Background: Measuring and monitoring progress towards Millennium Development Goals (MDG) 4 and 5 ... more Background: Measuring and monitoring progress towards Millennium Development Goals (MDG) 4 and 5 required valid and reliable estimates of maternal and child mortality. In South Africa, there are conflicting reports on the estimates of maternal and neonatal mortality, derived from both direct and indirect estimation techniques. This study aimed to systematically review the estimates made of maternal and neonatal mortality in the period from 1990 to 2015 in South Africa and determine trends over this period. Methods: Nationally-representative studies reporting on maternal and neonatal mortality in South Africa were included for synthesis. Literature search for eligible studies was conducted in five electronic databases: Medline, Africa-Wide Information, Scopus, Web of Science and CINAHL. Searches were restricted to articles written in English and presenting data covering the period between 1990 and 2015. Reference lists of retrieved articles were screened for additional publications, and grey literature was searched for relevant documents for the review. Three independent reviewers were involved in study selection, data extractions and achieving consensus. Results: In total, 969 studies were retrieved and 670 screened for eligibility yielding 25 studies reporting data on maternal mortality and 14 studies on neonatal mortality. Most of the studies had a low risk of bias. Estimates from the institutional reporting differed from the international metrics with wide uncertainty/confidence intervals. Moreover, modelled estimates were widely divergent from estimates obtained through empirical methods. In the last two decades, both maternal and neonatal mortality appear to have increased up to 2009, followed by a decrease, more pronounced in the care of maternal mortality. Conclusion: Estimates from both global metrics and institutional reporting, although widely divergent, indicate South Africa has not achieved MDG 4a and 5a goals but made a significant progress in reducing maternal and neonatal mortality. To obtain more accurate estimates, there is a need for applying additional estimation techniques which utilise available multiple data sources to correct for underreporting of these outcomes, perhaps the capture-recapture method. Systematic review registration: PROSPERO CRD42016042769
John Wyclif entre au service de la couronne d'Angleterre en 1372, avant meme d'avoir term... more John Wyclif entre au service de la couronne d'Angleterre en 1372, avant meme d'avoir termine ses etudes en theologie. Il entre rapidement dans le monde de la grande politique anglaise en se liant au parti de John of Gaunt. Des deux grandes expressions du pouvoir medieval, le regnum et le sacerdotium, il choisit la premiere. Son experience d'etudiant, puis de maitre en theologie, de pretre, mais surtout de conseiller du prince, permit a Wyclif de connaitre de l'interieur et dans sa multiplicite l'institution ecclesiastique. Ses theories ecclesiopolitiques susciterent des reactions violemment negatives au sein de l'Eglise.
Background: Measuring and monitoring progress towards Millennium Development Goals (MDG) 4 and 5 ... more Background: Measuring and monitoring progress towards Millennium Development Goals (MDG) 4 and 5 required valid and reliable estimates of maternal and child mortality. In South Africa, there are conflicting reports on the estimates of maternal and neonatal mortality, derived from both direct and indirect estimation techniques. This study aimed to systematically review the estimates made of maternal and neonatal mortality in the period from 1990 to 2015 in South Africa and determine trends over this period. Methods: Nationally-representative studies reporting on maternal and neonatal mortality in South Africa were included for synthesis. Literature search for eligible studies was conducted in five electronic databases: Medline, Africa-Wide Information, Scopus, Web of Science and CINAHL. Searches were restricted to articles written in English and presenting data covering the period between 1990 and 2015. Reference lists of retrieved articles were screened for additional publications, and grey literature was searched for relevant documents for the review. Three independent reviewers were involved in study selection, data extractions and achieving consensus. Results: In total, 969 studies were retrieved and 670 screened for eligibility yielding 25 studies reporting data on maternal mortality and 14 studies on neonatal mortality. Most of the studies had a low risk of bias. Estimates from the institutional reporting differed from the international metrics with wide uncertainty/confidence intervals. Moreover, modelled estimates were widely divergent from estimates obtained through empirical methods. In the last two decades, both maternal and neonatal mortality appear to have increased up to 2009, followed by a decrease, more pronounced in the care of maternal mortality. Conclusion: Estimates from both global metrics and institutional reporting, although widely divergent, indicate South Africa has not achieved MDG 4a and 5a goals but made a significant progress in reducing maternal and neonatal mortality. To obtain more accurate estimates, there is a need for applying additional estimation techniques which utilise available multiple data sources to correct for underreporting of these outcomes, perhaps the capture-recapture method. Systematic review registration: PROSPERO CRD42016042769
John Wyclif entre au service de la couronne d'Angleterre en 1372, avant meme d'avoir term... more John Wyclif entre au service de la couronne d'Angleterre en 1372, avant meme d'avoir termine ses etudes en theologie. Il entre rapidement dans le monde de la grande politique anglaise en se liant au parti de John of Gaunt. Des deux grandes expressions du pouvoir medieval, le regnum et le sacerdotium, il choisit la premiere. Son experience d'etudiant, puis de maitre en theologie, de pretre, mais surtout de conseiller du prince, permit a Wyclif de connaitre de l'interieur et dans sa multiplicite l'institution ecclesiastique. Ses theories ecclesiopolitiques susciterent des reactions violemment negatives au sein de l'Eglise.
This study examined the effect of visual implant elastomers (VIE) and coded wire tags (CWT) on th... more This study examined the effect of visual implant elastomers (VIE) and coded wire tags (CWT) on the growth, survival, and tag retention of juvenile European whitefish, Coregonus lavaretus (L.), (mean body weight 18.7 ± 0.4 g, mean body length 9.7 ± 0.4 cm). The VIE tags were implanted subcutaneously in the anterior head, and the CWTs were implanted intramuscularly under the left gill operculum. The experiment consisted of two stages. The first stage (70 days) examined the effects of tagging on growth and survival, while the second stage (days 71-140) focused on assessing tag retention. Daily and specific growth rates, feed conversion factor, condition factor, coefficient of body weight variation, and survival did not differ significantly between the control fish and those tagged with the VIE tags and CWTs. Tag retention was high in the fish tagged with both VIE tags (100%) and CWTs (93%).
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