and photographic documentary heritage preserved both in the BSR and BILNAS Archives.
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Books by Andrea Zocchi
From the Contents:
Presentazione; Premessa; Introduzione; La via Appia: dalle origini ai giorni nostri: Dalle origini al tardo antico; Dal medioevo ad oggi; La raccolta iconografica: La documentazione cartografica; La documentazione grafica e pittorica; La documentazione fotografica; I miglio:Documentazione cartografica; Documentazione grafica e pittorica; Documentazione fotografica; 1. Porta San Sebastiano; 2. Sepolcro; 3. Asse viario e muro in opera incerta; II miglio: Documentazione cartografica; Documentazione grafica e pittorica; Documentazione fotografica; 4. Sepolcro dei Corneli; 5. Impianto residenziale; 6. Colombario; 7. Sepolcro detto di Orazio Flacco; 8. Sepolcro detto di Geta; 9. Sepolcro di Priscilla; 10. Struttura antica; 11. Nucleo di sepolcro; 12. Colombario detto dei Liberti di Augusto; 13. Colombario detto dei Liberti di Livia; 14. Sepolcro detto della Gens Atilia; 15. Nucleo di sepolcro; 16. Sepolcro in opera laterizia; valle della caffarella: Documentazione cartografica; Documentazione grafica e pittorica; Documentazione fotografica; 17. Sepolcro detto di Annia Regilla; 18. Ninfeo d' Egeria; 19. Struttura detta tempio di Cerere e Faustina; 20. Cisterna; 21. Strutture murarie; III miglio: Documentazione cartografica; Documentazione grafica e pittorica; Documentazione fotografica; 22. Sepolcri dei Fulvi, dei Canulei, dei Livii; 23. Sepolcro di Lucio Volumnio; 24. Sepolcro detto dei Calventi; 25. Sepolcro detto dei Cerceni; 26. Nucleo di sepolcro; 27. Sepolcro detto di Claudia Semne; 28. Colombario; 29. Sepolcro detto dei Gaii Caesellii; 30. Sepolcro detto degli Attili Calatini; 31. Colombario; 32. Sepolcro a tempietto; 33. Mausoleo e quadriportico di Romolo; 34. Sepolcro detto dei Servili; 35. Villa di Massenzio; 36. Circo di Massenzio; 37. Struttura detta Tempio di Proserpina; 38. Sepolcro a pianta circolare con absidi; 39. Sepolcro a pianta circolare; 40. Mausoleo di Cecilia Metella; 41. Castrum Caetani; IV-V miglio: Documentazione cartografica; Documentazione grafica e pittorica; Documentazione fotografica; 42. Mausoleo con targa trigonometrica; 43. Sepolcri a torre; 44. Nucleo di sepolcro; 45. Nucleo di sepolcro; 46. Nucleo di sepolcro; 47. Torretta medievale su strutture antiche; 48. Sepolcro detto di Servilio Quarto; 49. Sepolcro a dado; 50. Sepolcro a torretta; 51. Sepolcro detto di Seneca; 52. Mausoleo rotondo; 53. Sepolcro detto ad arco; 54. Sepolcro detto dei figli di Sesto Pompeo Giusto; 55. Struttura detta tempio di Giove; 56. Sepolcro di s. Urbano e Domus Marmeniae0; 57. Sepolcro dei Licini; 58. Sepolcro dorico; 59. Sepolcro di Ilario Fusco; 60. Sepolcro di Claudio Secondo Filippiano; 61. Colombario; 62. Sepolcro di Quinto Apuleio; 63. Sepolcro a tempietto; 64. Sepolcro dei Rabiri; 65. Nucleo di sepolcro; 66. Sepolcro a torre; 67. Sepolcro detto a festoni; 68. Sepolcro detto del frontespizio; 69. Nucleo di sepolcro; 70. Arco quadrifronte; 71. Strutture in laterizio e colombario; 72. Nucleo di sepolcro; 73. Sepolcro detto di Barica, Zabda e Achiba; 74. Nuclei di sepolcri; 75. Sepolcri a tempietto; 76. Mausoleo rotondo; 77. Strutture antiche; 78. Sepolcro detto a cuspide; VI-IX miglio: Documentazione cartografica; Documentazione grafica e pittorica; Documentazione fotografica; 79. Tumulo detto dei Curiazi; 80. Ustrinum; 81. Casale di S. Maria Nova su cisterna antica; 82. Mausoleo a piramide; 83. Sepolcro a torre; 84. Tumuli detti degli Orazi; 85. Cisterna a pianta circolare; 86. Villa dei Quintili; 87. Sepolcro detto con scala a chiocciola; 88. Casale su cisterna antica; 89. Sepolcro detto ad arco; 90. Torcular detto farmacia di S. Maria Nova; 91. Casal rotondo; 92. Mausoleo e torre selce; 93. Esedra sepolcrale; 94. Sepolcro a edicola; 95. Sepolcro detto del vaso di alabastro; 96. Struttura detta tempio di Ercole; 97. Sepolcro detto di Quinto Veranio; 98. Sepolcro detto Berretta del Prete; 99. Mausoleo detto di Gallieno; Cartografia; Conclusioni; Il dato numerico; divisione tipologica; divisione cronologica; divisione per miglia; Il dato archeologico; attendibilità del dato; l'elemento archeologico; La rappresentazione della via Appia Antica - Testimonianza artistica e documento storico; Appendice (Tabelle dei documenti); Bibliografia e fonti di archivio; Indice dei nomi; Indice dei luoghi
Papers by Andrea Zocchi
The structure is a massive three-storey, tower-type mausoleum with a funeral chamber inside the podium provided with three large niches. Thanks to the analysis of old photographs, it was possible to reconstruct much of its original aspect and to propose a 3D reconstruction which includes missing elements such as part of the upper storey and the roofing. Moreover, through accurate measurements, it was possible to establish that the Punic foot (ca. 34.5 cm) was used in its design and construction. Topographic analyses and its probable connection with an ancient land partition detected in the area, suggest that Qasr el-Banât functioned as a boundary marker of this limitatio and that it was probably built in the mid-second century AD.
Red Castle and the Museums of Tripolitania. IT System for Cataloguing Archaeological Artefacts and Managing Archive
Documents” held in Tripoli in November 2018. On that occasion the main features of the database were presented
to the audience and, in particular, to the archaeology and heritage professionals of the Department of Antiquities of Libya.
York. The event had significant media coverage thanks to the interest of the editorial board of The New York Times.
Among the hypotheses taken into account to explain the bizarre location of its discovery, prof. Bruno Roselli (1887-
1970) suggested that the Roman portrait may have been picked up from Lepcis Magna and accidentally swallowed up
by the New York bay at the beginning of the 19th century from the US Navy schooner commanded by Captain David
Porter. Another hypothesis linked the marble head to John C. King Van Rensselaer who bought it in New York and lost
it when a ferry boat caught on fire in the Hudson around 1830.
The second part of the paper deals with the dating and a possible interpretation of the portrait, currently housed at
the Millesgården Museum, in Lidingö (Stockholm). A replica in the Vatican Museums, Chiaramonti Museum, probably
belonging to a cuirassed statue, and may be another one, although idealized, in the Capitoline Museums, Palazzo
Senatorio, together with its formal analysis and comparisons, suggest that the portrait type could belong to an eminent
Roman personality (imperator?) who lived between the second triumvirate and the early Augustan age. The portrait
is indeed distinguished by individual traits and by a hairstyle influenced by those of Octavian’s portraits, particularly
the ‘Prima Porta type’, even if characterized with the distinctive detail of long hair strands on the neck. The Fasti
Triumphales provide a list of names that could be take into account, however, it is not possible to hypothesize a specific
identification. Both replicas of the ‘Chiaramonti-Millesgården type’ can be associated with an urban production.
Moreover, the proposed date of the Millesgården portrait to early Augustan age (27-20 BC) seems to be too early for an
honorary statue to be displayed in a public space at Lepcis Magna. This date precedes the Punic town becoming a typical
‘Roman’ city in its public appearance, the transformation of which occurred only between the end of the first century
BC and the beginning of the following one.
in Italy and with the support of the Department of Antiquities of Libya (DoA) to discuss the cooperation possibilities
with the Italian archaeological missions during the current situation. The participants discussed the priorities of
the cultural cooperation programme in the archaeological field: restoration, training, archival documentation, scholarly
publications, and the fight against illicit trafficking. It was an important opportunity to remember the cooperative work
conducted over many years and to cement the collaboration between the Libyan and Italian institutions, to promote
the protection and enhancement of the cultural heritage of Libya and preserve it for the benefit of future generations.
Rural Tripolitania in the Late Antique, Medieval and Ottoman Periods in the light of recent archaeological surveys in the region of Leptis Magna
Since 1995 the Archaeological Mission of University of Roma Tre has conducted surveys in the territory of Leptis Magna (Libya). To date, more than 450 sites have been surveyed in an area of about 100 Sq.Km. Based on this collection of data, an outline can be drawn as a preliminary synthesis about the Tripolitanian rural landscape from the Late-Antique to the Ottoman period. The data gathered not only make it possible to distinguish alternate phases of growth and contraction, but also to emphasize the changes in the productive and settlement system in which different modes of agriculture and sheep-farming alternated or even coexisted, due to the opening of the Tripolitanian market to the regional areas and to the Mediterranean. The survival of the ancient rural system, based on villae-farms with torcularia for the olive oil production (several of these sites in the 4th and 5th century were equipped with defensive structures), went into a decline starting in the second half of the 5th century, and settlements were reduced dramatically and almost disappeared in the 7th century when most of the surviving population probably became nomadic. New agricultural and pastoralism systems developed in the Aghlabid and Fatimid periods, when fortified villages and tower-granaries were scattered over the wadi Taraglat landscape and also acted as restocking and warehouse depots for the convoys leading to Lebda. After a possible nomadic interlude, maybe due to the shift in trade routes, with the Ottoman domination a new system of villages and marabouts was born and this was the landscape found by the European travelers.
Just 100 years ago, declaring war on Turkey for the conquest of the Ottoman provinces of Tripolitania and Cyrenaica, Italy started one of the last great colonial wars (the last should have been Mussolini’s war against Ethiopia in 1935-1936). During this conflict, the outskirts of the small village of Lebda were the location of bloody battles. The Italian troops landed at Khoms on the 21st of October 1911 and conquered the dominant hill of Ras el-Mergheb on the 27th of February 1912, but bloody fights occurred again on the 5th-6th of March, when Arab-Turks came back in order to recover the strategic position. After the Italian occupation of the ruins of Lebda (Lepcis Magna) on the 2nd of May, the opposing troops clashed on the ancient agger of Monticelli on the 12th of June. The location of Italian strongholds and the lines of Arab-Turkish attacks were roughly known through the contemporary military accounts. The more precise locations of the battlefields were accidentally recorded in one of the samples of the multi-period archaeological survey which the University of Roma Tre has conducted in the territory of Lepcis Magna since 1995. Classical and medieval archaeologists have had to examine the military evidence for more modern conflict archaeology. The discovery of elements of the munitions supplied to the two armies made it possible to identify their positions in the field. Surface finds included cartridge cases and bullets of the Italian guns Vetterli Vitali mod. 1870/87 and Carcano mod. 1891, of which there were also brass stripper clips, and the Turkish Mauser M1887. Fragments of shells and numerous shrapnel lead balls testify to the widespread use of artillery.
Conference Presentations by Andrea Zocchi
From the Contents:
Presentazione; Premessa; Introduzione; La via Appia: dalle origini ai giorni nostri: Dalle origini al tardo antico; Dal medioevo ad oggi; La raccolta iconografica: La documentazione cartografica; La documentazione grafica e pittorica; La documentazione fotografica; I miglio:Documentazione cartografica; Documentazione grafica e pittorica; Documentazione fotografica; 1. Porta San Sebastiano; 2. Sepolcro; 3. Asse viario e muro in opera incerta; II miglio: Documentazione cartografica; Documentazione grafica e pittorica; Documentazione fotografica; 4. Sepolcro dei Corneli; 5. Impianto residenziale; 6. Colombario; 7. Sepolcro detto di Orazio Flacco; 8. Sepolcro detto di Geta; 9. Sepolcro di Priscilla; 10. Struttura antica; 11. Nucleo di sepolcro; 12. Colombario detto dei Liberti di Augusto; 13. Colombario detto dei Liberti di Livia; 14. Sepolcro detto della Gens Atilia; 15. Nucleo di sepolcro; 16. Sepolcro in opera laterizia; valle della caffarella: Documentazione cartografica; Documentazione grafica e pittorica; Documentazione fotografica; 17. Sepolcro detto di Annia Regilla; 18. Ninfeo d' Egeria; 19. Struttura detta tempio di Cerere e Faustina; 20. Cisterna; 21. Strutture murarie; III miglio: Documentazione cartografica; Documentazione grafica e pittorica; Documentazione fotografica; 22. Sepolcri dei Fulvi, dei Canulei, dei Livii; 23. Sepolcro di Lucio Volumnio; 24. Sepolcro detto dei Calventi; 25. Sepolcro detto dei Cerceni; 26. Nucleo di sepolcro; 27. Sepolcro detto di Claudia Semne; 28. Colombario; 29. Sepolcro detto dei Gaii Caesellii; 30. Sepolcro detto degli Attili Calatini; 31. Colombario; 32. Sepolcro a tempietto; 33. Mausoleo e quadriportico di Romolo; 34. Sepolcro detto dei Servili; 35. Villa di Massenzio; 36. Circo di Massenzio; 37. Struttura detta Tempio di Proserpina; 38. Sepolcro a pianta circolare con absidi; 39. Sepolcro a pianta circolare; 40. Mausoleo di Cecilia Metella; 41. Castrum Caetani; IV-V miglio: Documentazione cartografica; Documentazione grafica e pittorica; Documentazione fotografica; 42. Mausoleo con targa trigonometrica; 43. Sepolcri a torre; 44. Nucleo di sepolcro; 45. Nucleo di sepolcro; 46. Nucleo di sepolcro; 47. Torretta medievale su strutture antiche; 48. Sepolcro detto di Servilio Quarto; 49. Sepolcro a dado; 50. Sepolcro a torretta; 51. Sepolcro detto di Seneca; 52. Mausoleo rotondo; 53. Sepolcro detto ad arco; 54. Sepolcro detto dei figli di Sesto Pompeo Giusto; 55. Struttura detta tempio di Giove; 56. Sepolcro di s. Urbano e Domus Marmeniae0; 57. Sepolcro dei Licini; 58. Sepolcro dorico; 59. Sepolcro di Ilario Fusco; 60. Sepolcro di Claudio Secondo Filippiano; 61. Colombario; 62. Sepolcro di Quinto Apuleio; 63. Sepolcro a tempietto; 64. Sepolcro dei Rabiri; 65. Nucleo di sepolcro; 66. Sepolcro a torre; 67. Sepolcro detto a festoni; 68. Sepolcro detto del frontespizio; 69. Nucleo di sepolcro; 70. Arco quadrifronte; 71. Strutture in laterizio e colombario; 72. Nucleo di sepolcro; 73. Sepolcro detto di Barica, Zabda e Achiba; 74. Nuclei di sepolcri; 75. Sepolcri a tempietto; 76. Mausoleo rotondo; 77. Strutture antiche; 78. Sepolcro detto a cuspide; VI-IX miglio: Documentazione cartografica; Documentazione grafica e pittorica; Documentazione fotografica; 79. Tumulo detto dei Curiazi; 80. Ustrinum; 81. Casale di S. Maria Nova su cisterna antica; 82. Mausoleo a piramide; 83. Sepolcro a torre; 84. Tumuli detti degli Orazi; 85. Cisterna a pianta circolare; 86. Villa dei Quintili; 87. Sepolcro detto con scala a chiocciola; 88. Casale su cisterna antica; 89. Sepolcro detto ad arco; 90. Torcular detto farmacia di S. Maria Nova; 91. Casal rotondo; 92. Mausoleo e torre selce; 93. Esedra sepolcrale; 94. Sepolcro a edicola; 95. Sepolcro detto del vaso di alabastro; 96. Struttura detta tempio di Ercole; 97. Sepolcro detto di Quinto Veranio; 98. Sepolcro detto Berretta del Prete; 99. Mausoleo detto di Gallieno; Cartografia; Conclusioni; Il dato numerico; divisione tipologica; divisione cronologica; divisione per miglia; Il dato archeologico; attendibilità del dato; l'elemento archeologico; La rappresentazione della via Appia Antica - Testimonianza artistica e documento storico; Appendice (Tabelle dei documenti); Bibliografia e fonti di archivio; Indice dei nomi; Indice dei luoghi
The structure is a massive three-storey, tower-type mausoleum with a funeral chamber inside the podium provided with three large niches. Thanks to the analysis of old photographs, it was possible to reconstruct much of its original aspect and to propose a 3D reconstruction which includes missing elements such as part of the upper storey and the roofing. Moreover, through accurate measurements, it was possible to establish that the Punic foot (ca. 34.5 cm) was used in its design and construction. Topographic analyses and its probable connection with an ancient land partition detected in the area, suggest that Qasr el-Banât functioned as a boundary marker of this limitatio and that it was probably built in the mid-second century AD.
Red Castle and the Museums of Tripolitania. IT System for Cataloguing Archaeological Artefacts and Managing Archive
Documents” held in Tripoli in November 2018. On that occasion the main features of the database were presented
to the audience and, in particular, to the archaeology and heritage professionals of the Department of Antiquities of Libya.
York. The event had significant media coverage thanks to the interest of the editorial board of The New York Times.
Among the hypotheses taken into account to explain the bizarre location of its discovery, prof. Bruno Roselli (1887-
1970) suggested that the Roman portrait may have been picked up from Lepcis Magna and accidentally swallowed up
by the New York bay at the beginning of the 19th century from the US Navy schooner commanded by Captain David
Porter. Another hypothesis linked the marble head to John C. King Van Rensselaer who bought it in New York and lost
it when a ferry boat caught on fire in the Hudson around 1830.
The second part of the paper deals with the dating and a possible interpretation of the portrait, currently housed at
the Millesgården Museum, in Lidingö (Stockholm). A replica in the Vatican Museums, Chiaramonti Museum, probably
belonging to a cuirassed statue, and may be another one, although idealized, in the Capitoline Museums, Palazzo
Senatorio, together with its formal analysis and comparisons, suggest that the portrait type could belong to an eminent
Roman personality (imperator?) who lived between the second triumvirate and the early Augustan age. The portrait
is indeed distinguished by individual traits and by a hairstyle influenced by those of Octavian’s portraits, particularly
the ‘Prima Porta type’, even if characterized with the distinctive detail of long hair strands on the neck. The Fasti
Triumphales provide a list of names that could be take into account, however, it is not possible to hypothesize a specific
identification. Both replicas of the ‘Chiaramonti-Millesgården type’ can be associated with an urban production.
Moreover, the proposed date of the Millesgården portrait to early Augustan age (27-20 BC) seems to be too early for an
honorary statue to be displayed in a public space at Lepcis Magna. This date precedes the Punic town becoming a typical
‘Roman’ city in its public appearance, the transformation of which occurred only between the end of the first century
BC and the beginning of the following one.
in Italy and with the support of the Department of Antiquities of Libya (DoA) to discuss the cooperation possibilities
with the Italian archaeological missions during the current situation. The participants discussed the priorities of
the cultural cooperation programme in the archaeological field: restoration, training, archival documentation, scholarly
publications, and the fight against illicit trafficking. It was an important opportunity to remember the cooperative work
conducted over many years and to cement the collaboration between the Libyan and Italian institutions, to promote
the protection and enhancement of the cultural heritage of Libya and preserve it for the benefit of future generations.
Rural Tripolitania in the Late Antique, Medieval and Ottoman Periods in the light of recent archaeological surveys in the region of Leptis Magna
Since 1995 the Archaeological Mission of University of Roma Tre has conducted surveys in the territory of Leptis Magna (Libya). To date, more than 450 sites have been surveyed in an area of about 100 Sq.Km. Based on this collection of data, an outline can be drawn as a preliminary synthesis about the Tripolitanian rural landscape from the Late-Antique to the Ottoman period. The data gathered not only make it possible to distinguish alternate phases of growth and contraction, but also to emphasize the changes in the productive and settlement system in which different modes of agriculture and sheep-farming alternated or even coexisted, due to the opening of the Tripolitanian market to the regional areas and to the Mediterranean. The survival of the ancient rural system, based on villae-farms with torcularia for the olive oil production (several of these sites in the 4th and 5th century were equipped with defensive structures), went into a decline starting in the second half of the 5th century, and settlements were reduced dramatically and almost disappeared in the 7th century when most of the surviving population probably became nomadic. New agricultural and pastoralism systems developed in the Aghlabid and Fatimid periods, when fortified villages and tower-granaries were scattered over the wadi Taraglat landscape and also acted as restocking and warehouse depots for the convoys leading to Lebda. After a possible nomadic interlude, maybe due to the shift in trade routes, with the Ottoman domination a new system of villages and marabouts was born and this was the landscape found by the European travelers.
Just 100 years ago, declaring war on Turkey for the conquest of the Ottoman provinces of Tripolitania and Cyrenaica, Italy started one of the last great colonial wars (the last should have been Mussolini’s war against Ethiopia in 1935-1936). During this conflict, the outskirts of the small village of Lebda were the location of bloody battles. The Italian troops landed at Khoms on the 21st of October 1911 and conquered the dominant hill of Ras el-Mergheb on the 27th of February 1912, but bloody fights occurred again on the 5th-6th of March, when Arab-Turks came back in order to recover the strategic position. After the Italian occupation of the ruins of Lebda (Lepcis Magna) on the 2nd of May, the opposing troops clashed on the ancient agger of Monticelli on the 12th of June. The location of Italian strongholds and the lines of Arab-Turkish attacks were roughly known through the contemporary military accounts. The more precise locations of the battlefields were accidentally recorded in one of the samples of the multi-period archaeological survey which the University of Roma Tre has conducted in the territory of Lepcis Magna since 1995. Classical and medieval archaeologists have had to examine the military evidence for more modern conflict archaeology. The discovery of elements of the munitions supplied to the two armies made it possible to identify their positions in the field. Surface finds included cartridge cases and bullets of the Italian guns Vetterli Vitali mod. 1870/87 and Carcano mod. 1891, of which there were also brass stripper clips, and the Turkish Mauser M1887. Fragments of shells and numerous shrapnel lead balls testify to the widespread use of artillery.
The 36 mausolea registered in the Lepcis Magna periphery and hinterland are, for the first time, put in relation with the numerous necropolis around the city but also with the numerous luxury dwellings that characterize the suburban landscape. The topographic distribution of these funerary structures allows to improve also our knowledge of the road network and land-use of the Lepcitanian territory. Moreover, the typological and architectural analysis of different mausolea enable new remarks to detect models and external influences and, where possible, contact points with the funerary structures of the pre-desert and Ghirza.
The 36 Roman mausoleums registered in the Lepcis Magna periphery and hinterland are, for the first time, put in relation with the numerous necropolis around the city but also with the numerous luxury dwellings that characterize the suburban landscape. The topographic distribution of these funerary structures allows to improve also our knowledge of the road network and land-use of the Lepcitanian territory. Moreover, the typological and architectural analysis of different mausoleums enable new remarks to detect models and external influences.