Summary form only given: Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) resonators have been intensively i... more Summary form only given: Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) resonators have been intensively investigated as an alternative for electronic filter components currently used in communication systems because of their small size and low operating voltages [1]. Electrothermal actuation, compared to other transduction techniques for electrical induction of mechanical vibrations, brings benefits in terms of simple fabrication, impedance matching and low actuation voltages. Electrothermally actuated resonators provide high resonant frequencies, high Q-factors and wide frequency tuning range [2, 3]. Recently, we have demonstrated the piezoelectric sensing of electrothermally actuated double-clamped beam MEMS resonators [3, 4]. Piezoelectric sensing technique, compared to the alternative electrostatic transduction, offers stronger electromechanical coupling, better impedance matching and simpler fabrication process. In addition, it allows active generation of electrical potential under applied mechanical stress, without need for external bias supply. In this work, we investigate on electrothermal actuator design solutions for optimizing frequency tuning range and Q-factor of the devices. Devices of two types were fabricated, with the only difference in the electrothermal actuator layout design, slab and u-shape layout, while other technological parameters and dimensions are the same (Fig. 1). Tested devices were taken from the same die and tested by performing two-port transmission frequency response measurements. The devices operate between 0.75 and 1.2MHz for tuning voltages of 1 to 7 V, and Q-factors up to ~ 400 have been measured in atmospheric conditions. Experimental results have shown that the device actuated with u-shape electrode resonates at lower frequencies with higher Q-factor, and that wider frequency tuning has been obtained under the same actuating conditions. Design, fabrication and measurement setup details will be presented. Moreover, the influence of the electrothermal actuator design on the resonant behavior will be discussed.
Silicon carbide microresonators have been designed, fabricated and tested. Three designs have bee... more Silicon carbide microresonators have been designed, fabricated and tested. Three designs have been studied: cantilever, bridge and ring resonators. The devices have been actuated electrothermally and sensed piezoelectrically. The resonant frequency as well as the amount of frequency shift as a function of DC bias voltage for the three designs have been characterized electrically using two-port measurements. It has been found that the DC tuning sensitivities of the ring and bridge resonators (between 58,000 ppm/V and 62,000 ppm/V) are significantly higher than for the cantilever (240 ppm/V). Simulations have shown that a larger temperature change, hence a larger compressive stress induced in the SiC layer exists in the bridge design compared to the cantilever design as the DC bias voltage is increased. The higher DC tuning sensitivity for the bridge design could be a result of the combination of the location of the electrode thus causing higher thermally induced compressive stress as well as the clamped-clamped beam configuration.
In maritime traffic, with the growing reliance on innovative ICT technologies, maritime cyber ris... more In maritime traffic, with the growing reliance on innovative ICT technologies, maritime cyber risk management to secure not only data, but as well as safe and reliable ship transport operations becomes increasingly important. This paper presents a framework for conducting general and comprehensive cyber risk assessment of ships to offer guidance for improving security level of cyber systems onboard ships. The assessment covers methods for identification of the both technical and administrative cyber threats and vulnerabilities, and relies on identification of ship cyber risk critical systems and assets. The vulnerability scanning and penetration testing as specific elements of ships cyber security assessment have been studied. The given methodology for cyber risk level determination is based on a qualitative approach to assessing risk.
Maritime non-commercial communications are performed using the equipment of Global Maritime Distr... more Maritime non-commercial communications are performed using the equipment of Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS), under the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS). This equipment includes numerous devices of different technologies, features and user interfaces, which every officer of the watch (OOW) must know how to use. Besides, the equipment, i.e., its technology has not changed significantly in the last 30 years. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to collect and analyze information on how often GMDSS devices are used and whether any modernization is needed. The main research method was a questionnaire survey intended for experienced officers. Each question, as well as the answers of the respondents, were analyzed in detail and presented graphically. The results of the survey analysis indicate that the VHF (Very High Frequency) radiotelephone, Navigational Telex (NAVTEX) receiver, and Enhanced Group Call (EGC) receiver are still very ...
NOTICE: this is the author's version of a work that was accepted for publication in Microelectron... more NOTICE: this is the author's version of a work that was accepted for publication in Microelectronic Engineering. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in
Page 1. Vertical Silicon-on-Nothing FET: Capacitance-Voltage Compact Modeling B. Sviličić1, V. Jo... more Page 1. Vertical Silicon-on-Nothing FET: Capacitance-Voltage Compact Modeling B. Sviličić1, V. Jovanović2, T. Suligoj3 1Faculty of Maritime Studies, University of Rijeka Studentska ulica 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Phone: +385 ...
Analytical model for the two-dimensional (2-D) front-gate and the back-gate surface potential dis... more Analytical model for the two-dimensional (2-D) front-gate and the back-gate surface potential distribution of the vertical fully-depleted (VFD) silicon-on-nothing (SON) FET is developed. The analytical expressions of the front-gate and the back-gate potential distributions are derived by solving 2-D Poisson's equation using boundary conditions that are special for the VFD SONFET and assuming a second-order polynomial function for the potential distribution in the device body. The accuracy of the analytical model is verified by comparing the model predictions with the 2-D numerical device simulation results obtained using Medici and very good agreement is obtained.
The subthreshold conduction regime in short-channel recessed source/drain (ReS/D) ultra-thin body... more The subthreshold conduction regime in short-channel recessed source/drain (ReS/D) ultra-thin body (UTB) silicon-on-insulator (SOI) MOSFETs is studied. A physics-based model for the subthreshold slope of ReS/D UTB SOI MOSFETs is developed, based on an analytical solution of 2-D Poisson’s equation for the front-gate and back-gate potential distributions. In order to verify the accuracy of the model, the calculated subthreshold slope
Front-gate and back-gate potential distributions and threshold voltage of recessed source/drain (... more Front-gate and back-gate potential distributions and threshold voltage of recessed source/drain (ReS/D) ultrathin body (UTB) silicon-on-insulator (SOI) MOSFETs are modeled. The analytical expressions of the front-gate and the back-gate potential distributions are derived by assuming a parabolic potential variation perpendicular to channel and by solving 2D Poisson’s equation. Based on strong inversion criterion applied to the surface potential minimum value,
In this letter, we present the design, fabrication, and electrical testing of a silicon carbide m... more In this letter, we present the design, fabrication, and electrical testing of a silicon carbide microelectromechanical (MEMS) resonant device with electrothermal actuation and piezoelectric sensing. A doubly clamped flexural-mode beam resonator made of cubic silicon carbide has been fabricated with a top platinum electrothermal actuator and a top lead zirconium titanate piezoelectric sensor. Electrothermal transduction has been used to drive the device into resonance and tune its frequency. Piezoelectric transduction has been used as resonance sensing technique. Electrical measurements have shown that, by increasing the dc bias of the actuating voltage from 1 to 7 V, a tuning range of 171 kHz can be achieved with a device resonating at 1.766 MHz.
Informacije Midem-journal of Microelectronics Electronic Components and Materials, 2008
The subthreshold slope model of the Vertical Silicon-on-Nothing FET, extracted from the compact c... more The subthreshold slope model of the Vertical Silicon-on-Nothing FET, extracted from the compact capacitance model, has been developed. For short-channel effects modeling the voltage-doping transformation is used. The analytical model is verified by comparison to the two-dimensional numerical device simulator, MEDICI, over a wide range of different device structures. Good agreement is obtained for channel lengths down to 50 nm.
Informacije Midem-journal of Microelectronics Electronic Components and Materials, 2013
A two-port silicon carbide single-clamped beam (cantilever) microelectromechanical system (MEMS) ... more A two-port silicon carbide single-clamped beam (cantilever) microelectromechanical system (MEMS) resonant device actuated piezoelectrically and sensed piezoelectrically has been designed, fabricated and tested. Lead zirconium titanate (PZT) has been used as active material to implement the piezoelectric actuator and sensor. Piezoelectric electrodes have been placed on the top of the single 3C-SiC beam forming a flexural-mode resonator. Operation has been demonstrated with two-port measurements of the transmission frequency response. The 250-μm long device resonates at 371 kHz with Q factor of 385 in atmospheric conditions. The tuning of the resonant frequency has been demonstrated by applying DC bias voltage in the range 0 V – 10 V and frequency tuning range of 1025 ppm has been achieved.
From the perspective of organizational theory, groups within the nonprofit/NGO sector have a uniq... more From the perspective of organizational theory, groups within the nonprofit/NGO sector have a unique and distinct form, but structure is key to their strategy nonetheless [1]. Furthermore, methods of collaboration and communication often form the vehicle by which the strategy is implemented. In its second decade of existence, the International Association of Maritime Universities (IAMU) is an example of a nonprofit/NGO that is seeking more mature practices to advance from stage 3 (competent) to stage 4 (proficient) [2]. Performance measurement system design principles developed for the private and public sectors are applicable to the nonprofit/NGO sector [3]. This paper will outline a standard benchmarking analysis methodology to evaluate IAMU against comparative and aspirant organizations [4]. By examining the practices of other organizations using this standard benchmark process, a set of performance levels and targets will eventually be established for structure, collaboration, an...
The global maritime digitalization reflects on navigation and paperless vessels with Paper Naviga... more The global maritime digitalization reflects on navigation and paperless vessels with Paper Navigational Charts (PNC) nowadays superseded by Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS). Considering the system implementation and its acceptance as a sole navigational means, opinions of navigators differ. Although the ECDIS mandatory implementation ended in 2018, some navigators have been still favouring PNCs, pointing out their advantages over ECDIS navigation. These standpoints may have an impact on the safety of navigation in terms of acceptance, interpretation, and understanding of the system as well as on conflict of standpoints of decisive navigational ranks, the latter reason being found as one of the real problems. The presented study has focused on a specific period, soon after the transitional period completion, aiming to determine the views of traditional navigation advocates, their arguments in the present maritime navigation paperless era and to identify potenti...
Maritime transportation is backbone of globalized trade and the manufacturing supply chain as now... more Maritime transportation is backbone of globalized trade and the manufacturing supply chain as nowadays more than four fifths of world merchandise trade by volume is carried by ships. Safe navigation of ships of today depends heavily on cyber-physical systems, of which the central is the Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS). The paperless ship navigation is allowed when the type approved ECDIS with official electronic navigation charts acts as an independent backup for the primary system. In this paper, we present an analysis of cyber security weaknesses of the paperless ship navigation that relies on two internetworked ECDIS workstations in the backup arrangement. The method of analysis is based on cyber security testing of the ECDIS workstations with an industry vulnerability scanner tool. The detected vulnerabilities are analysed in the context of ECDIS backup arrangement and safeguards implemented on board the paperless ship. The obtained results suggest that the critical cyber threat vectors result from uncontrolled internetworking of unmaintained ECDIS workstations with identical hardware and software configurations.
The Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) plays a central role in safe navigati... more The Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) plays a central role in safe navigation of ships. The ECDIS is basically a software package running on a general operating system that could be comprised of the third-party components. This paper presents an analysis of cyber security weaknesses of a shipboard ECDIS raising from the ECDIS software’s third-party components. The analysis is based on the cyber security testing of the shipboard ECDIS using an industry vulnerability scanner. Detected vulnerabilities are analysed regarding the protection measures implemented on the ship. The results suggest that even the type approved ECDIS system with maintained ECDIS software and the underlying operating system could be vulnerable due to weaknesses in the ECDIS software’s third-party components.
This paper presents a comparative cyber security resilience estimation of shipboard radars that a... more This paper presents a comparative cyber security resilience estimation of shipboard radars that are implemented on two oil/chemical tankers certified as SOLAS ships. The estimated radars were chosen from the same manufacturer, but belonged to different generations. The estimation was conducted by means of ships' crew interviews and computational testing of the radars using a widely deployed vulnerability scanning software tool. The identified cyber threats were analysed qualitatively in order to gain a holistic understanding of cyber risks threatening shipboard radar systems. The results obtained experimentally indicate that potential cyber threats mainly relate to maintenance of the radars' underlying operating system, suggesting the need for regulatory standardisation of periodic cyber security testing of radar systems.
The growing reliance of the shipping industry on information and communication technologies place... more The growing reliance of the shipping industry on information and communication technologies places a high premium on cyber risk management. The International Maritime Organization has imposed improvement of the approved safety management system of ships by incorporating the cyber risk management no later than the first annual verification of a shipping company’s document of compliance following 1 January 2021. In this paper, we present a framework for assessing cyber risks that affect safe operation of ships. The framework relies on an on-board survey to identify existing safeguards, cyber security testing to detect vulnerabilities and threats, and determination of the cyber risk level. The cyber security testing of the ship’s critical systems and assets, as the specific part of the framework, is introduced and studied. The cyber security testing method is based on computational vulnerability scanning and penetration testing techniques, which is aligned with the upcoming maritime standard IEC 63154. For a case study, the testing of a shipboard Electronic Chart Display and Information System cyber security was performed using an industry vulnerability scanning tool.
Summary form only given: Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) resonators have been intensively i... more Summary form only given: Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) resonators have been intensively investigated as an alternative for electronic filter components currently used in communication systems because of their small size and low operating voltages [1]. Electrothermal actuation, compared to other transduction techniques for electrical induction of mechanical vibrations, brings benefits in terms of simple fabrication, impedance matching and low actuation voltages. Electrothermally actuated resonators provide high resonant frequencies, high Q-factors and wide frequency tuning range [2, 3]. Recently, we have demonstrated the piezoelectric sensing of electrothermally actuated double-clamped beam MEMS resonators [3, 4]. Piezoelectric sensing technique, compared to the alternative electrostatic transduction, offers stronger electromechanical coupling, better impedance matching and simpler fabrication process. In addition, it allows active generation of electrical potential under applied mechanical stress, without need for external bias supply. In this work, we investigate on electrothermal actuator design solutions for optimizing frequency tuning range and Q-factor of the devices. Devices of two types were fabricated, with the only difference in the electrothermal actuator layout design, slab and u-shape layout, while other technological parameters and dimensions are the same (Fig. 1). Tested devices were taken from the same die and tested by performing two-port transmission frequency response measurements. The devices operate between 0.75 and 1.2MHz for tuning voltages of 1 to 7 V, and Q-factors up to ~ 400 have been measured in atmospheric conditions. Experimental results have shown that the device actuated with u-shape electrode resonates at lower frequencies with higher Q-factor, and that wider frequency tuning has been obtained under the same actuating conditions. Design, fabrication and measurement setup details will be presented. Moreover, the influence of the electrothermal actuator design on the resonant behavior will be discussed.
Silicon carbide microresonators have been designed, fabricated and tested. Three designs have bee... more Silicon carbide microresonators have been designed, fabricated and tested. Three designs have been studied: cantilever, bridge and ring resonators. The devices have been actuated electrothermally and sensed piezoelectrically. The resonant frequency as well as the amount of frequency shift as a function of DC bias voltage for the three designs have been characterized electrically using two-port measurements. It has been found that the DC tuning sensitivities of the ring and bridge resonators (between 58,000 ppm/V and 62,000 ppm/V) are significantly higher than for the cantilever (240 ppm/V). Simulations have shown that a larger temperature change, hence a larger compressive stress induced in the SiC layer exists in the bridge design compared to the cantilever design as the DC bias voltage is increased. The higher DC tuning sensitivity for the bridge design could be a result of the combination of the location of the electrode thus causing higher thermally induced compressive stress as well as the clamped-clamped beam configuration.
In maritime traffic, with the growing reliance on innovative ICT technologies, maritime cyber ris... more In maritime traffic, with the growing reliance on innovative ICT technologies, maritime cyber risk management to secure not only data, but as well as safe and reliable ship transport operations becomes increasingly important. This paper presents a framework for conducting general and comprehensive cyber risk assessment of ships to offer guidance for improving security level of cyber systems onboard ships. The assessment covers methods for identification of the both technical and administrative cyber threats and vulnerabilities, and relies on identification of ship cyber risk critical systems and assets. The vulnerability scanning and penetration testing as specific elements of ships cyber security assessment have been studied. The given methodology for cyber risk level determination is based on a qualitative approach to assessing risk.
Maritime non-commercial communications are performed using the equipment of Global Maritime Distr... more Maritime non-commercial communications are performed using the equipment of Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS), under the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS). This equipment includes numerous devices of different technologies, features and user interfaces, which every officer of the watch (OOW) must know how to use. Besides, the equipment, i.e., its technology has not changed significantly in the last 30 years. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to collect and analyze information on how often GMDSS devices are used and whether any modernization is needed. The main research method was a questionnaire survey intended for experienced officers. Each question, as well as the answers of the respondents, were analyzed in detail and presented graphically. The results of the survey analysis indicate that the VHF (Very High Frequency) radiotelephone, Navigational Telex (NAVTEX) receiver, and Enhanced Group Call (EGC) receiver are still very ...
NOTICE: this is the author's version of a work that was accepted for publication in Microelectron... more NOTICE: this is the author's version of a work that was accepted for publication in Microelectronic Engineering. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in
Page 1. Vertical Silicon-on-Nothing FET: Capacitance-Voltage Compact Modeling B. Sviličić1, V. Jo... more Page 1. Vertical Silicon-on-Nothing FET: Capacitance-Voltage Compact Modeling B. Sviličić1, V. Jovanović2, T. Suligoj3 1Faculty of Maritime Studies, University of Rijeka Studentska ulica 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Phone: +385 ...
Analytical model for the two-dimensional (2-D) front-gate and the back-gate surface potential dis... more Analytical model for the two-dimensional (2-D) front-gate and the back-gate surface potential distribution of the vertical fully-depleted (VFD) silicon-on-nothing (SON) FET is developed. The analytical expressions of the front-gate and the back-gate potential distributions are derived by solving 2-D Poisson's equation using boundary conditions that are special for the VFD SONFET and assuming a second-order polynomial function for the potential distribution in the device body. The accuracy of the analytical model is verified by comparing the model predictions with the 2-D numerical device simulation results obtained using Medici and very good agreement is obtained.
The subthreshold conduction regime in short-channel recessed source/drain (ReS/D) ultra-thin body... more The subthreshold conduction regime in short-channel recessed source/drain (ReS/D) ultra-thin body (UTB) silicon-on-insulator (SOI) MOSFETs is studied. A physics-based model for the subthreshold slope of ReS/D UTB SOI MOSFETs is developed, based on an analytical solution of 2-D Poisson’s equation for the front-gate and back-gate potential distributions. In order to verify the accuracy of the model, the calculated subthreshold slope
Front-gate and back-gate potential distributions and threshold voltage of recessed source/drain (... more Front-gate and back-gate potential distributions and threshold voltage of recessed source/drain (ReS/D) ultrathin body (UTB) silicon-on-insulator (SOI) MOSFETs are modeled. The analytical expressions of the front-gate and the back-gate potential distributions are derived by assuming a parabolic potential variation perpendicular to channel and by solving 2D Poisson’s equation. Based on strong inversion criterion applied to the surface potential minimum value,
In this letter, we present the design, fabrication, and electrical testing of a silicon carbide m... more In this letter, we present the design, fabrication, and electrical testing of a silicon carbide microelectromechanical (MEMS) resonant device with electrothermal actuation and piezoelectric sensing. A doubly clamped flexural-mode beam resonator made of cubic silicon carbide has been fabricated with a top platinum electrothermal actuator and a top lead zirconium titanate piezoelectric sensor. Electrothermal transduction has been used to drive the device into resonance and tune its frequency. Piezoelectric transduction has been used as resonance sensing technique. Electrical measurements have shown that, by increasing the dc bias of the actuating voltage from 1 to 7 V, a tuning range of 171 kHz can be achieved with a device resonating at 1.766 MHz.
Informacije Midem-journal of Microelectronics Electronic Components and Materials, 2008
The subthreshold slope model of the Vertical Silicon-on-Nothing FET, extracted from the compact c... more The subthreshold slope model of the Vertical Silicon-on-Nothing FET, extracted from the compact capacitance model, has been developed. For short-channel effects modeling the voltage-doping transformation is used. The analytical model is verified by comparison to the two-dimensional numerical device simulator, MEDICI, over a wide range of different device structures. Good agreement is obtained for channel lengths down to 50 nm.
Informacije Midem-journal of Microelectronics Electronic Components and Materials, 2013
A two-port silicon carbide single-clamped beam (cantilever) microelectromechanical system (MEMS) ... more A two-port silicon carbide single-clamped beam (cantilever) microelectromechanical system (MEMS) resonant device actuated piezoelectrically and sensed piezoelectrically has been designed, fabricated and tested. Lead zirconium titanate (PZT) has been used as active material to implement the piezoelectric actuator and sensor. Piezoelectric electrodes have been placed on the top of the single 3C-SiC beam forming a flexural-mode resonator. Operation has been demonstrated with two-port measurements of the transmission frequency response. The 250-μm long device resonates at 371 kHz with Q factor of 385 in atmospheric conditions. The tuning of the resonant frequency has been demonstrated by applying DC bias voltage in the range 0 V – 10 V and frequency tuning range of 1025 ppm has been achieved.
From the perspective of organizational theory, groups within the nonprofit/NGO sector have a uniq... more From the perspective of organizational theory, groups within the nonprofit/NGO sector have a unique and distinct form, but structure is key to their strategy nonetheless [1]. Furthermore, methods of collaboration and communication often form the vehicle by which the strategy is implemented. In its second decade of existence, the International Association of Maritime Universities (IAMU) is an example of a nonprofit/NGO that is seeking more mature practices to advance from stage 3 (competent) to stage 4 (proficient) [2]. Performance measurement system design principles developed for the private and public sectors are applicable to the nonprofit/NGO sector [3]. This paper will outline a standard benchmarking analysis methodology to evaluate IAMU against comparative and aspirant organizations [4]. By examining the practices of other organizations using this standard benchmark process, a set of performance levels and targets will eventually be established for structure, collaboration, an...
The global maritime digitalization reflects on navigation and paperless vessels with Paper Naviga... more The global maritime digitalization reflects on navigation and paperless vessels with Paper Navigational Charts (PNC) nowadays superseded by Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS). Considering the system implementation and its acceptance as a sole navigational means, opinions of navigators differ. Although the ECDIS mandatory implementation ended in 2018, some navigators have been still favouring PNCs, pointing out their advantages over ECDIS navigation. These standpoints may have an impact on the safety of navigation in terms of acceptance, interpretation, and understanding of the system as well as on conflict of standpoints of decisive navigational ranks, the latter reason being found as one of the real problems. The presented study has focused on a specific period, soon after the transitional period completion, aiming to determine the views of traditional navigation advocates, their arguments in the present maritime navigation paperless era and to identify potenti...
Maritime transportation is backbone of globalized trade and the manufacturing supply chain as now... more Maritime transportation is backbone of globalized trade and the manufacturing supply chain as nowadays more than four fifths of world merchandise trade by volume is carried by ships. Safe navigation of ships of today depends heavily on cyber-physical systems, of which the central is the Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS). The paperless ship navigation is allowed when the type approved ECDIS with official electronic navigation charts acts as an independent backup for the primary system. In this paper, we present an analysis of cyber security weaknesses of the paperless ship navigation that relies on two internetworked ECDIS workstations in the backup arrangement. The method of analysis is based on cyber security testing of the ECDIS workstations with an industry vulnerability scanner tool. The detected vulnerabilities are analysed in the context of ECDIS backup arrangement and safeguards implemented on board the paperless ship. The obtained results suggest that the critical cyber threat vectors result from uncontrolled internetworking of unmaintained ECDIS workstations with identical hardware and software configurations.
The Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) plays a central role in safe navigati... more The Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) plays a central role in safe navigation of ships. The ECDIS is basically a software package running on a general operating system that could be comprised of the third-party components. This paper presents an analysis of cyber security weaknesses of a shipboard ECDIS raising from the ECDIS software’s third-party components. The analysis is based on the cyber security testing of the shipboard ECDIS using an industry vulnerability scanner. Detected vulnerabilities are analysed regarding the protection measures implemented on the ship. The results suggest that even the type approved ECDIS system with maintained ECDIS software and the underlying operating system could be vulnerable due to weaknesses in the ECDIS software’s third-party components.
This paper presents a comparative cyber security resilience estimation of shipboard radars that a... more This paper presents a comparative cyber security resilience estimation of shipboard radars that are implemented on two oil/chemical tankers certified as SOLAS ships. The estimated radars were chosen from the same manufacturer, but belonged to different generations. The estimation was conducted by means of ships' crew interviews and computational testing of the radars using a widely deployed vulnerability scanning software tool. The identified cyber threats were analysed qualitatively in order to gain a holistic understanding of cyber risks threatening shipboard radar systems. The results obtained experimentally indicate that potential cyber threats mainly relate to maintenance of the radars' underlying operating system, suggesting the need for regulatory standardisation of periodic cyber security testing of radar systems.
The growing reliance of the shipping industry on information and communication technologies place... more The growing reliance of the shipping industry on information and communication technologies places a high premium on cyber risk management. The International Maritime Organization has imposed improvement of the approved safety management system of ships by incorporating the cyber risk management no later than the first annual verification of a shipping company’s document of compliance following 1 January 2021. In this paper, we present a framework for assessing cyber risks that affect safe operation of ships. The framework relies on an on-board survey to identify existing safeguards, cyber security testing to detect vulnerabilities and threats, and determination of the cyber risk level. The cyber security testing of the ship’s critical systems and assets, as the specific part of the framework, is introduced and studied. The cyber security testing method is based on computational vulnerability scanning and penetration testing techniques, which is aligned with the upcoming maritime standard IEC 63154. For a case study, the testing of a shipboard Electronic Chart Display and Information System cyber security was performed using an industry vulnerability scanning tool.
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