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Khaled E Ahmed

University of Melbourne, Melbourne Dental School, Faculty Member

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PhD (Glasgow), BDS (Alexandria), MSc RestDent (Newcastle), FPros (Chicago), FDS RCSEng, FFGDP RCSEng, FCGDent, FICD, SFHEA, LLM(MedLaw&Ethics)
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Associate Professor of Restorative Dentistry & General Practice
Past Senior Lecturer in Prosthodontics and Internationalisation Lead (2018-2023).
Past Assistant Dean (Undergraduate Education)
Past Clinical Assistant Professor of Operative/ Conservative Dentistry
Past Discipline Coordinator, Operative Dentistry (2016 - 2017)
Past Director, Undergraduate Programme in Operative Dentistry (2016 - 2018)
Past Undergraduate Programme Director in Family Dentistry (2015 - 2016)

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University of Zurich, Switzerland

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Papers by Khaled E Ahmed

Longevity of acrylic and cobalt-chromium removable partial dentures -a ten-year retrospective survival analysis of 1246 denture-wearing patients

Journal of Dentistry, 2024

Longevity of acrylic and cobalt-chromium removable partial dentures-a ten-year retrospective surv... more

Dental career pathways in Australia: an overview of dentistry down under

Multidisciplinary Management of Advanced Complexity Tooth Wear Cases: Patient Needs Beyond the Direct and Indirect Restorations Dichotomy

Dental Update, 2023

There is increased evidence supporting the different management modalities of tooth wear, be it d... more There is increased evidence supporting the different management modalities of tooth wear, be it direct or indirect resin composite through an additive approach, or ceramics through a subtractive one. However, there remains a cohort of patients with complex clinical case presentations that require careful assessment, formulation of a multidisciplinary treatment plan, and the delivery of a restorative-led systematic intervention involving additional oral surgery or orthodontic specialties. This case series presents the multidisciplinary management of advanced complexity tooth wear cases, with treatment needs extending beyond the scope of direct and indirect restorative management, through a systematic treatment planning approach. CPD/Clinical Relevance: To highlight the potential multidisciplinary management options of tooth wear.

Material extrusion of thermoplastic acrylic for intraoral devices: Technical feasibility and evaluation

by Khaled E Ahmed, Ankit Gupta, Seymur Hasanov, and Robert Love

Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 2023

This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

Clinical factors to consider in definitive treatment planning for patients with tooth wear

British Dental Journal, 2023

Diagnosis, disease control and prevention are the precursors to successful definitive restorative... more Diagnosis, disease control and prevention are the precursors to successful definitive restorative treatment of pathological tooth wear. This case series illustrates how proposed key clinical features can influence treatment complexity and provide the clinician with a logical sequence of treatment options for definitive management of tooth wear.

Assessing the Impact of Resin Type, Post-Processing Technique, and Arch Location on the Trueness and Precision of 3D-Printed Full-Arch Implant Surgical Guides

Applied Sciences, 2023

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more

The Effect of Stacking on the Accuracy of 3D-Printed Full-Arch Dental Models

by Khaled E Ahmed and Frank Alifui-Segbaya

Polymers, 2022

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more

FUDMA: a possible resin to replace bis-GMA as the matrix resin indental composites

Clinical Oral Investigations, 2019

Aim:Bis-GMA has been most commonly used in dental resin composites over 40 years. Concerns have a... more Aim:Bis-GMA has been most commonly used in dental resin composites over 40 years. Concerns have arisen with respect to the presence of the estrogen analogue, Bis-phenol A from Bis-GMA materials. Therefore, the development of new monomers is important to eliminate this concern. The aim of this study was to investigate the degree of conversion, polymerization exotherm, water sorption and ageing effects on surface hardness of a fluorinated urethane dimethacrylate (FUDMA) monomer. Materials and Methods: Two resins were investigated. The first a 50:50wt% FUDMA and TEGDMA, the second 50:50wt% bis-GMA and TEGDMA. One wt% camphorquinone and dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate was the photoinitiator. The degree of photopolymerization (after 20 sec exposure) and exotherm were measured via near IR. Water sorption and solubility were measured by placing 1x5x18 mm specimens in de-ionised water for 28 days. Surface hardness was measured using Vickers hardness by application of a 0.49 N load, 10 s dwell time on dry and wet samples (n=3). Results: Degree of conversion of the FUDMA resin was 93% compared with 78% for bis-GMA. A much higher exotherm peak temperature of 48°C for FUDMA compared with 29°C for bis-GMA was recorded. The peak exotherm occurred at 8 sec for FUDMA compared with 17S for bisGMA indicating a more rapid polymerisation. For surface hardness, FUDMA was significantly harder for both dry and water stored specimens. In the case of water sorption, FUDMA showed greater sorption of water (4.37%) compared with bis-GMA (3.56%), and FUDMA was less soluble. Conclusion: Based on the outcomes of this study, it was determined that FUDMA shows good potential as an alternative resin matrix monomer that is Bis-phenol-A-free. The only issue of concern is the exotherm during polymerization, however, this can be modified by altering the amount of photoinitiator, ratio of FUDMA: TEGDMA and inclusion of filler particles. This needs further investigation.

Understanding tooth wear: aetiology, diagnosis, and management

Introduction Tooth wear, or Tooth Surface Loss, are interchangeable terms used to describe the pa... more Introduction Tooth wear, or Tooth Surface Loss, are interchangeable terms used to describe the pathological loss of tooth tissue by a disease process other than dental caries 1, 2. A systematic review, investigating the prevalence of tooth wear in adults demonstrated that severe tooth wear affects a significant cohort of the population and increases with age, from 3% at the age of 20 to 17% at the age of 70 3. The review also identified molars as the most severely affected teeth, while incisors as the most commonly affected ones. Furthermore, in children up to 7 years of age, the prevalence of deciduous tooth wear extending into dentine was found to be present in upto 82% of children 4.

Enamel bevelling and retention of composite restorations in non-carious cervical lesions

Evidence-based dentistry, Sep 1, 2016

Data sourcesMedline, Web of Science, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature data... more Data sourcesMedline, Web of Science, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature database (LILACS), Brazilian Library in Dentistry (BBO), the Cochrane Library, abstracts of the annual conference of the International Association for Dental Research (IADR), System for Information on Grey literature in Europe (SIGLE), ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Fulltext database as well as the Periódicos Capes Theses, Current Controlled Trials, International Clinical trials registry platform, the ClinicalTrials.gov, Rebec and the EU Clinical Trials Register.Study selectionRandomised clinical trials (RCTs) that compared the retention rates of restorations in NCCLs placed with or without bevel with at least one year follow-up were considered.Data extraction and synthesisData were abstracted using standardised forms and study quality was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Marginal discolouration scores were dichotomised into yes and no, and risk differences for retention rat...

Quantitative analysis of tooth wear in-vivo using 3D scanning technology. Ahmed, K. (2014). Doctoral dissertation, University of Glasgow

Aim: The primary aim of this study was to develop,calibrate and assess a novel methodology that e... more Aim: The primary aim of this study was to develop,calibrate and assess a novel methodology that employs 3D scanning technology in quantifying the progression of tooth wear and then assess the applicability and validity of this methodology in-vivo over a period of 12 months. Methods and materials: A Stainless Steel Model (SSM) was fabricated consisting of seven stainless-steel ball-bearings. Dimensions of the SSM were ascertained using a Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM). The CMM calibrated SSM was used to identify the accuracy and precision of a contact stylus profilometer scanner and a non-contact class-II laser arm-scanner. The next stage involved using the SSM to identify the initial dimensional accuracy of Type IV dental stone casts poured from impressions of the SSM, using 3 types of impression materials: alginates (Alg), polyethers (PE) and polyvinylsiloxanes (PVS), and the dimensional stability of dental stone over a period of one-month. Thereafter, the overall 3D scanning s...

A Proposed In Vitro Methodology for Assessing the Accuracy of Three-Dimensionally Printed Dental Models and the Impact of Storage on Dimensional Stability

Applied Sciences, 2021

The objective of this study was to propose a standardised methodology for assessing the accuracy ... more The objective of this study was to propose a standardised methodology for assessing the accuracy of three-dimensional printed (3DP) full-arch dental models and the impact of storage using two printing technologies. A reference model (RM) comprising seven spheres was 3D-printed using digital light processing (MAX UV, MAX) and stereolithography (Form 2, F2) five times per printer. The diameter of the spheres (n = 35) represented the dimensional trueness (DT), while twenty-one vectors (n = 105) extending between the sphere centres represented the full-arch trueness (FT). Samples were measured at two (T1) and six (T2) weeks using a commercial profilometer to assess their dimensional stability. Significant (p < 0.05) contraction in DT occurred at T1 and T2 with a medium deviation of 108 µm and 99 µm for MAX, and 117 µm and 118 µm for F2, respectively. No significant (p > 0.05) deviations were detected for FT. The detected median deviations were evenly distributed across the arch fo...

Socioeconomic status and tooth wear

Objective: To systematically review the literature investigating the socioeconomic status (SES) a... more Objective: To systematically review the literature investigating the socioeconomic status (SES) as a potential risk factor of tooth wear in children, adolescents, and adults. Methods and Materials: PubMed, MEDLINE (Ovid), and Web of Science databases were screened for studies from 1990 to 2015. Cross-referencing was used to further identify articles. Language was restricted to English. A quality appraisal of included studies was carried out using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Methods: PubMed, MEDLINE (Ovid), and Web of Science databases were screened for studies from 1990 to 2015. Cross-referencing was used to further identify articles. Language was restricted to English. A quality appraisal of included studies was carried out using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Results: One thousand-one hundred and thirteen articles were initially identified from which 56 articles were full-text reviewed. Twenty-three cross-sectional multiple random clusters and prospective longitudinal studies were selected for inclusion. Included studies investigated tooth wear in 29326 individuals between the ages of 2 to ≥65. The majority of studies investigated erosion in children and adolescents, with only 2 studies examining adults. Included studies employed 5 different indices, and their modifications, in evaluating tooth wear and varying indicators to assess SES. Ten studies found no association between tooth wear and SES (n= 13911 participants). Thirteen studies found a positive association with SES, with 7 studies (n = 9559) demonstrating an association with high SES, and 6 studies (n= 5856) an association with low SES. On a country basis, Brazil (5 studies, n=4835), USA (2 studies, n=5735), and Saudi Arabia (2 studies, n= 2303) demonstrated no association between tooth wear and SES. Conversely, findings of different studies within the UK (4 studies, n= 6110) and China (4 studies, n= 4168) demonstrated conflicting positive associations with SES. Conclusions: Evidence supporting SES as an independent global risk factor of tooth wear in children and adolescents remains lacking, tending to be regionally-dependent. Other cofounding risk factors might explain the conflicting results, such as diet, caries, fluoridation or acid reflux. Further investigation is required to identify any potential association between SES and tooth wear in adults.

The biocompatibility of glass-fibre reinforced composites (GFRCs) - a systematic review

Journal of prosthodontic research, 2021

Purpose Fiber-reinforced composites (FRCs) have received considerable attention, owing to their p... more Purpose Fiber-reinforced composites (FRCs) have received considerable attention, owing to their potential use in dental prostheses or bone fracture fixation applications. The aim of this systematic review was to analyze and report the biological properties of FRCs reported in the existing literature.Study selections A systematic search of four databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane library) was performed to identify all relevant studies published between 1962 and 2019. The search was limited to laboratory-based studies published in English. Citation mining was also performed through cross-referencing of included studies and hand searching of relevant journals.Results A total of 1283 potentially relevant articles were initially identified, and thirty-three articles were full-text screened. In the final ten studies included for review, four investigated bacterial adhesion and growth abilities on FRCs, four investigated the fibroblastic cytotoxicity of differen...

Longevity of Polymer-Infiltrated Ceramic Network and Zirconia-Reinforced Lithium Silicate Restorations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

The purpose of this study was to systematically review the existing literature to assess the clin... more The purpose of this study was to systematically review the existing literature to assess the clinical survival and success of PICN and ZLS indirect restorations as the clinical evidence for them remains lacking. PubMed, SCOPUS, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, LILACs, and SciElo databases were searched from 1 January 2000 to 1 February 2021. Clinical trials and cohort studies published in English were included while case studies, case series, and in vitro studies were excluded. Results were analyzed qualitatively and a meta-analysis using a random effects model was performed. A strength of recommendation taxonomy (SORT) analysis was conducted and risk of bias (RoB) was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa scale and Cochrane RoB tools. An electronic search through the databases yielded 2454 articles, of which 825 remained after duplicate removal. Five studies investigating PICN and four investigating ZLS indirect restorations remained after assessing for eligibility. The over...

Biomechanical and biological evaluations of novel BPA-free fibre-reinforced composites for biomedical applications

Materials Science and Engineering: C

This aim was to assess the biomechanical and biocompatibility properties of novel glass fibre-rei... more This aim was to assess the biomechanical and biocompatibility properties of novel glass fibre-reinforced composites (FRCs) with a fluorinated urethane dimethacrylate (FUDMA) resin. Three ratios of FUDMA/TEGDMA (30/70 wt%, 50/50 wt%, 70/30 wt%) and two ratios of control FRCs with bis-GMA/TEGDMA (50/50 wt% and 70/30 wt%) containing long silanized E-glass fibres were prepared. Despite 70 wt% bis-GMA-FRC showed a significantly higher flexural strength (p < 0.05), 50 wt% FUDMA- and bis-GMA-FRCs were not differ from each other. The greatest surface hardness and weight increase after water storage were found in 70 wt% and 30 wt% FUDMA-FRCs, respectively. No significant difference was found in water sorption and solubility among all groups. Average surface roughness was 1.80 ± 0.05 μm, while 70 wt% FUDMA-FRC exhibited the greatest contact angle (p > 0.05). Viabilities and ALP activities of MC3TC-E1 cells in all FUDMA-FRCs were higher than bis-GMA-FRCs after 5 days. To conclude, the novel FUDMA-FRCs are potential substitutes that exhibited superior cytocompatibility properties but comparable biomechanical properties to bis-GMA-FRCs.

Accuracy of 3-Dimensionally Printed Full-Arch Dental Models: A Systematic Review

Journal of Clinical Medicine

The use of additive manufacturing in dentistry has exponentially increased with dental model cons... more The use of additive manufacturing in dentistry has exponentially increased with dental model construction being the most common use of the technology. Henceforth, identifying the accuracy of additively manufactured dental models is critical. The objective of this study was to systematically review the literature and evaluate the accuracy of full-arch dental models manufactured using different 3D printing technologies. Seven databases were searched, and 2209 articles initially identified of which twenty-eight studies fulfilling the inclusion criteria were analysed. A meta-analysis was not possible due to unclear reporting and heterogeneity of studies. Stereolithography (SLA) was the most investigated technology, followed by digital light processing (DLP). Accuracy of 3D printed models varied widely between <100 to >500 μm with the majority of models deemed of clinically acceptable accuracy. The smallest (3.3 μm) and largest (579 μm) mean errors were produced by SLA printers. Fo...

Monitoring Alveolar Ridge Remodelling Post-Extraction Using Sequential Intraoral Scanning over a Period of Four Months

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

The potential applications of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) and in... more The potential applications of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) and intraoral scanning exceed the delivery of standard prosthodontic interventions. The aim of this study was to clinically present a developed assessment technique, that relies on the use of sequential intraoral scanning, three-dimensional superimposition, and 2D and 3D deviation analyses based on a standardised protocol, as an auxiliary tool in monitoring dimensional changes of residual ridge post-extraction with a follow-up period of four months.

Special care dentistry: Dementia-friendly

British dental journal, Jan 23, 2018

Biological properties of fiber reinforced composites (FRCS): A systematic review

Dental Materials

Longevity of acrylic and cobalt-chromium removable partial dentures -a ten-year retrospective survival analysis of 1246 denture-wearing patients

Journal of Dentistry, 2024

Longevity of acrylic and cobalt-chromium removable partial dentures-a ten-year retrospective surv... more

Dental career pathways in Australia: an overview of dentistry down under

Multidisciplinary Management of Advanced Complexity Tooth Wear Cases: Patient Needs Beyond the Direct and Indirect Restorations Dichotomy

Dental Update, 2023

There is increased evidence supporting the different management modalities of tooth wear, be it d... more There is increased evidence supporting the different management modalities of tooth wear, be it direct or indirect resin composite through an additive approach, or ceramics through a subtractive one. However, there remains a cohort of patients with complex clinical case presentations that require careful assessment, formulation of a multidisciplinary treatment plan, and the delivery of a restorative-led systematic intervention involving additional oral surgery or orthodontic specialties. This case series presents the multidisciplinary management of advanced complexity tooth wear cases, with treatment needs extending beyond the scope of direct and indirect restorative management, through a systematic treatment planning approach. CPD/Clinical Relevance: To highlight the potential multidisciplinary management options of tooth wear.

Material extrusion of thermoplastic acrylic for intraoral devices: Technical feasibility and evaluation

by Khaled E Ahmed, Ankit Gupta, Seymur Hasanov, and Robert Love

Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 2023

This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

Clinical factors to consider in definitive treatment planning for patients with tooth wear

British Dental Journal, 2023

Diagnosis, disease control and prevention are the precursors to successful definitive restorative... more Diagnosis, disease control and prevention are the precursors to successful definitive restorative treatment of pathological tooth wear. This case series illustrates how proposed key clinical features can influence treatment complexity and provide the clinician with a logical sequence of treatment options for definitive management of tooth wear.

Assessing the Impact of Resin Type, Post-Processing Technique, and Arch Location on the Trueness and Precision of 3D-Printed Full-Arch Implant Surgical Guides

Applied Sciences, 2023

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more

The Effect of Stacking on the Accuracy of 3D-Printed Full-Arch Dental Models

by Khaled E Ahmed and Frank Alifui-Segbaya

Polymers, 2022

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more

FUDMA: a possible resin to replace bis-GMA as the matrix resin indental composites

Clinical Oral Investigations, 2019

Aim:Bis-GMA has been most commonly used in dental resin composites over 40 years. Concerns have a... more Aim:Bis-GMA has been most commonly used in dental resin composites over 40 years. Concerns have arisen with respect to the presence of the estrogen analogue, Bis-phenol A from Bis-GMA materials. Therefore, the development of new monomers is important to eliminate this concern. The aim of this study was to investigate the degree of conversion, polymerization exotherm, water sorption and ageing effects on surface hardness of a fluorinated urethane dimethacrylate (FUDMA) monomer. Materials and Methods: Two resins were investigated. The first a 50:50wt% FUDMA and TEGDMA, the second 50:50wt% bis-GMA and TEGDMA. One wt% camphorquinone and dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate was the photoinitiator. The degree of photopolymerization (after 20 sec exposure) and exotherm were measured via near IR. Water sorption and solubility were measured by placing 1x5x18 mm specimens in de-ionised water for 28 days. Surface hardness was measured using Vickers hardness by application of a 0.49 N load, 10 s dwell time on dry and wet samples (n=3). Results: Degree of conversion of the FUDMA resin was 93% compared with 78% for bis-GMA. A much higher exotherm peak temperature of 48°C for FUDMA compared with 29°C for bis-GMA was recorded. The peak exotherm occurred at 8 sec for FUDMA compared with 17S for bisGMA indicating a more rapid polymerisation. For surface hardness, FUDMA was significantly harder for both dry and water stored specimens. In the case of water sorption, FUDMA showed greater sorption of water (4.37%) compared with bis-GMA (3.56%), and FUDMA was less soluble. Conclusion: Based on the outcomes of this study, it was determined that FUDMA shows good potential as an alternative resin matrix monomer that is Bis-phenol-A-free. The only issue of concern is the exotherm during polymerization, however, this can be modified by altering the amount of photoinitiator, ratio of FUDMA: TEGDMA and inclusion of filler particles. This needs further investigation.

Understanding tooth wear: aetiology, diagnosis, and management

Introduction Tooth wear, or Tooth Surface Loss, are interchangeable terms used to describe the pa... more Introduction Tooth wear, or Tooth Surface Loss, are interchangeable terms used to describe the pathological loss of tooth tissue by a disease process other than dental caries 1, 2. A systematic review, investigating the prevalence of tooth wear in adults demonstrated that severe tooth wear affects a significant cohort of the population and increases with age, from 3% at the age of 20 to 17% at the age of 70 3. The review also identified molars as the most severely affected teeth, while incisors as the most commonly affected ones. Furthermore, in children up to 7 years of age, the prevalence of deciduous tooth wear extending into dentine was found to be present in upto 82% of children 4.

Enamel bevelling and retention of composite restorations in non-carious cervical lesions

Evidence-based dentistry, Sep 1, 2016

Data sourcesMedline, Web of Science, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature data... more Data sourcesMedline, Web of Science, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature database (LILACS), Brazilian Library in Dentistry (BBO), the Cochrane Library, abstracts of the annual conference of the International Association for Dental Research (IADR), System for Information on Grey literature in Europe (SIGLE), ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Fulltext database as well as the Periódicos Capes Theses, Current Controlled Trials, International Clinical trials registry platform, the ClinicalTrials.gov, Rebec and the EU Clinical Trials Register.Study selectionRandomised clinical trials (RCTs) that compared the retention rates of restorations in NCCLs placed with or without bevel with at least one year follow-up were considered.Data extraction and synthesisData were abstracted using standardised forms and study quality was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Marginal discolouration scores were dichotomised into yes and no, and risk differences for retention rat...

Quantitative analysis of tooth wear in-vivo using 3D scanning technology. Ahmed, K. (2014). Doctoral dissertation, University of Glasgow

Aim: The primary aim of this study was to develop,calibrate and assess a novel methodology that e... more Aim: The primary aim of this study was to develop,calibrate and assess a novel methodology that employs 3D scanning technology in quantifying the progression of tooth wear and then assess the applicability and validity of this methodology in-vivo over a period of 12 months. Methods and materials: A Stainless Steel Model (SSM) was fabricated consisting of seven stainless-steel ball-bearings. Dimensions of the SSM were ascertained using a Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM). The CMM calibrated SSM was used to identify the accuracy and precision of a contact stylus profilometer scanner and a non-contact class-II laser arm-scanner. The next stage involved using the SSM to identify the initial dimensional accuracy of Type IV dental stone casts poured from impressions of the SSM, using 3 types of impression materials: alginates (Alg), polyethers (PE) and polyvinylsiloxanes (PVS), and the dimensional stability of dental stone over a period of one-month. Thereafter, the overall 3D scanning s...

A Proposed In Vitro Methodology for Assessing the Accuracy of Three-Dimensionally Printed Dental Models and the Impact of Storage on Dimensional Stability

Applied Sciences, 2021

The objective of this study was to propose a standardised methodology for assessing the accuracy ... more The objective of this study was to propose a standardised methodology for assessing the accuracy of three-dimensional printed (3DP) full-arch dental models and the impact of storage using two printing technologies. A reference model (RM) comprising seven spheres was 3D-printed using digital light processing (MAX UV, MAX) and stereolithography (Form 2, F2) five times per printer. The diameter of the spheres (n = 35) represented the dimensional trueness (DT), while twenty-one vectors (n = 105) extending between the sphere centres represented the full-arch trueness (FT). Samples were measured at two (T1) and six (T2) weeks using a commercial profilometer to assess their dimensional stability. Significant (p < 0.05) contraction in DT occurred at T1 and T2 with a medium deviation of 108 µm and 99 µm for MAX, and 117 µm and 118 µm for F2, respectively. No significant (p > 0.05) deviations were detected for FT. The detected median deviations were evenly distributed across the arch fo...

Socioeconomic status and tooth wear

Objective: To systematically review the literature investigating the socioeconomic status (SES) a... more Objective: To systematically review the literature investigating the socioeconomic status (SES) as a potential risk factor of tooth wear in children, adolescents, and adults. Methods and Materials: PubMed, MEDLINE (Ovid), and Web of Science databases were screened for studies from 1990 to 2015. Cross-referencing was used to further identify articles. Language was restricted to English. A quality appraisal of included studies was carried out using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Methods: PubMed, MEDLINE (Ovid), and Web of Science databases were screened for studies from 1990 to 2015. Cross-referencing was used to further identify articles. Language was restricted to English. A quality appraisal of included studies was carried out using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Results: One thousand-one hundred and thirteen articles were initially identified from which 56 articles were full-text reviewed. Twenty-three cross-sectional multiple random clusters and prospective longitudinal studies were selected for inclusion. Included studies investigated tooth wear in 29326 individuals between the ages of 2 to ≥65. The majority of studies investigated erosion in children and adolescents, with only 2 studies examining adults. Included studies employed 5 different indices, and their modifications, in evaluating tooth wear and varying indicators to assess SES. Ten studies found no association between tooth wear and SES (n= 13911 participants). Thirteen studies found a positive association with SES, with 7 studies (n = 9559) demonstrating an association with high SES, and 6 studies (n= 5856) an association with low SES. On a country basis, Brazil (5 studies, n=4835), USA (2 studies, n=5735), and Saudi Arabia (2 studies, n= 2303) demonstrated no association between tooth wear and SES. Conversely, findings of different studies within the UK (4 studies, n= 6110) and China (4 studies, n= 4168) demonstrated conflicting positive associations with SES. Conclusions: Evidence supporting SES as an independent global risk factor of tooth wear in children and adolescents remains lacking, tending to be regionally-dependent. Other cofounding risk factors might explain the conflicting results, such as diet, caries, fluoridation or acid reflux. Further investigation is required to identify any potential association between SES and tooth wear in adults.

The biocompatibility of glass-fibre reinforced composites (GFRCs) - a systematic review

Journal of prosthodontic research, 2021

Purpose Fiber-reinforced composites (FRCs) have received considerable attention, owing to their p... more Purpose Fiber-reinforced composites (FRCs) have received considerable attention, owing to their potential use in dental prostheses or bone fracture fixation applications. The aim of this systematic review was to analyze and report the biological properties of FRCs reported in the existing literature.Study selections A systematic search of four databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane library) was performed to identify all relevant studies published between 1962 and 2019. The search was limited to laboratory-based studies published in English. Citation mining was also performed through cross-referencing of included studies and hand searching of relevant journals.Results A total of 1283 potentially relevant articles were initially identified, and thirty-three articles were full-text screened. In the final ten studies included for review, four investigated bacterial adhesion and growth abilities on FRCs, four investigated the fibroblastic cytotoxicity of differen...

Longevity of Polymer-Infiltrated Ceramic Network and Zirconia-Reinforced Lithium Silicate Restorations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

The purpose of this study was to systematically review the existing literature to assess the clin... more The purpose of this study was to systematically review the existing literature to assess the clinical survival and success of PICN and ZLS indirect restorations as the clinical evidence for them remains lacking. PubMed, SCOPUS, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, LILACs, and SciElo databases were searched from 1 January 2000 to 1 February 2021. Clinical trials and cohort studies published in English were included while case studies, case series, and in vitro studies were excluded. Results were analyzed qualitatively and a meta-analysis using a random effects model was performed. A strength of recommendation taxonomy (SORT) analysis was conducted and risk of bias (RoB) was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa scale and Cochrane RoB tools. An electronic search through the databases yielded 2454 articles, of which 825 remained after duplicate removal. Five studies investigating PICN and four investigating ZLS indirect restorations remained after assessing for eligibility. The over...

Biomechanical and biological evaluations of novel BPA-free fibre-reinforced composites for biomedical applications

Materials Science and Engineering: C

This aim was to assess the biomechanical and biocompatibility properties of novel glass fibre-rei... more This aim was to assess the biomechanical and biocompatibility properties of novel glass fibre-reinforced composites (FRCs) with a fluorinated urethane dimethacrylate (FUDMA) resin. Three ratios of FUDMA/TEGDMA (30/70 wt%, 50/50 wt%, 70/30 wt%) and two ratios of control FRCs with bis-GMA/TEGDMA (50/50 wt% and 70/30 wt%) containing long silanized E-glass fibres were prepared. Despite 70 wt% bis-GMA-FRC showed a significantly higher flexural strength (p < 0.05), 50 wt% FUDMA- and bis-GMA-FRCs were not differ from each other. The greatest surface hardness and weight increase after water storage were found in 70 wt% and 30 wt% FUDMA-FRCs, respectively. No significant difference was found in water sorption and solubility among all groups. Average surface roughness was 1.80 ± 0.05 μm, while 70 wt% FUDMA-FRC exhibited the greatest contact angle (p > 0.05). Viabilities and ALP activities of MC3TC-E1 cells in all FUDMA-FRCs were higher than bis-GMA-FRCs after 5 days. To conclude, the novel FUDMA-FRCs are potential substitutes that exhibited superior cytocompatibility properties but comparable biomechanical properties to bis-GMA-FRCs.

Accuracy of 3-Dimensionally Printed Full-Arch Dental Models: A Systematic Review

Journal of Clinical Medicine

The use of additive manufacturing in dentistry has exponentially increased with dental model cons... more The use of additive manufacturing in dentistry has exponentially increased with dental model construction being the most common use of the technology. Henceforth, identifying the accuracy of additively manufactured dental models is critical. The objective of this study was to systematically review the literature and evaluate the accuracy of full-arch dental models manufactured using different 3D printing technologies. Seven databases were searched, and 2209 articles initially identified of which twenty-eight studies fulfilling the inclusion criteria were analysed. A meta-analysis was not possible due to unclear reporting and heterogeneity of studies. Stereolithography (SLA) was the most investigated technology, followed by digital light processing (DLP). Accuracy of 3D printed models varied widely between <100 to >500 μm with the majority of models deemed of clinically acceptable accuracy. The smallest (3.3 μm) and largest (579 μm) mean errors were produced by SLA printers. Fo...

Monitoring Alveolar Ridge Remodelling Post-Extraction Using Sequential Intraoral Scanning over a Period of Four Months

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

The potential applications of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) and in... more The potential applications of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) and intraoral scanning exceed the delivery of standard prosthodontic interventions. The aim of this study was to clinically present a developed assessment technique, that relies on the use of sequential intraoral scanning, three-dimensional superimposition, and 2D and 3D deviation analyses based on a standardised protocol, as an auxiliary tool in monitoring dimensional changes of residual ridge post-extraction with a follow-up period of four months.

Special care dentistry: Dementia-friendly

British dental journal, Jan 23, 2018

Biological properties of fiber reinforced composites (FRCS): A systematic review

Dental Materials

Longevity of Fiber-Reinforced Composite Fixed Partial Dentures (FRC FPD) - Systematic Review

Objectives: to assess the longevity of Fiber-Reinforced Composite Fixed Partial Dentures (FRC FPD... more Objectives: to assess the longevity of Fiber-Reinforced Composite Fixed Partial Dentures (FRC FPDs) through systematically reviewing contemporary clinical evidence. Population investigated comprised patients requiring replacement of a single missing anterior/posterior tooth. Intervention was FRC FPDs. No control/ comparison selected. Outcome was longevity of FRC FPDs. The focus question was: ‘What is the longevity of FRC FPDs used to replace one anterior or posterior tooth in patients?’ Methods: PubMed, MEDLINE, and Web of Science databases were searched between January 2007 and December 2015. Randomised, non-randomised, controlled, prospective and retrospective clinical studies were included. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses were applied. The Overall Strength of Clinical Recommendation (OSCR) was assessed using the Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy system. Survival of FPDs was assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Analysis of FPD-survival according to location and occurrence of different failures was performed using Logrank and Chi-square testing. Results: Nine clinical studies were included, involving placement of 592 FRC FPDs in 463 patients. Follow-up periods ranged between 2 months and 8 years. Kaplan-Meier overall survival probability was 94.5% (95% C.I: 92.5%- 96.5%) at 4.8 years. There was no significant difference in survival probability of anterior versus posterior FRC FPDs (P = 0.278). Veneering material fracture/delamination occurred significantly more than other types of failures (Ps < 0.05). A meta-analysis could not be performed. OSCR was moderate. Conclusions: FRC FPDs demonstrated high overall survival with predictable performance outcomes. Consequently, FRC FPDs can be considered as viable medium-term management alternatives for replacing single anterior or posterior teeth in patients. However, long-term performance remains unclear. Funding: no funding sources to report.

Biological properties of fiber reinforced composites (FRCS): A systematic review

by Khaled E Ahmed, Ting Wang, and Jukka P Matinlinna

Socioeconomic Status and Tooth Wear

by Khaled E Ahmed and Colin A Murray

Objective: To systematically review the literature investigating the socioeconomic status (SES) a... more Objective: To systematically review the literature investigating the socioeconomic status (SES) as a potential risk factor of tooth wear in children, adolescents, and adults. Methods and Materials: PubMed, MEDLINE (Ovid), and Web of Science databases were screened for studies from 1990 to 2015. Cross-referencing was used to further identify articles. Language was restricted to English. A quality appraisal of included studies was carried out using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale.
Methods: PubMed, MEDLINE (Ovid), and Web of Science databases were screened for studies from 1990 to 2015. Cross-referencing was used to further identify articles. Language was restricted to English. A quality appraisal of included studies was carried out using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale.
Results: One thousand-one hundred and thirteen articles were initially identified from which 56 articles were full-text reviewed. Twenty-three cross-sectional multiple random clusters and prospective longitudinal studies were selected for inclusion. Included studies investigated tooth wear in 29326 individuals between the ages of 2 to ≥65. The majority of studies investigated erosion in children and adolescents, with only 2 studies examining adults. Included studies employed 5 different indices, and their modifications, in evaluating tooth wear and varying indicators to assess SES. Ten studies found no association between tooth wear and SES (n= 13911 participants). Thirteen studies found a positive association with SES, with 7 studies (n = 9559) demonstrating an association with high SES, and 6 studies (n= 5856) an association with low SES. On a country basis, Brazil (5 studies, n=4835), USA (2 studies, n=5735), and Saudi Arabia (2 studies, n= 2303) demonstrated no association between tooth wear and SES. Conversely, findings of different studies within the UK (4 studies, n= 6110) and China (4 studies, n= 4168) demonstrated conflicting positive associations with SES.
Conclusions: Evidence supporting SES as an independent global risk factor of tooth wear in children and adolescents remains lacking, tending to be regionally-dependent. Other cofounding risk factors might explain the conflicting results, such as diet, caries, fluoridation or acid reflux. Further investigation is required to identify any potential association between SES and tooth wear in adults.