The International Consortium on Landslides (ICL) and ICL supporting organizations jointly establi... more The International Consortium on Landslides (ICL) and ICL supporting organizations jointly established the ISDR-ICL Sendai Partnerships 2015-2025 which is the voluntary commitment to the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030. As the core activity of the Sendai Partnerships, ICL has created "Landslide Dynamics: ISDR-ICL Landslide Interactive Teaching Tools", which are always updated and continuously improved, based on responses from users and lessons during their application. This paper describes the aim, outline, the contents of Text tools, PPT tools for lectures and PDF tools including already published reference papers/reports, guidelines, etc. Core parts of two fundamentals of the Teaching Tools, namely 1. Landslide types: description, illustration and photos, and 2. Landslide Dynamics for Risk Assessment are introduced.
Osnovna razlika u konstrukcijama pri izvedbi iskopa za građevne jame i podzemne otvore u tlu i st... more Osnovna razlika u konstrukcijama pri izvedbi iskopa za građevne jame i podzemne otvore u tlu i stijenskoj masi sastoji se u elementima podgradne konstrukcije. Dok je u tlu podgradna konstrukcija od odabranih inženjerskih materijala osnovni nosivi element, u stijenskom materijalu osnovni inženjerski materijal predstavlja in situ stijenska masa s relativno ogranicenim mogucnostima za njezino poboljsanje ili ojacanje. Pri izvedbi iskopa građevnih jama i podzemnih otvora u stijeni, stijenska masa predstavlja osnovni element podgradne konstrukcije, s obzirom da preraspodjelom naprezanja unutar stijenske mase ista „nosi samu sebe“. Pri tome je kvaliteta stijenske mase predodređena in situ uvjetima, koji su daleko od kontroliranih, a zbog heterogenosti i sustava diskontinuiteta stijenska masa se u pravilu rijetko ponasa kao kvazikontinuum. Osnove projektiranja u inženjerstvu u stijenskoj masi definirao je Bieniawski kao principe koji usmjeravaju proces projektiranja i izvedbe konstrukcija u stijenskoj masi. Na osnovi navedenih principa razvijena je vecina projektnih metodologija za konstrukcije u stijenskoj masi, a projektni princip o potrebnoj optimizaciji ukazuje na potrebu koristenja opservacijske metode i interaktivnog projektiranja konstrukcija u stijenskoj masi. Opisati ce se nacin određivanja parametara cvrstoce i deformabilnosti stijenske mase u skladu s empirijskim kriterijima cvrstoce i deformabilnosti stijenske mase prema opceprihvacenim klasifikacijama stijenske mase. Obrazložiti ce se principi opservacijske metode u inženjerstvu u mehanici stijena, kao i sustav interaktivnog projektiranja prema Eurocode 7 (EC7) na recentnim primjerima u hrvatskom graditeljstvu.
Physical modelling of landslides by analysing the behaviour of small-scale landslide models subje... more Physical modelling of landslides by analysing the behaviour of small-scale landslide models subjected to artificial rainfall can be divided into modelling under 1 g conditions and under increased acceleration (n times gravity) in a centrifuge. Physical modelling of landslide initiation began in 1970s in Japan on scaled natural slope models and after initial experiences with field and laboratory research, the small-scale landslide modelling has found a wide application around the world in different aspects of landslide investigations, analysing different types of landslides, different types of slope materials and landslide movements. The main task of landslide physical modelling is research of initiation, motion and accumulation of fast flow-like slides caused by infiltration of surface water or by shaking on a shaking table. Studies that have included landslide mitigation measures into small-scale physical models are rare and have not established correlations with a behaviour of on-site mitigation constructions. This paper discusses the behaviour of small-scale slope models supported by remedial measures under artificial rain in 1 g loading conditions. Models of slope built of different materials, with and without applied remedial measures (gravity retaining wall, gabion wall, pile wall) were exposed to identical intensities of artificial rainfall. The results of the simulations indicated that the slopes supported by remedial measures retained stability of the slope in the same conditions in which the sandy slope collapsed, as well as under significantly prolonged precipitations. At the end of the simulations, significantly higher rainfall intensities were applied to the supported slopes, exceeding the infiltration capacity of the slope material and affecting surface runout. The combination of surface erosion and saturation of superficial layer of a slope caused initiations of flow processes, while complete saturation of a slope when ground water level reached slope surface caused forming of a surface of rupture and consequently movements of the formed landslide body. The data obtained from the geodetic and geotechnical monitoring system enabled understanding of the overall process of rainfall infiltration and soil strength reduction to the development of the surface of rupture in a slope.
The term landslide comprises almost all varieties of mass movements on slopes. Landslide inventor... more The term landslide comprises almost all varieties of mass movements on slopes. Landslide inventory contains data about landslides on certain area. Landslide inventory map shows the locations of the landslides and can contain other additional data. Landslide maps can be prepared using different techniques. Landslide inventory maps are usually used in determination of landslide mitigation measures, civil engineering and urban planning. Spatial distribution of landslides and their activity is subject of change during time and that is a reason for development of landslide inventory maps from different periods (can be done by stereoscopic analysis of photographs from different periods). Data in landslide inventory is one of the most basic and most needed in further analysis in landslide susceptibility, landslide hazard and landslide risk. Most widespread and most used method in landslide inventory development is geomorphological mapping of terrain and usage of different methods of remote sensing (for example stereoscopic analysis). Even today, use and stereoscopic analysis of aerial photography has defined a prevailing standard and a benchmark against which new technologies to detect and map landslides are compared. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is a structural technique for data organization and analysis used for obtaining complex decisions. AHP can be used practically in landslide mapping and assessment of characteristic landslide features. Stereoscopic analysis was used in combination with AHP methodology for the assessment of characteristic landslide features on the southern slopes of the Mt. Medvednica. Assessment of characteristic landslide features for the identified landslides was based on the visible landslide features on photography (stereoscopic analysis), which included assessment of: landslide features (features at landslide body, features of landslide body boundary and features at main scarp) and features at landslide body toe part, slope morphology and land cover. Identified landslides were classified based on visible landslide features and according AHP score. Investigation encompassed: (i) criteria development for application of AHP methodology in area of research (100 km2), (ii) interpretation of 130 aerial photos of two generations, (iii) landslide inventory development and preparation of landslide inventory map and (iv) methodology verification on the basis of comparison with existing data and field check. In the paper some characteristic examples of identified landsides on the southern slopes of the Mt. Medvednica determined by stereoscopic analysis are given, with AHP score and field report. The methodology presented in this paper (stereoscopic analysis in combination with AHP methodology), is used for the first time in Croatia in landslide inventory development and preparation of landslide inventory map. Also the methodology and the established criteria is applicable in landslide inventory development and preparation of landslide inventory map in other areas where landslides exists in same or similar conditions, in Croatia or worldwide. Since there is no uniform landslide inventory for the whole territory of Croatia, the used methodology and the developed criteria also can be used as guidelines for the usage of remote sensing in landslide inventory development on national level.
Landslide research is an interdisciplinary field that primarily encompasses scientists from geomo... more Landslide research is an interdisciplinary field that primarily encompasses scientists from geomorphology, engineering geology, and geotechnical engineering in collaboration with researchers from such fields as geodesy, hydrogeology, geophysics, and many others. This chapter is intended as a resource for researchers interested in landslide engineering and landslide science to acquire a summarized review of research subjects and the state-of-the-art literature. A wide range of landslide topics are presented in the following sections: landslide mapping, landslide investigation, landslide monitoring, landslide hazard and risk assessment, and landslide stabilization and remediation measures. The results of landslide studies have practical applications to society via the avoidance, prevention, and mitigation of landslide hazards and risks. Landslide avoidance and prevention are the primary interests for land-use policies based on landslide mapping, followed by the prediction of landslide processes and their consequences. Landslide mitigation includes the development of engineering technologies for landslide investigation, monitoring, and remediation.
This paper presents deterministic 3D stability analyses using LS-Rapid software applied to the wi... more This paper presents deterministic 3D stability analyses using LS-Rapid software applied to the wider area of the Grohovo landslide on the north-eastern slope of the Rjecina River Valley near the city of Rijeka, Croatia. Results of these analyses, in combination with results of existing monitoring data, are necessary for predicting future landslide behavior as a base for establishing an early warning system at the Grohovo landslide.
U radu su prikazani rezultati istraživanja prve faze složenog klizista na sjeveroistocnoj padini ... more U radu su prikazani rezultati istraživanja prve faze složenog klizista na sjeveroistocnoj padini doline Rjecine između brane Valici i naselja Pasac. Bokovi doline oblikovani su u paleogenskom flisu i kvartarnim padinskim tvorevinama. Na vrhovima su zastupljene vapnenacke stijene tvoreci litice. Nastanak istražene kompleksne pojave klizista predodređen je geoloskom građom i morfogenezom doline Rjecine. To je složeno retrogresivno kliziste, koje se pocelo razvijati od stope prema vrhu kosine. Na padini je otkriveno 13 pojedinacnih kliznih tijela. Klizanjem je zahvacen materijal padinskih tvorevina i dio kore fizicko-kemijskog raspadanja. Veci dio kliznog tijela saturiran je podzemnom vodom koja se procjeđuje kroz pokrivac po kontaktu s nepropusnom flisnom podlogom. Klizanje je relativno plitko buduci da u hidrotehnickom tunelu, koji se nalazi ispod nožice klizista, nisu uocena ostecenja prouzrocena klizanjem. Pokrenuti su i megablokovi vapenacke stijene koji, najvjerojatnije, klize po flisnoj podlozi. To je posebna je pojava, netipicna za klizista na flisnim padinama u siroj okolici Rijeke. Vapnenacka stijena na litici je jako dezintegrirana, a u njoj su vidljive svježe pukotine. Istraživanja su se sastojala od geodetskih mjerenja, geofizickih, inženjerskogeoloskih i geotehnickih istraživanja. Geodetsko snimanje obavljeno je metodom teresticke fotogrametrije. Rezultati su uspoređeni s aero snimcima ucinjenim godine 1981. Tako su se mogle otkriti promjene morfologije padine u razdoblju od 1981. do 1997. godine. Fotoskice su koristene i za dopunu inženjerskogeoloskog kartiranja. Geofizicko mjerenje je obavljena metodom plitkog seizmicko-refrakcijskog profiliranja.
Monitoring is important for assessing the stability of the ground and for confirming the validity... more Monitoring is important for assessing the stability of the ground and for confirming the validity of the design during the construction and operation of structures. The ideal monitoring system for projects in Rock and Geotechnical Engineering would be able to monitor the behavior of small to extensive areas continuously and automatically with high accuracy. In addition, the costs would be low and the system would be easy to handle. Satellite technology has the potential to realize the above monitoring system by combining it with conventional geotechnical instruments. In this paper, satellite technology for displacement monitoring, i.e., GPS and SAR, is firstly outlined and then the concept of spatiotemporal continuous displacement monitoring is introduced. The use of both satellite technology and geotechnical instruments is effective for geotechnical monitoring. Practical applications of GPS for landslide monitoring and collaborative researches using DInSAR with Balkan countries are described.
Monitoring is important for assessing the stability of the ground and for confirming the validity... more Monitoring is important for assessing the stability of the ground and for confirming the validity of the design during the construction and operation of structures. The ideal monitoring system for projects in Rock and Geotechnical Engineering would be able to monitor the behavior of small to extensive areas continuously and automatically with high accuracy. In addition, the costs would be low and the system would be easy to handle. Satellite technology has the potential to realize the above monitoring system by combining it with conventional geotechnical instruments. In this paper, satellite technology for displacement monitoring, i.e., GPS and SAR, is firstly outlined and then the concept of spatiotemporal continuous displacement monitoring is introduced. The use of both satellite technology and geotechnical instruments is effective for geotechnical monitoring. Practical applications of GPS for landslide monitoring and collaborative researches using DInSAR with Balkan countries are described.
Monitoring is important for assessing the stability of the ground and for confirming the validity... more Monitoring is important for assessing the stability of the ground and for confirming the validity of the design during the construction and operation of structures. The ideal monitoring system for projects in Rock and Geotechnical Engineering would be able to monitor the behavior of small to extensive areas continuously and automatically with high accuracy. In addition, the costs would be low and the system would be easy to handle. Satellite technology has the potential to realize the above monitoring system by combining it with conventional geotechnical instruments. In this paper, satellite technology for displacement monitoring, i.e., GPS and SAR, is firstly outlined and then the concept of spatiotemporal continuous displacement monitoring is introduced. The use of both satellite technology and geotechnical instruments is effective for geotechnical monitoring. Practical applications of GPS for landslide monitoring and collaborative researches using DInSAR with Balkan countries are described.
Monitoring is important for assessing the stability of the ground and for confirming the validity... more Monitoring is important for assessing the stability of the ground and for confirming the validity of the design during the construction and operation of structures. The ideal monitoring system for projects in Rock and Geotechnical Engineering would be able to monitor the behavior of small to extensive areas continuously and automatically with high accuracy. In addition, the costs would be low and the system would be easy to handle. Satellite technology has the potential to realize the above monitoring system by combining it with conventional geotechnical instruments. In this paper, satellite technology for displacement monitoring, i.e., GPS and SAR, is firstly outlined and then the concept of spatiotemporal continuous displacement monitoring is introduced. The use of both satellite technology and geotechnical instruments is effective for geotechnical monitoring. Practical applications of GPS for landslide monitoring and collaborative researches using DInSAR with Balkan countries are described.
The aim of this paper is to present preliminary rockfall susceptibility assessment based on remot... more The aim of this paper is to present preliminary rockfall susceptibility assessment based on remote sensing and automated kinematic analysis for the steep slopes above the Town of Omis. Collection of spatial data was performed by terrestrial laser scanning and unmanned aircraft vehicle to derivate high-resolution point cloud models. Split-FX and CloudCompare software were used to extract discontinuity surfaces and to determine their orientation. Automated spatial kinematic analysis was performed for each polygon of slope surface model in order to identify locations of possible instability mechanism. From the results of the spatial kinematic analysis and with the calculation of Kinematic Hazard Index, the most critical parts on the slopes for the occurrence of possible instability mechanisms were identified. Resulting rockfall susceptible areas, unstable blocks and probable instability mechanisms on the investigated slopes provide the input data that can be used to determine critical areas for further deterministic slope stability analysis, as well as for rockfall hazard and risk assessment.
U tijeku je dogradnja i prosirenje luksuznog turistickog naselja „ Novi Resort“ u Novom Vinodolsk... more U tijeku je dogradnja i prosirenje luksuznog turistickog naselja „ Novi Resort“ u Novom Vinodolskom, Hrvatska. Za potrebe izgradnje nekoliko vecih građevina (sredisnji hotelski objekt, wellness centar, sportska dvorana, viseetažna garažna građevina i pomocna građevina), a zbog morfologije terena, bilo je nužno izvesti zasijecanje i ukopavanje dijela građevina. Zbog ogranicenosti i optimalnog koristenja prostora, iskop građevnih jama je izveden vertikalno, visine od 12.0 m do 20.0 m, a zasjeke u stijenskoj masi bilo je nužno ojacati kako bi se osigurala njihova stabilnost. Provedenim istražnim radovima ustanovljeno je da je lokacija izgrađena od relativno tankog pokrivaca i stijenske podloge, vapnenaca gornje krede. Vapnenci su kristalaste strukture, svjetlosive do bijele boje, neuslojeni ili gromadasti do debelo uslojeni, mjestimicno brecoliki. Stijenska masa je razlicito raspucana i okrsena, intenzivnije unutar povrsinskog sloja, a unutar vapnenaca su ustanovljena i podrucja degradiranog flisa. Za potrebe osiguranja stabilnost stijenskih zasjeka građevnih jama bilo je nužno izvesti ojacanje stijenske mase stapnim sidrima i mlaznim betonom. Kroz izvedene podgradne sustave od mlaznog betona izvedene su procjednice radi eliminacije moguce pojave hidrostatickog pritiska. U radu se daje pregled izvedenih podgradnih sustava za osiguranja stabilnosti zidova za pet vecih građevnih jama u okviru turistickog naselja. Opisuju se inženjerskogeoloske znacajke pojedinih lokacija, daje se primjer provedenih analiza stabilnosti ojacanih zidova jama, kao i detalji i opisi primijenjenih tehnickih rjesenja osiguranja stabilnosti zasjeka.
U radu se prikazuje integrirani sustav monitoringa klizista Kostanjek u Zagrebu. Sveobuhvatni int... more U radu se prikazuje integrirani sustav monitoringa klizista Kostanjek u Zagrebu. Sveobuhvatni integrirani sustav monitoringa u realnom vremenu razvija se u okviru istraživackih aktivnosti znanstvenog hrvatsko-japanskog bilateralnog projekta, a od 2011. godine u tijeku je instalacija sustava. Sustav monitoringa ce se sastojati od vise od 40 senzora za geodetska, hidroloska i geotehnicka opažanja. Oprema za pracenje klizista na povrsini i u podzemlju ukljucuje 15 preciznih GNSS prijemnika, žicane ekstenzometre kratkog i dugackog raspona, piezometre sa senzorima za mjerenje pornog tlaka u busotinama, senzore za mjerenje hidrostatickih pritisaka u bunarima, kisomjer, meteorolosku stanicu i akcelerometre namijenjene za pracenje inicijatora klizanja. Sva opažacka oprema ce biti povezana u jedinstveni sustav s kontinuiranim pracenjem i prijenosom podataka u sredisnju arhivu podataka. Zavrsetak instalacije sustava planiran je u 2013. godini.
The paper presents results of identification and mapping of the Valici Lake landslide reactivated... more The paper presents results of identification and mapping of the Valici Lake landslide reactivated in February 2014 due to intensive rainfalls. The described investigations included conventional engineering geological field mapping and innovative remote sensing mapping using high resolution digital elevation model, undertaken for interpretation of landslide mechanism. The research results imply reactivation of large part of old deep landslide (>30%) and high risk due to potential damaging of the reservoir and the dam.
U radu se prikazuju tipicne pojave nestabilnosti koje se javljaju na starim na prometnicama polož... more U radu se prikazuju tipicne pojave nestabilnosti koje se javljaju na starim na prometnicama položenim na flisu na podrucju Istre. Naslage flisa predstavljaju sredinu izuzetno heterogenih geotehnickih znacajki pri cemu veci dio kompleksa predstavljaju meke stijene podložne djelovanju atmosferilija. U dugotrajnim procesima uslijed promjena uvjeta na pojedinim lokacijama, a nepovoljnim hidroloskim prilikama dolazi do pojava nestabilnosti i ostecenja prometnica. Nestabilnosti se javljaju u pravilu u vidu odrona i manjih klizista, a zahvati na sanaciji su složeni i skupi.
Na hrvatskoj obali Jadranskog mora prirodna sljunkovita i pjeskovita žala su rijetka. Slicna je s... more Na hrvatskoj obali Jadranskog mora prirodna sljunkovita i pjeskovita žala su rijetka. Slicna je situacija i na podrucju Kvarnera...
The International Consortium on Landslides (ICL) and ICL supporting organizations jointly establi... more The International Consortium on Landslides (ICL) and ICL supporting organizations jointly established the ISDR-ICL Sendai Partnerships 2015-2025 which is the voluntary commitment to the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030. As the core activity of the Sendai Partnerships, ICL has created "Landslide Dynamics: ISDR-ICL Landslide Interactive Teaching Tools", which are always updated and continuously improved, based on responses from users and lessons during their application. This paper describes the aim, outline, the contents of Text tools, PPT tools for lectures and PDF tools including already published reference papers/reports, guidelines, etc. Core parts of two fundamentals of the Teaching Tools, namely 1. Landslide types: description, illustration and photos, and 2. Landslide Dynamics for Risk Assessment are introduced.
Osnovna razlika u konstrukcijama pri izvedbi iskopa za građevne jame i podzemne otvore u tlu i st... more Osnovna razlika u konstrukcijama pri izvedbi iskopa za građevne jame i podzemne otvore u tlu i stijenskoj masi sastoji se u elementima podgradne konstrukcije. Dok je u tlu podgradna konstrukcija od odabranih inženjerskih materijala osnovni nosivi element, u stijenskom materijalu osnovni inženjerski materijal predstavlja in situ stijenska masa s relativno ogranicenim mogucnostima za njezino poboljsanje ili ojacanje. Pri izvedbi iskopa građevnih jama i podzemnih otvora u stijeni, stijenska masa predstavlja osnovni element podgradne konstrukcije, s obzirom da preraspodjelom naprezanja unutar stijenske mase ista „nosi samu sebe“. Pri tome je kvaliteta stijenske mase predodređena in situ uvjetima, koji su daleko od kontroliranih, a zbog heterogenosti i sustava diskontinuiteta stijenska masa se u pravilu rijetko ponasa kao kvazikontinuum. Osnove projektiranja u inženjerstvu u stijenskoj masi definirao je Bieniawski kao principe koji usmjeravaju proces projektiranja i izvedbe konstrukcija u stijenskoj masi. Na osnovi navedenih principa razvijena je vecina projektnih metodologija za konstrukcije u stijenskoj masi, a projektni princip o potrebnoj optimizaciji ukazuje na potrebu koristenja opservacijske metode i interaktivnog projektiranja konstrukcija u stijenskoj masi. Opisati ce se nacin određivanja parametara cvrstoce i deformabilnosti stijenske mase u skladu s empirijskim kriterijima cvrstoce i deformabilnosti stijenske mase prema opceprihvacenim klasifikacijama stijenske mase. Obrazložiti ce se principi opservacijske metode u inženjerstvu u mehanici stijena, kao i sustav interaktivnog projektiranja prema Eurocode 7 (EC7) na recentnim primjerima u hrvatskom graditeljstvu.
Physical modelling of landslides by analysing the behaviour of small-scale landslide models subje... more Physical modelling of landslides by analysing the behaviour of small-scale landslide models subjected to artificial rainfall can be divided into modelling under 1 g conditions and under increased acceleration (n times gravity) in a centrifuge. Physical modelling of landslide initiation began in 1970s in Japan on scaled natural slope models and after initial experiences with field and laboratory research, the small-scale landslide modelling has found a wide application around the world in different aspects of landslide investigations, analysing different types of landslides, different types of slope materials and landslide movements. The main task of landslide physical modelling is research of initiation, motion and accumulation of fast flow-like slides caused by infiltration of surface water or by shaking on a shaking table. Studies that have included landslide mitigation measures into small-scale physical models are rare and have not established correlations with a behaviour of on-site mitigation constructions. This paper discusses the behaviour of small-scale slope models supported by remedial measures under artificial rain in 1 g loading conditions. Models of slope built of different materials, with and without applied remedial measures (gravity retaining wall, gabion wall, pile wall) were exposed to identical intensities of artificial rainfall. The results of the simulations indicated that the slopes supported by remedial measures retained stability of the slope in the same conditions in which the sandy slope collapsed, as well as under significantly prolonged precipitations. At the end of the simulations, significantly higher rainfall intensities were applied to the supported slopes, exceeding the infiltration capacity of the slope material and affecting surface runout. The combination of surface erosion and saturation of superficial layer of a slope caused initiations of flow processes, while complete saturation of a slope when ground water level reached slope surface caused forming of a surface of rupture and consequently movements of the formed landslide body. The data obtained from the geodetic and geotechnical monitoring system enabled understanding of the overall process of rainfall infiltration and soil strength reduction to the development of the surface of rupture in a slope.
The term landslide comprises almost all varieties of mass movements on slopes. Landslide inventor... more The term landslide comprises almost all varieties of mass movements on slopes. Landslide inventory contains data about landslides on certain area. Landslide inventory map shows the locations of the landslides and can contain other additional data. Landslide maps can be prepared using different techniques. Landslide inventory maps are usually used in determination of landslide mitigation measures, civil engineering and urban planning. Spatial distribution of landslides and their activity is subject of change during time and that is a reason for development of landslide inventory maps from different periods (can be done by stereoscopic analysis of photographs from different periods). Data in landslide inventory is one of the most basic and most needed in further analysis in landslide susceptibility, landslide hazard and landslide risk. Most widespread and most used method in landslide inventory development is geomorphological mapping of terrain and usage of different methods of remote sensing (for example stereoscopic analysis). Even today, use and stereoscopic analysis of aerial photography has defined a prevailing standard and a benchmark against which new technologies to detect and map landslides are compared. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is a structural technique for data organization and analysis used for obtaining complex decisions. AHP can be used practically in landslide mapping and assessment of characteristic landslide features. Stereoscopic analysis was used in combination with AHP methodology for the assessment of characteristic landslide features on the southern slopes of the Mt. Medvednica. Assessment of characteristic landslide features for the identified landslides was based on the visible landslide features on photography (stereoscopic analysis), which included assessment of: landslide features (features at landslide body, features of landslide body boundary and features at main scarp) and features at landslide body toe part, slope morphology and land cover. Identified landslides were classified based on visible landslide features and according AHP score. Investigation encompassed: (i) criteria development for application of AHP methodology in area of research (100 km2), (ii) interpretation of 130 aerial photos of two generations, (iii) landslide inventory development and preparation of landslide inventory map and (iv) methodology verification on the basis of comparison with existing data and field check. In the paper some characteristic examples of identified landsides on the southern slopes of the Mt. Medvednica determined by stereoscopic analysis are given, with AHP score and field report. The methodology presented in this paper (stereoscopic analysis in combination with AHP methodology), is used for the first time in Croatia in landslide inventory development and preparation of landslide inventory map. Also the methodology and the established criteria is applicable in landslide inventory development and preparation of landslide inventory map in other areas where landslides exists in same or similar conditions, in Croatia or worldwide. Since there is no uniform landslide inventory for the whole territory of Croatia, the used methodology and the developed criteria also can be used as guidelines for the usage of remote sensing in landslide inventory development on national level.
Landslide research is an interdisciplinary field that primarily encompasses scientists from geomo... more Landslide research is an interdisciplinary field that primarily encompasses scientists from geomorphology, engineering geology, and geotechnical engineering in collaboration with researchers from such fields as geodesy, hydrogeology, geophysics, and many others. This chapter is intended as a resource for researchers interested in landslide engineering and landslide science to acquire a summarized review of research subjects and the state-of-the-art literature. A wide range of landslide topics are presented in the following sections: landslide mapping, landslide investigation, landslide monitoring, landslide hazard and risk assessment, and landslide stabilization and remediation measures. The results of landslide studies have practical applications to society via the avoidance, prevention, and mitigation of landslide hazards and risks. Landslide avoidance and prevention are the primary interests for land-use policies based on landslide mapping, followed by the prediction of landslide processes and their consequences. Landslide mitigation includes the development of engineering technologies for landslide investigation, monitoring, and remediation.
This paper presents deterministic 3D stability analyses using LS-Rapid software applied to the wi... more This paper presents deterministic 3D stability analyses using LS-Rapid software applied to the wider area of the Grohovo landslide on the north-eastern slope of the Rjecina River Valley near the city of Rijeka, Croatia. Results of these analyses, in combination with results of existing monitoring data, are necessary for predicting future landslide behavior as a base for establishing an early warning system at the Grohovo landslide.
U radu su prikazani rezultati istraživanja prve faze složenog klizista na sjeveroistocnoj padini ... more U radu su prikazani rezultati istraživanja prve faze složenog klizista na sjeveroistocnoj padini doline Rjecine između brane Valici i naselja Pasac. Bokovi doline oblikovani su u paleogenskom flisu i kvartarnim padinskim tvorevinama. Na vrhovima su zastupljene vapnenacke stijene tvoreci litice. Nastanak istražene kompleksne pojave klizista predodređen je geoloskom građom i morfogenezom doline Rjecine. To je složeno retrogresivno kliziste, koje se pocelo razvijati od stope prema vrhu kosine. Na padini je otkriveno 13 pojedinacnih kliznih tijela. Klizanjem je zahvacen materijal padinskih tvorevina i dio kore fizicko-kemijskog raspadanja. Veci dio kliznog tijela saturiran je podzemnom vodom koja se procjeđuje kroz pokrivac po kontaktu s nepropusnom flisnom podlogom. Klizanje je relativno plitko buduci da u hidrotehnickom tunelu, koji se nalazi ispod nožice klizista, nisu uocena ostecenja prouzrocena klizanjem. Pokrenuti su i megablokovi vapenacke stijene koji, najvjerojatnije, klize po flisnoj podlozi. To je posebna je pojava, netipicna za klizista na flisnim padinama u siroj okolici Rijeke. Vapnenacka stijena na litici je jako dezintegrirana, a u njoj su vidljive svježe pukotine. Istraživanja su se sastojala od geodetskih mjerenja, geofizickih, inženjerskogeoloskih i geotehnickih istraživanja. Geodetsko snimanje obavljeno je metodom teresticke fotogrametrije. Rezultati su uspoređeni s aero snimcima ucinjenim godine 1981. Tako su se mogle otkriti promjene morfologije padine u razdoblju od 1981. do 1997. godine. Fotoskice su koristene i za dopunu inženjerskogeoloskog kartiranja. Geofizicko mjerenje je obavljena metodom plitkog seizmicko-refrakcijskog profiliranja.
Monitoring is important for assessing the stability of the ground and for confirming the validity... more Monitoring is important for assessing the stability of the ground and for confirming the validity of the design during the construction and operation of structures. The ideal monitoring system for projects in Rock and Geotechnical Engineering would be able to monitor the behavior of small to extensive areas continuously and automatically with high accuracy. In addition, the costs would be low and the system would be easy to handle. Satellite technology has the potential to realize the above monitoring system by combining it with conventional geotechnical instruments. In this paper, satellite technology for displacement monitoring, i.e., GPS and SAR, is firstly outlined and then the concept of spatiotemporal continuous displacement monitoring is introduced. The use of both satellite technology and geotechnical instruments is effective for geotechnical monitoring. Practical applications of GPS for landslide monitoring and collaborative researches using DInSAR with Balkan countries are described.
Monitoring is important for assessing the stability of the ground and for confirming the validity... more Monitoring is important for assessing the stability of the ground and for confirming the validity of the design during the construction and operation of structures. The ideal monitoring system for projects in Rock and Geotechnical Engineering would be able to monitor the behavior of small to extensive areas continuously and automatically with high accuracy. In addition, the costs would be low and the system would be easy to handle. Satellite technology has the potential to realize the above monitoring system by combining it with conventional geotechnical instruments. In this paper, satellite technology for displacement monitoring, i.e., GPS and SAR, is firstly outlined and then the concept of spatiotemporal continuous displacement monitoring is introduced. The use of both satellite technology and geotechnical instruments is effective for geotechnical monitoring. Practical applications of GPS for landslide monitoring and collaborative researches using DInSAR with Balkan countries are described.
Monitoring is important for assessing the stability of the ground and for confirming the validity... more Monitoring is important for assessing the stability of the ground and for confirming the validity of the design during the construction and operation of structures. The ideal monitoring system for projects in Rock and Geotechnical Engineering would be able to monitor the behavior of small to extensive areas continuously and automatically with high accuracy. In addition, the costs would be low and the system would be easy to handle. Satellite technology has the potential to realize the above monitoring system by combining it with conventional geotechnical instruments. In this paper, satellite technology for displacement monitoring, i.e., GPS and SAR, is firstly outlined and then the concept of spatiotemporal continuous displacement monitoring is introduced. The use of both satellite technology and geotechnical instruments is effective for geotechnical monitoring. Practical applications of GPS for landslide monitoring and collaborative researches using DInSAR with Balkan countries are described.
Monitoring is important for assessing the stability of the ground and for confirming the validity... more Monitoring is important for assessing the stability of the ground and for confirming the validity of the design during the construction and operation of structures. The ideal monitoring system for projects in Rock and Geotechnical Engineering would be able to monitor the behavior of small to extensive areas continuously and automatically with high accuracy. In addition, the costs would be low and the system would be easy to handle. Satellite technology has the potential to realize the above monitoring system by combining it with conventional geotechnical instruments. In this paper, satellite technology for displacement monitoring, i.e., GPS and SAR, is firstly outlined and then the concept of spatiotemporal continuous displacement monitoring is introduced. The use of both satellite technology and geotechnical instruments is effective for geotechnical monitoring. Practical applications of GPS for landslide monitoring and collaborative researches using DInSAR with Balkan countries are described.
The aim of this paper is to present preliminary rockfall susceptibility assessment based on remot... more The aim of this paper is to present preliminary rockfall susceptibility assessment based on remote sensing and automated kinematic analysis for the steep slopes above the Town of Omis. Collection of spatial data was performed by terrestrial laser scanning and unmanned aircraft vehicle to derivate high-resolution point cloud models. Split-FX and CloudCompare software were used to extract discontinuity surfaces and to determine their orientation. Automated spatial kinematic analysis was performed for each polygon of slope surface model in order to identify locations of possible instability mechanism. From the results of the spatial kinematic analysis and with the calculation of Kinematic Hazard Index, the most critical parts on the slopes for the occurrence of possible instability mechanisms were identified. Resulting rockfall susceptible areas, unstable blocks and probable instability mechanisms on the investigated slopes provide the input data that can be used to determine critical areas for further deterministic slope stability analysis, as well as for rockfall hazard and risk assessment.
U tijeku je dogradnja i prosirenje luksuznog turistickog naselja „ Novi Resort“ u Novom Vinodolsk... more U tijeku je dogradnja i prosirenje luksuznog turistickog naselja „ Novi Resort“ u Novom Vinodolskom, Hrvatska. Za potrebe izgradnje nekoliko vecih građevina (sredisnji hotelski objekt, wellness centar, sportska dvorana, viseetažna garažna građevina i pomocna građevina), a zbog morfologije terena, bilo je nužno izvesti zasijecanje i ukopavanje dijela građevina. Zbog ogranicenosti i optimalnog koristenja prostora, iskop građevnih jama je izveden vertikalno, visine od 12.0 m do 20.0 m, a zasjeke u stijenskoj masi bilo je nužno ojacati kako bi se osigurala njihova stabilnost. Provedenim istražnim radovima ustanovljeno je da je lokacija izgrađena od relativno tankog pokrivaca i stijenske podloge, vapnenaca gornje krede. Vapnenci su kristalaste strukture, svjetlosive do bijele boje, neuslojeni ili gromadasti do debelo uslojeni, mjestimicno brecoliki. Stijenska masa je razlicito raspucana i okrsena, intenzivnije unutar povrsinskog sloja, a unutar vapnenaca su ustanovljena i podrucja degradiranog flisa. Za potrebe osiguranja stabilnost stijenskih zasjeka građevnih jama bilo je nužno izvesti ojacanje stijenske mase stapnim sidrima i mlaznim betonom. Kroz izvedene podgradne sustave od mlaznog betona izvedene su procjednice radi eliminacije moguce pojave hidrostatickog pritiska. U radu se daje pregled izvedenih podgradnih sustava za osiguranja stabilnosti zidova za pet vecih građevnih jama u okviru turistickog naselja. Opisuju se inženjerskogeoloske znacajke pojedinih lokacija, daje se primjer provedenih analiza stabilnosti ojacanih zidova jama, kao i detalji i opisi primijenjenih tehnickih rjesenja osiguranja stabilnosti zasjeka.
U radu se prikazuje integrirani sustav monitoringa klizista Kostanjek u Zagrebu. Sveobuhvatni int... more U radu se prikazuje integrirani sustav monitoringa klizista Kostanjek u Zagrebu. Sveobuhvatni integrirani sustav monitoringa u realnom vremenu razvija se u okviru istraživackih aktivnosti znanstvenog hrvatsko-japanskog bilateralnog projekta, a od 2011. godine u tijeku je instalacija sustava. Sustav monitoringa ce se sastojati od vise od 40 senzora za geodetska, hidroloska i geotehnicka opažanja. Oprema za pracenje klizista na povrsini i u podzemlju ukljucuje 15 preciznih GNSS prijemnika, žicane ekstenzometre kratkog i dugackog raspona, piezometre sa senzorima za mjerenje pornog tlaka u busotinama, senzore za mjerenje hidrostatickih pritisaka u bunarima, kisomjer, meteorolosku stanicu i akcelerometre namijenjene za pracenje inicijatora klizanja. Sva opažacka oprema ce biti povezana u jedinstveni sustav s kontinuiranim pracenjem i prijenosom podataka u sredisnju arhivu podataka. Zavrsetak instalacije sustava planiran je u 2013. godini.
The paper presents results of identification and mapping of the Valici Lake landslide reactivated... more The paper presents results of identification and mapping of the Valici Lake landslide reactivated in February 2014 due to intensive rainfalls. The described investigations included conventional engineering geological field mapping and innovative remote sensing mapping using high resolution digital elevation model, undertaken for interpretation of landslide mechanism. The research results imply reactivation of large part of old deep landslide (>30%) and high risk due to potential damaging of the reservoir and the dam.
U radu se prikazuju tipicne pojave nestabilnosti koje se javljaju na starim na prometnicama polož... more U radu se prikazuju tipicne pojave nestabilnosti koje se javljaju na starim na prometnicama položenim na flisu na podrucju Istre. Naslage flisa predstavljaju sredinu izuzetno heterogenih geotehnickih znacajki pri cemu veci dio kompleksa predstavljaju meke stijene podložne djelovanju atmosferilija. U dugotrajnim procesima uslijed promjena uvjeta na pojedinim lokacijama, a nepovoljnim hidroloskim prilikama dolazi do pojava nestabilnosti i ostecenja prometnica. Nestabilnosti se javljaju u pravilu u vidu odrona i manjih klizista, a zahvati na sanaciji su složeni i skupi.
Na hrvatskoj obali Jadranskog mora prirodna sljunkovita i pjeskovita žala su rijetka. Slicna je s... more Na hrvatskoj obali Jadranskog mora prirodna sljunkovita i pjeskovita žala su rijetka. Slicna je situacija i na podrucju Kvarnera...
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