Political Science

Sommario: 1. Premessa. -2. Strumenti di protezione contro la pirateria a favore delle navi private: il ruolo e lo statuto dei Nuclei Militari di Protezione. -3. Tentativo di ricostruzione dei fatti: a) l'attacco dell'Enrica Leixe da parte di sospetti pirati. -4. Segue: la decisione di accogliere la richiesta indiana di dirigersi verso il porto di Kochi. -5. Sulla competenza giurisdizionale (indiana o italiana) in ordine al fatto contestato. -6. La questione dell'immunità funzionale dei fucilieri di marina in quanto individui-organo dello Stato italiano. -7. Rilievi sulla sentenza del 18 gennaio 2013 della Corte Suprema dell'India. -8.

Il raddoppio dei giudici del Tribunale dell'Unione: valutazioni di merito e di legittimità costituzionale europea 2 7 A P R I L E 2015 2 federalismi.it |n. 8/2015 federalismi.it |n. 8/2015 grado) 3 , pure composto di 28 giudici (nominati secondo la medesima procedura), in funzione dal 1° settembre 1989, la cui istituzione peraltro era stata prevista dall'Atto Unico europeo del 1986 con la finalità, per un verso, di assicurare il principio del doppio grado di giudizio nel sistema comunitario e, per altro verso, di alleviare il carico di lavoro della Corte in quegli anni molto gravoso; e c) del Tribunale della funzione pubblica 4 , composto di 7 giudici (scelti sulla base di candidature individuali, vagliate da un Comitato di selezione e nominati all'unanimità dal Consiglio), in funzione dal 1° ottobre 2005, come primo esempio di tribunale specializzato, secondo la previsione figurante inizialmente nel Trattato di Nizza del 2001, in cui tutte le dette istanze giurisdizionali "specializzate" erano denominate "camere giurisdizionali". Sulla riforma in corso, che investe la complessiva architettura giudiziaria dell'Unione, il dibattito in Italia è sostanzialmente assente 5 , mentre di esso ha dato opportuna notizia la stampa estera 6 , e qualche breve contributo è apparso pure nelle riviste giuridiche europee 7 . La questione è stata inoltre oggetto di esame da parte della House of Commons britannica nell'ambito della valutazione delle proposte di atti legislativi dell'Unione 8 . 3 Cfr. C. CURTI GIALDINO, Tribunale di primo grado delle

Con la sentenza n. 138 del 2010 1 la Corte costituzionale ha affrontato per la prima volta la questione relativa all'ammissibilità, nel nostro ordinamento, del matrimonio fra persone dello stesso sesso. Nonostante la decisione abbia chiaramente precluso tale possibilità, essa può rappresentare un primo significativo esito della complessa vicenda relativa al riconoscimento giuridico delle unioni civili fra omosessuali che, falliti i tentativi per giungere all'approvazione di una legge, si era spostata sul piano giudiziario riuscendo ad arrivare al giudice delle leggi.

The main objective of this dissertation is to outline the development of International Space Law in the field of space debris mitigation and remediation. The purpose is to provide a legal analysis starting from the Treaties and Principles of Law that make up the Corpus Iuris Spatialis, up to the proposal of a Code of Conduct for Space Debris Mitigation. The study is focused on the need of defining a technical and juridical set of rules at international level and is divided in three main parts. The aim of the first chapter is to evaluate the role of the already existing Treaties and to technically define what constitutes space debris because of a normative gap in the international regulatory system. Starting from the definition elaborated by Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination and from the role of the North American Aerospace Defense Command’s space objects catalogue, it will be examined the process of space debris accumulation, i.e. Kessler Syndrome. Indeed, security and sustainability play a primary role for the maintenance of Outer Space calling all the States to act diligently and responsibly in the interest of all international space community actors. The second chapter goes through the actual International legal regime for the mitigation and remediation of space debris, starting from the non-binding IADC and UNCOPUS Guide Lines, passing through the legally binding provisions set out in the International Space Law Treaties, arriving to the Space Situational Awareness system role.  In the third part, it will be presented the Case Law concerning Cosmos 954 aiming at providing a concrete example of dispute settlement and to understand how the International Space regulations work. A comparison between International Environmental Law’s provisions, such as the ones included in the 1972 Stockholm Declaration or in the 1992 Rio Declaration, and the provision of Space Law promoting Outer Space and Earth natural environment is also provided. Furthermore, the United Kingdom’s Outer Space Act, entered into force in 1986, shows how international provisions on space debris shall be implemented domestically. In the end, they will be presented the possible ways of enhancing the International Legal system on space debris mitigation through three main options based on the European Center for Space Law proposal: a voluntary regime of adherence, a United Nation Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space approach or a voluntary Code of Conduct on Space Debris mitigation. To date, the possibility of reaching an agreement on an International Code of Conduct, a voluntary scheme under the coordination of the United Nations, that can combine all three options listed above, seems to be a comprehensive solution and, according to the current dynamics of international norms of Space Law, even the most concrete.

This document presents the state of the art of the space sector organisation in Italy. The main objective is to give a comprehensive overview of the Italian governance of the space economy. Focusing on the Lazio Region, the report analyses the concrete possibilities and opportunities to further develop projects and services based on space technologies.

Starting from the identification of the involved institutions at national level, the primary aim is to evaluate their interaction and cooperation. The key elements to support and coordinate the entry of Regions and SMEs into the space technologies and satellite based services market are also examined. The report introduces some good practices of Italian public and private organisations to describe their motivations to use satellite-based services. It allows evaluating the efforts needed to their adoption and to assessing the benefits and challenges faced by these organisations.

In a globalised world where competitiveness represents the keystone of modern capitalist society and thus of economic health and prosperity, knowledge and expertise express the very differentiating element between successful and unsuccessful economic performance. In a systemic perspective, the ever-changing character of our society imposes a continuous reorientation of the processes of knowledge transmission to tackle the increasing challenges posed by interrelated labour markets. In the academic field, this involves the use of multi- and transdisciplinary approaches in research and education. In the light of the assumption that the economy is not a self-standing subject but it dialectically interacts with the socio-cultural phenomena, the researchers will provide an in-depth analysis of the most recent data on the relationship between economics and culture. This article is the result of analytical research, conducted by using the mixed research methodology. The primary and secondar...

This study investigates the phenomenon of far-right foreign fighters
engaged on the Ukrainian war alongside pro-Russian separatists.
Before the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, the
phenomenon, albeit limited, also affected Italy. This article aims to
map the ties and to analyze the interactions between the various
actors involved in the distribution of the call to arms, from
recruitment to the reception of foreign fighters in the host country.
The article is divided in two parts. First, the aspects relating to the
conceptualization of the phenomenon and the motivations
underlying the choices to become a foreign fighter will be analyzed.
Radicalization processes and their interpretations will also be
explored. The second part presents the empirical analysis of Italian
far-right foreign fighters operating in the Donbass area. This
research uncovered a complex Transnational Recruitment Network
(TRN) enabling Italian far-right activists to reach the Ukrainian
theater of war. The study findings show that the links between the
network nodes of far-right organizations are relevant factors for the
activation and radicalization of foreign fighters.

The rise of the extreme right social movement and the transnational anti-gender mobilisation are among the main socio-political conflicts of the last decade. In Germany, the renewed mobilising capacity of the extreme-right has been the main platform of contestation against gender mainstreaming, so that the battle in defence of the nation and the ethnocultural connotations ascribed to its people has embraced the claim for the preservation of the traditional family and traditional gender roles. Applying the research method of frame analysis, this study aims to analyse the gender discourse of the extreme right and to highlight the 'exclusive intersectionality' embedded in anti-gender positions, which integrate with other frames in order to negatively define social, political and economic participation rights.

The rise of far right social movements heightens the necessity of addressing the interpretive and methodological challenges that arise from close-up studies of such political subjects. The relative scarcity of close-up or "internalist" research, and the resulting lack of a substantial body of knowledge, overlooks key factors that shape research processes and outcomes, such as field access, the researcher-subject relationship, and the emotional labor involved in ethnographic research. This essay seeks to address these methodological and epistemological challenges by examining various research experiences that involved direct interactions between researchers and far-right subjects.

The rise of far right social movements in Europe has led to a new proliferation of studies on the subject. The growing body of research has not however resolved the ontological and epistemological problems of research on the far right, which significantly influence the research process and its results. In particular, there is still a lack of agreement among researchers on what the far right is, its defining features and the terminology to describe it. This article aims to investigate the factors that have influenced this outcome. These include the limited validity of traditional case study classification criteria, the politicisation of the research interest and the distance within the research relationship between researchers and far right subjects. In conclusion, future research avenues on the extreme right are outlined.

The year 2014 was a record year in terms of refugee arrivals in Europe, as more than 260.000
migrants asked for international protection in the European member States, during the first six
months of the year. The number of asylum seekers landing on the Italian coast increased significantly
in 2014, reaching 112.000 people in August, compared to 42.000 in the whole of 2013. This sudden
increase put a large strain on the resources of the Italian government to provide adequate facilities to
meet the new arrivals needs.
This thesis aims at presenting how the cooperation between the third sector (civil society) and the
public sector enables the provision of a suitable reception for asylum seekers and refugees. For this
purpose this work is mainly based on the theoretical conceptualization of "social-political
governance" proposed by Kooiman. It has been assumed that co-arrangements between public sector
and third sector emerge because of mutual interdependencies. Co-arrangements would allow to
respond to dynamic, complex and diverse needs, and hierarchical elements in those co-arrangements
would lead to an increase of bureaucracy, professionalization standardization of the co-arrangement.
These assumptions have been verified by a qualitative analysis of the creation of the Sistema di
Protezione per Richiedenti Asilo e Rifugiati (SPRAR) and its implementation in the context of Rome,
where a case-study was conducted in October 2014.
It has been found that the SPRAR, in general and hence also in Rome, can be considered as an
institutionalized co-arrangement between the third and public sectors capable of responding to
dynamic, complex and diverse needs of asylum seekers and refugees. The institutionalization of this
system has led to the creation of standards, although homogeneity of the reception facilities is yet to
be met. Bureaucratization and professionalization of involved third sector organizations has increased
and made these organizations more accountable. Nevertheless, civil society keeps its dynamism and
manages to create an indispensable support network in Rome, encouraging asylum seekers and
refugees towards autonomy and integration.
This study has shown that successful co-arrangements between the third and public sectors in the
new policy field of refugee reception have brought about the creation of an innovative reception
model in Italy that adequately responds to asylum seekers and refugees needs.

In the context of the economic crisis, with increased numbers of persons affected by poverty or social exclusion, this thesis aimed at analysing the participation mechanisms of social civil society organisations in the policy-shaping of the European Union. The case of the Fund for European Aid to the Most Deprived (FEAD) has been selected as case study, because it is targeted at persons outside the economy and it was supposed that those persons are particularly little represented at EU level. Furthermore, a strong opposition by some member states seemed to hinder the creation of the FEAD. It was thus wondered to what extent and in which way civil society organisations (CSOs) could take part in the shaping of social policy at European level in this particular case.
The analysis uses the concept of issue networks, based on the typology of van Waarden, who identified seven dimensions of policy networks. It has been assumed that European Institutions (particularly the Commission and European Parliament) needed expertise regarding the new fund, while CSOs needed funding to run their projects. These interdependencies resulted in the formation of an issue network, which allowed CSOs to take part on equal terms in the policy shaping process of FEAD. Finally, key characteristics of the issue network, particularly its large membership and the consensus-oriented approach, have been crucial for the successful development of the FEAD regulation.
A field study has been conducted, interviewing five civil society organisation’s representatives, the rapporteur of the European Parliament and a Commission official. The research has shown that CSOs of European, but also national and regional level have taken part in the shaping of FEAD through a policy network. This network has indeed emerged, because of a need for expertise by the Commission and the rapporteur and the CSO’s desire to access the institutions and shape the fund. The high number of members in the issue network, as well as its cooperative and consensus-seeking structures have allowed to take different positions into account and to find an acceptable compromise, which has been approved by the European Parliament and the Council.