The What-If System is meant to be a "sandbox" to be able to view the potential impact of system w... more The What-If System is meant to be a "sandbox" to be able to view the potential impact of system wide changes on the tower side and metering decisions on the ramp side without actually making changes to the system. The What-If System is a tool within which with STBO, RMTC and DASH may be used such that proposed changes and updates can be made to determine their impact in isolation. The What-If System is a prototype tool, we welcome suggestions for improving the What-If utility. Improvements will be incorporated in later builds beyond phase-1 of ATD-2.
It is unclear what role pointing gestures play in referential communication. They may serve to id... more It is unclear what role pointing gestures play in referential communication. They may serve to identify referents of deictic expressions (e.g., when uttering John is right here and pointing, the pointing gestures identifies the referent of right
Congested airspace is the cause of many delays in the terminal area and these delays can have a r... more Congested airspace is the cause of many delays in the terminal area and these delays can have a ripple effect on the rest of a nation's airspace. The New York terminal area is an example of where this happens in the U. S. An important goal, therefore, is to increase the efficiency of operations in congested terminal airspace where possible. Modeling studies of arrival and departure flows have shown that sharing of arrival and departure airspace increases efficiency in terminal operations. One source of inefficiency in terminal operations is that departure aircraft are frequently held level under arrival flows when it would be more efficient to climb the departure aircraft earlier. A Route Crossing Tool was developed to help controllers climb Newark (EWR) departures to the south earlier by temporarily sharing airspace with arrivals coming into LaGuardia (LGA) from the south. Instead of flying under the arrivals, a departure to the south could climb earlier by flying through the arrival airspace if there was a suitable gap between arrivals. A Human-in-the-Loop (HITL) simulation was conducted in this environment which compared three tool conditions: Baseline (no tool), a Single Route Crossing tool in which one route through the arrival flow was evaluated for crossing, and a Multi-Route Crossing tool in which five parallel routes were evaluated. In all conditions, the departures could be held level under the arrival flow. The results showed that controllers climbed a higher proportion of departures in the Multi-Route tool condition than in the other two conditions, with a higher proportion of departures climbed in smaller gaps and in front of trailing arrivals. The controllers indicated that the Multi-Route and Single Route tools helped them estimate distances more accurately and rated safety, workload, and coordination in the simulation as acceptable.
2014 IEEE/AIAA 33rd Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC), 2014
In 2013, Chevalley, et al., presented a concept of shared airspace where departures fly across ar... more In 2013, Chevalley, et al., presented a concept of shared airspace where departures fly across arrival flows, provided gaps are available in these flows. They explored solutions for separating departures temporally from arrival traffic. Arrival controllers were responsible for deciding whether to climb departures through gaps, based on the departure aircrafts' trajectory and on the estimated flying time across the arrival flow. It was found that aircraft climb efficiency increased with more accurate departure time from the runway. Although in this earlier simulation, workload, coordination, and safety were judged by controllers as acceptable, it appeared that controllers would need improved tools to support this procedure. This paper presents problems involved in predicting separation, and with controllers using anticipated separation to make decisions. New procedures and more precise tools are needed to limit the use of anticipated separation and to give options to controllers to climb aircraft safely.
2014 IEEE/AIAA 33rd Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC), 2014
In current-day Terminal Radar Approach Control (TRACON) operations, departure and arrival control... more In current-day Terminal Radar Approach Control (TRACON) operations, departure and arrival controllers maintain separate and dedicated airspace for their respective traffic flows. Although this practice has obvious safety features, it also leads to inefficiencies; for example, departure aircraft may be routinely capped beneath arrival airspace. With the right decision-support and coordination tools, departures could continue to climb through arrival airspace when sufficient gaps exist. Previous studies of 'shared airspace' have examined prearranged coordination procedures, as well as tools that gave feedback to the controllers on where gaps between arrivals were located and whether the departure aircraft could be scheduled to fly through those gaps [1, 2, 3, 4]. Since then, the Route Crossing Tool (RCT) has been developed to allow controllers to assess multiple pre-defined route options at points where the arrivals and departures cross, thereby increasing the possibility of climbing a departure through an arrival gap. The RCT aids in ensuring lateral separation between departure and arrival aircraft that pass through the same altitude. Since the RCT can be applied tactically, it can enable aircraft to fly through arrival flows even if these aircraft depart outside scheduled times. The RCT makes use of a set of predefined parallel departure routes crossing the arrival flow at equidistant intersecting points on the arrival route. The RCT uses the Estimated Time of Arrival (ETA) of the departure aircraft at each intersecting point to calculate the lateral separation with the neighboring arrivals when it crosses that point; this information is graphically displayed to the controller. Additionally, the RCT incorporates forecast winds in its ETA predictions. Multiple prototypes of the RCT have been iteratively developed with feedback from Subject Matter Experts (SMEs). This paper presents the final design, the design process, and lessons learned. Initial results from a simulation suggest that the tool was successful in helping controllers to safely climb more aircraft. Controller feedback on the tool was also positive.
2014 IEEE/AIAA 33rd Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC), 2014
Recent studies have shown that a more efficient use of airspace may involve shared airspace opera... more Recent studies have shown that a more efficient use of airspace may involve shared airspace operations, i.e., temporal as well as spatial separation of arrival and departure flows [1][2]. Temporal
Interruptions are common in joint activities like conversations. Typically, interrupted participa... more Interruptions are common in joint activities like conversations. Typically, interrupted participants suspend the activity, address the interruption, and then reinstate the activity. In conversation, people jointly commit to interact and to talk about a topic, establishing these commitments sequentially. When a commitment is suspended, face is threatened and grounding disrupted. This article proposes and tests a model for suspending and reinstating joint activities, using evidence from naturally occurring suspensions in the Switchboard corpus (Study 1) and from a laboratory experiment (Study 2). Results showed that long suspensions led to more politeness and more collaborative effort in reinstatement than short suspensions. Also, listeners were more polite than speakers in suspending joint activities. Overall, suspending and reinstating a joint activity was shown to be a collaborative task that requires coordination of both the topic and the participants’ face needs. Imagine that Bob...
2020 AIAA/IEEE 39th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC), 2020
New decision support tools were introduced at Charlotte Douglas International Airport (CLT) as pa... more New decision support tools were introduced at Charlotte Douglas International Airport (CLT) as part of NASA's Air Traffic Demonstration 2 (ATD-2) project. ATD-2 is based on concepts which enable integrated arrival, departures, and surface (IADS) operations in a metroplex environment. Metrics on environmental benefits from ATD-2's surface metering at CLT have shown impressive reductions in fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. Questions have remained on 1) the human factors impact of these new ATD-2 tools and surface metering and 2) the users' perceptions of how these tools affect operations. To address these questions, post-bank surveys were designed for the four types of users of the new tools at CLT: Ramp Controllers, Ramp Managers, Tower Traffic Management Coordinators (TMCs) and Terminal Radar Approach Control (TRACON) TMCs. These surveys were administered during five-day blocks at three different times. Three types of banks were compared: No ATD-2 tool use, ATD-2 tool...
Pointing and Describing in Referential Communication Adrian Bangerter ([email protected])... more Pointing and Describing in Referential Communication Adrian Bangerter ([email protected]) Eric Chevalley ([email protected]) Groupe de Psychologie Appliquee, University of Neuchâtel Fbg. de l’Hopital 106, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland Two types of gesture were coded: elbow resting on table (Type 1), and elbow raised (Type 2). Type 1 gestures involve little movement from a resting position and may be automatic. Type 2 gestures involve extensive arm and hand movement, and are thus probably intended to communicate. All variables had high inter-rater agreement (all κs >.71). Introduction It is unclear what role pointing gestures play in referential communication. They may serve to identify referents of deictic expressions (e.g., when uttering John is right here and pointing, the pointing gestures identifies the referent of right here). But pointing may also focus addressee attention on a sub-region of shared visual space, thereby facilitating concurrent descriptions (Bang...
The What-If System is meant to be a "sandbox" to be able to view the potential impact of system w... more The What-If System is meant to be a "sandbox" to be able to view the potential impact of system wide changes on the tower side and metering decisions on the ramp side without actually making changes to the system. The What-If System is a tool within which with STBO, RMTC and DASH may be used such that proposed changes and updates can be made to determine their impact in isolation. The What-If System is a prototype tool, we welcome suggestions for improving the What-If utility. Improvements will be incorporated in later builds beyond phase-1 of ATD-2.
It is unclear what role pointing gestures play in referential communication. They may serve to id... more It is unclear what role pointing gestures play in referential communication. They may serve to identify referents of deictic expressions (e.g., when uttering John is right here and pointing, the pointing gestures identifies the referent of right
Congested airspace is the cause of many delays in the terminal area and these delays can have a r... more Congested airspace is the cause of many delays in the terminal area and these delays can have a ripple effect on the rest of a nation's airspace. The New York terminal area is an example of where this happens in the U. S. An important goal, therefore, is to increase the efficiency of operations in congested terminal airspace where possible. Modeling studies of arrival and departure flows have shown that sharing of arrival and departure airspace increases efficiency in terminal operations. One source of inefficiency in terminal operations is that departure aircraft are frequently held level under arrival flows when it would be more efficient to climb the departure aircraft earlier. A Route Crossing Tool was developed to help controllers climb Newark (EWR) departures to the south earlier by temporarily sharing airspace with arrivals coming into LaGuardia (LGA) from the south. Instead of flying under the arrivals, a departure to the south could climb earlier by flying through the arrival airspace if there was a suitable gap between arrivals. A Human-in-the-Loop (HITL) simulation was conducted in this environment which compared three tool conditions: Baseline (no tool), a Single Route Crossing tool in which one route through the arrival flow was evaluated for crossing, and a Multi-Route Crossing tool in which five parallel routes were evaluated. In all conditions, the departures could be held level under the arrival flow. The results showed that controllers climbed a higher proportion of departures in the Multi-Route tool condition than in the other two conditions, with a higher proportion of departures climbed in smaller gaps and in front of trailing arrivals. The controllers indicated that the Multi-Route and Single Route tools helped them estimate distances more accurately and rated safety, workload, and coordination in the simulation as acceptable.
2014 IEEE/AIAA 33rd Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC), 2014
In 2013, Chevalley, et al., presented a concept of shared airspace where departures fly across ar... more In 2013, Chevalley, et al., presented a concept of shared airspace where departures fly across arrival flows, provided gaps are available in these flows. They explored solutions for separating departures temporally from arrival traffic. Arrival controllers were responsible for deciding whether to climb departures through gaps, based on the departure aircrafts' trajectory and on the estimated flying time across the arrival flow. It was found that aircraft climb efficiency increased with more accurate departure time from the runway. Although in this earlier simulation, workload, coordination, and safety were judged by controllers as acceptable, it appeared that controllers would need improved tools to support this procedure. This paper presents problems involved in predicting separation, and with controllers using anticipated separation to make decisions. New procedures and more precise tools are needed to limit the use of anticipated separation and to give options to controllers to climb aircraft safely.
2014 IEEE/AIAA 33rd Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC), 2014
In current-day Terminal Radar Approach Control (TRACON) operations, departure and arrival control... more In current-day Terminal Radar Approach Control (TRACON) operations, departure and arrival controllers maintain separate and dedicated airspace for their respective traffic flows. Although this practice has obvious safety features, it also leads to inefficiencies; for example, departure aircraft may be routinely capped beneath arrival airspace. With the right decision-support and coordination tools, departures could continue to climb through arrival airspace when sufficient gaps exist. Previous studies of 'shared airspace' have examined prearranged coordination procedures, as well as tools that gave feedback to the controllers on where gaps between arrivals were located and whether the departure aircraft could be scheduled to fly through those gaps [1, 2, 3, 4]. Since then, the Route Crossing Tool (RCT) has been developed to allow controllers to assess multiple pre-defined route options at points where the arrivals and departures cross, thereby increasing the possibility of climbing a departure through an arrival gap. The RCT aids in ensuring lateral separation between departure and arrival aircraft that pass through the same altitude. Since the RCT can be applied tactically, it can enable aircraft to fly through arrival flows even if these aircraft depart outside scheduled times. The RCT makes use of a set of predefined parallel departure routes crossing the arrival flow at equidistant intersecting points on the arrival route. The RCT uses the Estimated Time of Arrival (ETA) of the departure aircraft at each intersecting point to calculate the lateral separation with the neighboring arrivals when it crosses that point; this information is graphically displayed to the controller. Additionally, the RCT incorporates forecast winds in its ETA predictions. Multiple prototypes of the RCT have been iteratively developed with feedback from Subject Matter Experts (SMEs). This paper presents the final design, the design process, and lessons learned. Initial results from a simulation suggest that the tool was successful in helping controllers to safely climb more aircraft. Controller feedback on the tool was also positive.
2014 IEEE/AIAA 33rd Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC), 2014
Recent studies have shown that a more efficient use of airspace may involve shared airspace opera... more Recent studies have shown that a more efficient use of airspace may involve shared airspace operations, i.e., temporal as well as spatial separation of arrival and departure flows [1][2]. Temporal
Interruptions are common in joint activities like conversations. Typically, interrupted participa... more Interruptions are common in joint activities like conversations. Typically, interrupted participants suspend the activity, address the interruption, and then reinstate the activity. In conversation, people jointly commit to interact and to talk about a topic, establishing these commitments sequentially. When a commitment is suspended, face is threatened and grounding disrupted. This article proposes and tests a model for suspending and reinstating joint activities, using evidence from naturally occurring suspensions in the Switchboard corpus (Study 1) and from a laboratory experiment (Study 2). Results showed that long suspensions led to more politeness and more collaborative effort in reinstatement than short suspensions. Also, listeners were more polite than speakers in suspending joint activities. Overall, suspending and reinstating a joint activity was shown to be a collaborative task that requires coordination of both the topic and the participants’ face needs. Imagine that Bob...
2020 AIAA/IEEE 39th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC), 2020
New decision support tools were introduced at Charlotte Douglas International Airport (CLT) as pa... more New decision support tools were introduced at Charlotte Douglas International Airport (CLT) as part of NASA's Air Traffic Demonstration 2 (ATD-2) project. ATD-2 is based on concepts which enable integrated arrival, departures, and surface (IADS) operations in a metroplex environment. Metrics on environmental benefits from ATD-2's surface metering at CLT have shown impressive reductions in fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. Questions have remained on 1) the human factors impact of these new ATD-2 tools and surface metering and 2) the users' perceptions of how these tools affect operations. To address these questions, post-bank surveys were designed for the four types of users of the new tools at CLT: Ramp Controllers, Ramp Managers, Tower Traffic Management Coordinators (TMCs) and Terminal Radar Approach Control (TRACON) TMCs. These surveys were administered during five-day blocks at three different times. Three types of banks were compared: No ATD-2 tool use, ATD-2 tool...
Pointing and Describing in Referential Communication Adrian Bangerter ([email protected])... more Pointing and Describing in Referential Communication Adrian Bangerter ([email protected]) Eric Chevalley ([email protected]) Groupe de Psychologie Appliquee, University of Neuchâtel Fbg. de l’Hopital 106, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland Two types of gesture were coded: elbow resting on table (Type 1), and elbow raised (Type 2). Type 1 gestures involve little movement from a resting position and may be automatic. Type 2 gestures involve extensive arm and hand movement, and are thus probably intended to communicate. All variables had high inter-rater agreement (all κs >.71). Introduction It is unclear what role pointing gestures play in referential communication. They may serve to identify referents of deictic expressions (e.g., when uttering John is right here and pointing, the pointing gestures identifies the referent of right here). But pointing may also focus addressee attention on a sub-region of shared visual space, thereby facilitating concurrent descriptions (Bang...
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Papers by Eric Chevalley